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Encyclopedia > Raoul Wallenberg
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Raoul Gustav Wallenberg

Wallenberg passport photo from June 1944
Born August 4, 1912(1912-08-04)
Flag of Sweden Lidingö Municipality, Sweden
Died presumed July 16, 1947
Flag of the Soviet Union presumed Soviet Union
Occupation Diplomat
Parents Raoul Oscar Wallenberg
Maria "Maj" Sofia Wising

Raoul Gustav Wallenberg (August 4, 1912 РJuly 16, 1947?)[1][2][3] was a Swedish humanitarian sent to Budapest, Hungary under diplomatic cover to rescue Jews from the Holocaust. Image File history File links Broom_icon. ... Image File history File links Broom_icon. ... File links The following pages link to this file: Raoul Wallenberg Categories: NowCommons ... is the 216th day of the year (217th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1912 (MCMXII) was a leap year starting on Monday in the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Tuesday in the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Sweden. ... Liding̦ Municipality (Liding̦ kommun) is a municipality just east of Stockholm in southeast central Sweden and a part of the Stockholm metropolitan area. ... is the 197th day of the year (198th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1947 (MCMXLVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union. ... is the 216th day of the year (217th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1912 (MCMXII) was a leap year starting on Monday in the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Tuesday in the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... is the 197th day of the year (198th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1947 (MCMXLVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Humanitarianism is the view that all people should be treated with the respect and dignity they deserve as human beings, and that advancing the well-being of humanity is a noble goal. ... For other uses, see Budapest (disambiguation). ... Official cover is a term used in espionage to refer to operatives who assume positions in organizations with diplomatic ties to the government for which they work. ... For other uses, see Holocaust (disambiguation) and Shoah (disambiguation). ...


He worked to save the lives of many Hungarian Jews in the later stages of World War II by issuing them protective passports from the Swedish embassy. These documents identified the bearers as Swedish nationals awaiting repatriation. It is impossible to determine exactly how many Jews were rescued by his actions. Yad Vashem credits him with saving 15,000 lives.[4] This is a list of Hungarian Jews. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... For Microsoft Corporation’s “universal login” service, formerly known as Microsoft Passport Network, see Windows Live ID. For other types of travel document, see Travel document. ... A diplomatic mission is a group of people from one nation state present in another nation state to represent the sending state in the receiving State. ... Repatriation (from late Latin repatriare - to restore someone to his homeland) is the process of return of refugees or soldiers to their homes, most notably following a war. ... New Yad Vashem museum building designed by Safdie Yad Vashem (Hebrew: ‎; Holocaust Martyrs and Heroes Remembrance Authority) is Israels official memorial to the victims of the Holocaust established in 1953 through the Memorial Law passed by the Knesset, Israels parliament. ...


On January 17, 1945, he was arrested on the direct order of Soviet Deputy Commissar for Defense Nikolai Bulganin. It is highly probable that the order came from Stalin, for reasons never disclosed. In 1957, responding to diplomatic pressure, the Soviets announced that Wallenberg had died of a heart attack in 1947 in Lubyanka prison in Moscow, but this has been disputed. is the 17th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar). ... Nikolai Alexandrovich Bulganin (Russian: , Nikolaj Aleksandrovič Bulganin; June 11 [O.S. May 30] 1895 – February 24, 1975) was a prominent Soviet politician, who served as Minister of Defense (1953-55) and Prime Minister (1955-58). ... Iosif (usually anglicized as Joseph) Vissarionovich Stalin (Russian: Иосиф Виссарионович Сталин), original name Ioseb Jughashvili (Georgian: იოსებ ჯუღაშვი&#4314... A myocardial infarction occurs when an atherosclerotic plaque slowly builds up in the inner lining of a coronary artery and then suddenly ruptures, totally occluding the artery and preventing blood flow downstream. ... The Lubyanka is the popular name for the headquarters of the KGB and affiliated prison on Lubyanka Square in Moscow. ... For other uses, see Moscow (disambiguation). ...

