Church of the Holy Cross (Episcopal) Stateburg or Holy Cross Episcopal Church in Stateburg, South Carolina, built of rammed earth in 1850–1852

Rammed earth walls form part of the entrance building for the Eden Project in Cornwall, England.

Rammed earth wall surface detail. Apart from the patches of damage, the surface shows regular horizontal lines from the wooden form work used in constructing the wall and subtler horizontal strata from the successive compacted layers of earth used to build the wall.

Rammed earth trombe wall built by the University of Utah's DesignbuildBluff project

Rammed earth, also known as pisé de terre or simply pisé, is a type of construction material. It is an age-old building method that has seen a revival in recent years as people seek low-impact building materials and natural building methods. Traditionally, rammed earth buildings are common in arid regions where wood is in scarce supply. Stateburg is a census-designated place located in Sumter County, South Carolina. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (928x1208, 292 KB) A rammed earth wall forming part of the entrance building to the Eden Project in Cornwall, England. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (928x1208, 292 KB) A rammed earth wall forming part of the entrance building to the Eden Project in Cornwall, England. ... The Eden Project Inside the tropical Biome The Eden Project is a large-scale environmental complex in Cornwall, UK. The project is located in a reclaimed china clay pit, located 1. ... For other uses, see Cornwall (disambiguation). ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 432 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (900 × 1248 pixel, file size: 371 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Surface detail of a rammed earth wall. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 432 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (900 × 1248 pixel, file size: 371 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Surface detail of a rammed earth wall. ... Image File history File links Rammed_earth. ... Image File history File links Rammed_earth. ... Passive solar design using an unvented trombe wall and summer shading A Trombe wall is a sun-facing wall built from material that can act as a thermal mass (such as stone, concrete, adobe or water tanks), combined with an air space, insulated glazing and vents to form a large... The University of Utah (also The U or the U of U or the UU), located in Salt Lake City, is the flagship public research university in the state of Utah, and one of 10 institutions that make up the Utah System of Higher Education. ... There are very few or no other articles that link to this one. ... For other uses, see Construction (disambiguation). ... Concrete and metal rebar used to build a floor Building material is any material which is used for a construction purpose. ... Natural building involves a range of building systems and materials that place major emphasis on sustainability. ... For other uses, see Wood (disambiguation). ...

Overview of use

Using it involves a process of compressing a damp mixture of earth that has suitable proportions of sand, gravel and clay (sometimes with an added stabilizer) into an externally supported frame that molds the shape of a wall section creating a solid wall of earth. Traditional stabilizers such as lime or animal blood were used to stabilize the material, but cement has been the stabilizer of choice for modern times. After compressing the earth the wall frames can be immediately removed and require an extent of warm dry days after construction to dry and harden. The structure can take up to two years to completely cure, and the more it cures the stronger the structure becomes. When the process is complete it is much like constructing a hand made wall of solid rock. Loess field in Germany Surface-water-gley developed in glacial till, Northern Ireland For the American hard rock band, see SOiL. For the System of a Down song, see Soil (song). ... For other uses, see Sand (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Clay (disambiguation). ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... For other uses, see Cement (disambiguation). ...

Formwork is set up creating the desired shape of the section of wall; damp material is poured in to a depth of between 100 to 250mm (4 to 10 inches). A pneumatically powered backfill tamper - something like a hand-held pogo stick with a flat plate on the bottom or even a manual tamper - is then used to compact the material to around 50% of its original height. Further layers of material are added and the process is repeated until the wall has reached the desired height. The wall is so solid that, if desired, the forms can be removed immediately. This is necessary if wire brushing to reveal texture is desired otherwise walls become too hard to brush after around 60 minutes. Walls take some time to dry out completely, but this does not prevent further work on the project. Any exposed walls should be sealed to prevent water damage - there are several proprietary products specifically designed to seal earth walls. Pneumatics, from the Greek πνευματικός (pneumatikos, coming from the wind) is the use of pressurized air in science and technology. ...

In modern variations of the method the rammed earth walls are constructed on top of conventional footings or a reinforced concrete base, sometimes with extra ground insulation from a horizontal layer of styrofoam. Some builders also add coloured oxides or other items such as bottles or pieces of timber to add variety to the structure. A foundation is a structure that transmits loads from a building or road to the underlying ground. ... Reinforced concrete at Sainte Jeanne dArc Church (Nice, France): architect Jacques Dror, 1926–1933 Reinforced concrete, also called ferroconcrete in some countries, is concrete in which reinforcement bars (rebars) or fibers have been incorporated to strengthen a material that would otherwise be brittle. ... Thermal insulation on the Huygens probe The term thermal insulation can refer to materials used to reduce the rate of heat transfer, or the methods and processes used to reduce heat transfer. ... Styrofoam is a trademark name for polystyrene thermal insulation material, manufactured by Dow Chemical Company. ...

Once completely cured the walls are very workable. It is easy to drive a nail or screw into them and they can be patched if necessary with the result being undetectable if the same material was used.

One of the significant benefits of rammed earth constructions is its excellent thermal mass; it heats up slowly during the day and releases its heat during the evening. This can even out daily temperature variations and reduce the need for air conditioning and heating. On the other hand, rammed earth is not a good insulator. Like brick and concrete (which also have excellent thermal mass), rammed earth is often insulated in colder climates. The thickness and density of the walls lends itself naturally to soundproofing and the materials used in the walls make them virtually fireproof. Thermal mass, in the most general sense, is any mass that absorbs and holds heat. ... Note: in the broadest sense, air conditioning can refer to any form of heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning. ... HVAC may also stand for High-voltage alternating current HVAC is an initialism that stands for heating, ventilation and air-conditioning. This is sometimes referred to as climate control. ... For other uses, see Brick (disambiguation). ... This article is about the construction material. ... For other uses, see Density (disambiguation). ... Soundproofing is any means of to reducing the intensity of sound with respect to a specified source and receptor. ... Fireproof is Christian band Pillars second full length album. ...

Prior to the use of cement as a stabilizer, rammed earth buildings were most successful in dry climates with limited availability of building materials other than earth. Rammed earth has become a viable material in wetter climates, either through the use of cement stabilization, through placing the earth walls within the weatherproof fabric of the building, or by the application of external insulation and weatherproofing. For other uses, see Cement (disambiguation). ...

History

Partially rammed earth wall (with the upper level portion of mud brick) located at Jiayuguan, China, built during the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644).

One of many pictures available of buildings of the Borough House Plantation, built in 1820's

In the 1800s in the United States, rammed earth was popularized by a book Rural Economy by S. W. Johnson. For example, it was used to construct Borough House Plantation and Church of the Holy Cross in South Carolina, which are two National Historic Landmarks of the United States. The National Historic Landmark description for one states: "Constructed in 1821, the Borough House Plantation complex contains the oldest and largest collection of "high style" pise de terre (rammed earth) buildings in the United States. Six of the 27 dependencies and portions of the main house were constructed using this ancient technique, which was introduced to this country in 1806 through the book RURAL ECONOMY by S.W. Johnson." Jiayuguan Fort. ... For other uses, see Ming. ... The USS Arizona Memorial. ...

During the 1920s through the 1940s millions of dollars were spent by the US Government and several western universities researching rammed earth construction. South Dakota State College carried out extensive research and built almost 100 weathering walls of rammed earth. Over a period of thirty years of exploration the college researched the use of paints and plasters relation of colloids in soil. In 1945 Clemson Agricultural College of South Carolina published their results on rammed earth research in a pamphlet called "Rammed Earth Building Construction." In 1936 on a homestead near Gardendale, Alabama the United States Department of Agriculture constructed an experimental community of rammed earth buildings with architect Thomas Hibben. The houses were built at a very reasonable cost and sold to the public, along with tracts of land sufficient enough for a garden and small livestock plots. The project was a success and provided valuable homes to low-income families.^[1] South Dakota State University is the largest university in the U.S. state of South Dakota, located in Brookings. ... USDA redirects here. ...

The U.S. Agency for International Development has spent millions of dollars teaching undeveloped countries building science about rammed earth houses. They also financed the writing of the "Handbook of Rammed Earth" by Texas A&M University and the Texas Transportation Institute. The handbook was never available for purchase by the public until the Rammed Earth Institute International gained permission to reprint it.^[1] The United States Agency for International Development (or USAID) is the US government organization responsible for most non-military foreign aid. ... A developing country is a country with low average income compared to the world average. ... Texas A&M University redirects here. ... The Texas Transportation Institute (TTI) is a department at Texas A&M University that does research on transportation to increase the safety and efficiency of vehicles (as well as roads and rails, in the case of ground transport). ...

Interests in rammed earth fell after World War II when the costs for conventional building materials dropped. Rammed earth became viewed as substandard and it suffered from the prejudice that using earth technique seemed too basic in the face of new technology and too dependent on labor intensive methods. Soil as a building material meets opposition with many contractors, engineers, and tradesmen who are unfamiliar with earth construction techniques. Often the customary method of construction seems easier, and using it for a profitable investment seems too uncertain, so rammed earth construction is often neglected in conventional building cultures.^[1] Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000...

Rammed earth in green building

Rammed earth structures are beneficial for natural building because they can utilize locally available materials with little embodied energy and harmful waste. Earth is a widely available building material with virtually no side effects associated with harvesting for use in construction.^[2] The earth used is typically subsoil, leaving topsoil readily available for agricultural uses. Often the soil can be used on the site where the construction takes place reducing cost and energy used for transportation.^[2] It is also affordable to build with, as the materials are inexpensive or free. It is a viable building material for low- income builders with help from unskilled workers, friends, or family. Today more than 30 percent of the world's population uses earth as a building material.^[1] Embodied Energy refers to the quantity of energy required to manufacture, and supply to the point of use, a product, material or service. ... Óģ Ķ ķ Ļ ļ Ņ ņ Ŗ ŗ Ş ş Ţ ţ Ć ć Ĺ ĺ Ń ń Ŕ ŕ Ś ś Ý ý Ź ź Đ đ Ů ů Č č Ď ď Ľ ľ Ň ň Ř ř Š š Ť ť Ž ž Ǎ ǎ Ě ě Ǐ ǐ Ǒ ǒ Ǔ ǔ Ā ā Ē ē Ī ī Ō ō Ū ū ǖ ǘ ǚ ǜ Ĉ ĉ Ĝ ĝ Ĥ ĥ Ĵ ĵ Ŝ ŝ Ŵ ŵ Ŷ ŷ Ă ă Ğ ğ Ŭ ŭ Ċ ċ Ė ė Ġ ġ İ ı Ż ż Ą ą Ę ę Į į Ų ų Ł ł Ő ő Ű ű Ŀ ŀ Ħ ħ Ð ð Þ þ Œ œ Æ æ Ø ø Å å Ə ə – — … [] [[]] {{}} ~ | ° § → ≈ ± − × ¹ ² ³ ‘ “ ’ ” £ € Α α Β β Γ γ Δ δ Ε ε Ζ ζ Η η Θ θ Ι ι Κ κ Λ λ Μ μ Ν ν Ξ ξ Ο ο Π π Ρ ρ Σ σ ς Τ τ Υ υ Φ φ Χ χ Ψ ψ Ω ω ... Topsoil is the uppermost layer of soil, usually the top six to eight inches. ...

Compressing the earth can be done manually using a tamper made of a heavy flat bottom plate connected to a long vertical handle. Using a pneumatically powered tamper the material can be compressed with much less manual labor. Although the cost of material is low, constructing rammed earth without mechanical tools is a time consuming project. With a mechanical tamper and the forms ready it can take about two to three days to construct the walls for a 2000–2200 sq foot house.^[1]

Rammed earth buildings reduce the need for lumber because the forms used are removable and can then be reused for different rammed earth wall construction.^[3] The forms are usually made of reinforced plywood, but sheet metal or even glass fiber can be used. The form wall faces must be externally reinforced with laterally running beams to prevent outward bending of the wall faces during the compression process. The two opposing wall faces must be clamped together and the wall edges need to be securely compressed between the form faces to withstand the high amounts of pressure created during compression.

The USDA observed that rammed earth structures last indefinitely and could be built for no more than two-thirds the cost of standard frame houses. Rammed earth can carry a heavy load and using re-bar, wood or bamboo reinforcement can prevent failure caused by earthquakes or heavy storms. Mixing cement with the soil mixture can also increase the structure's load bearing capacity. The compression strength of rammed earth can be up to 625 pounds per square inch. This is only two-thirds the value of a similar thickness of concrete, but a rammed earth building is still a useful durable material.^[1] Termites won’t infest rammed earth walls and the material is reusable, biodegradable and highly fire resistant. The walls require no toxic treatments and have no risk of off-gassing toxic fumes, making it ideal for chemically sensitive dwellers.^[4] Properly built rammed earth can withstand loads for thousands of years as the history of rammed earth structures around the world has proven.^[5] Stucco can finish the walls in almost any color or style; untouched the walls have the color and texture of natural earth. Blemishes can also be patched up using the soil mixture as a plaster and sanded smooth. The U.S. Department of Agriculture, also called the Agriculture Department, or USDA, is a Cabinet department of the United States Federal Government. ... Bold text Wiktionary has related dictionary definitions, such as: compressor, compression inthe wkjhrlfidhb;g/df == Compressor may refer to: Gas compressor, a mechanical device that compresses a gas e. ... Biodegradation is the decomposition of material by microorganisms. ... Stucco is a material made of an aggregate, a binder, and water which is applied wet, and hardens when it dries. ...

In the UK it has been suggested that a compression strength of 2N/mm² (290 pounds per square inch) should be assumed in the absence of data derived from testing of the earth that will be used.^[6] Concrete typically used in UK construction is mixed off site and has a compression strength of 12-16N/mm² (1700–2300 pounds per square inch, from a cube strength fcu = 30N/mm² to 40N/mm²), around seven times stronger than rammed earth. However, there are many factors that affect the width of a wall, so a plain concrete wall will not necessarily be much thinner than an equivalent in rammed earth. Bold text Wiktionary has related dictionary definitions, such as: compressor, compression inthe wkjhrlfidhb;g/df == Compressor may refer to: Gas compressor, a mechanical device that compresses a gas e. ...

Rammed earth is not only an economically viable construction technique, it results in pleasant, and energy-efficient buildings. The density and thickness of rammed earth makes it so that hot or cold temperature penetration has a slow rate of thermal conductivity. Warmth takes almost 12 hours to work its way through a 14 inch thick wall.^{[citation needed]} The walls provide good thermal mass, which helps keep indoor temperatures stable, particularly in regions with dramatic daily temperature changes. The half-day rate of heat transfer and thermal mass of the material makes rammed earth a practical material for passive solar buildings. Rammed earth has been a popular choice for buildings where temperature fluctuations need to be kept to a minimum. It can be used in cooler climates but must be protected from heavy rain and insulated with vapor barriers.^[5] Thermal mass, in the most general sense, is any mass that absorbs and holds heat. ...

Typically rammed earth walls are about 12 to 14 inches thick making them ideal for humidity control and noise barriers from traffic, furnaces, compressors, fans or ducts. Rammed earth also allows more air exchange than concrete structures allowing the building to breathe and not become clammy without significant heat loss as the material mass absorbs the temperature as the wall breathes.^[1] The term humidity is usually taken in daily language to refer to relative humidity. ...

By its very nature, earth is one of the best sustainable building materials as it is historically the longest used material by man. It is universally a naturally available product, with a heavy thermal mass and a natural barrier to cold winds and forces of nature including insects and rodents. The material is not rationed or monopolized, is fire proof, and sound proof.^[1] Rammed earth can contribute to a solution for much of the world of homelessness caused by high costs as well as today ecological dilemma caused by deforestation and toxic building materials. This article is about the process of deforestation in the environment. ...

See also

Sustainable development Portal

• Adobe
• Building construction
• Compressed earth block
• Dutch brick
• Mudbrick
• Super Adobe

Image File history File links Sustainable_development. ... Renewal of the surface coating of an adobe wall in Chamisal, New Mexico Adobe is a natural building material composed of sand, sandy clay and straw or other organic materials, which is shaped into bricks using wooden frames and dried in the sun. ... Construction on the North Bytown Bridge in Ottawa, Canada. ... Compressed Earth Block often referred to simply as CEB, are a type of manufactured contruction material formed in a mechanical press that forms an appropriate mix of dirt, non-expansive clay, and an aggregate into a compressed block. ... Dutch bricks are building-blocks made, not of brick, but of a mixture of concrete, sand and soil. ... Mudbrick was used for the outer contruction of Sumerian ziggurats — some of the worlds largest and oldest constructions. ... Super Adobe is a form of Earthbag Construction that was developed by Iranian architect Nader Khalili. ...

References

• Western Living "earth to saltspring", October 2003.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Rammed earth

• Earth Architecture - Business with informational website including plans, workshops and creative services of earth construction and design.
• Earth Architecture - A website whose focus is contemporary issues in earth architecture.
• Historic Rammed Earth - A good site about the history of rammed earth throughout the world, and research into preservation techniques.
• Rammed Earth Home Building - Learn about how rammed earth homes are built and find firms that build them across the US.