Contents

Early life

Sign on Wallenberg's residence, Haifa, Israel

He was born in Lidingö (near Stockholm, Sweden) to Raoul Oscar Wallenberg (1888–1912), a Swedish naval officer, and Maria "Maj" Sofia Wising (1891–1979). Raoul Oscar Wallenberg died of cancer three months before his son was born.[5] In 1918, his mother married Fredrik von Dardel, and Raoul had a half-brother, Guy von Dardel[1]. Raoul Wallenberg also had a maternal half-sister, Nina Lagergren. Nina's daughter, Nane Maria Lagergren, married Kofi Annan.[6][3] Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 431 × 600 pixel Image in higher resolution (862 × 1200 pixel, file size: 397 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Wallenberg home in Haifa i took this pic free use to everyone blesed be the one who uplode it to more vikis... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 431 × 600 pixel Image in higher resolution (862 × 1200 pixel, file size: 397 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Wallenberg home in Haifa i took this pic free use to everyone blesed be the one who uplode it to more vikis... Hebrew Arabic حَيْفَا Founded in 3rd century CE Government City District Haifa Population 267,000 1,039,000 (metropolitan area) Jurisdiction 63,666 dunams (63. ... Lidingö Municipality (Lidingö kommun) is a municipality just east of Stockholm in southeast central Sweden and a part of the Stockholm metropolitan area. ... Stockholm [, ] is the capital and the largest City of Sweden. ... Kofi Atta Annan (born April 8, 1938) is a Ghanaian diplomat who served as the seventh Secretary-General of the United Nations from January 1, 1997 to January 1, 2007, serving two five-year terms. ...


In 1931, Wallenberg went to study architecture in the United States at the University of Michigan. In college, he learned to speak English, German and French.[7] He used his vacations to explore America. Although he came from a wealthy family, during his free time, he worked at odd jobs, including a World's Fair. The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (U of M, UM or simply Michigan) is a coeducational public research university in the state of Michigan. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ...


He returned to Sweden, but he was unable to find a job as an architect. Eventually, his grandfather arranged a job for him in Cape Town, South Africa, in the office of a Swedish company that sold construction material. Between 1935 and 1936, he was employed in a minor position at a branch office of the Holland Bank in Haifa. He returned to Sweden in 1936 and got a job with the help of his uncle, Jacob Wallenberg, at the Central European Trading Company, a trading company with only five employees.[8] The firm was owned by Kálmán Lauer, a Hungarian Jewish emigré. When the outbreak of war barred Lauer from certain areas of Europe, Wallenberg traveled as his representative.[9] Within a year, Wallenberg was a joint owner and the international director of the company.[6] Nickname: Motto: Spes Bona (Latin for Good Hope) Location of the City of Cape Town in Western Cape Province Coordinates: , Country Province Municipality City of Cape Town Metropolitan Municipality Founded 1652 Government [1]  - Type City council  - Mayor Helen Zille  - City manager Achmat Ebrahim Area  - Total 2,499 km² (964. ... Hebrew Arabic حَيْفَا Founded in 3rd century CE Government City District Haifa Population 267,000 1,039,000 (metropolitan area) Jurisdiction 63,666 dunams (63. ... For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ...


The Holocaust

Sign commemorating Wallenberg in Budapest

Starting in 1938, under the regency of Miklós Horthy, Hungary passed a series of anti-Jewish measures that restricted the professions of Jews, that reduced the number of Jews in government jobs, and that prohibited intermarriage. The first massacre of Hungarian Jews took place in July of 1941, when 20,000 Jews were driven from Carpathian Ruthenia into German-occupied Soviet territory, where they were killed by the German SS.[10] Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... For other uses, see Budapest (disambiguation). ... Horthy redirects here. ... A profession is an occupation, vocation or career where specialized knowledge of a subject, field, or science is applied. ... // Carpathian Ruthenia, aka Transcarpathian Ruthenia, Subcarpathian Rus, Subcarpathia (Ukrainian: Karpats’ka Rus’; Slovak and Czech: Podkarpatská Rus; Hungarian: Kárpátalja; Romanian: Transcarpatia) is a small region of Central Europe, now mostly in western Ukraines Zakarpattia Oblast (Ukrainian: Zakarpats’ka oblast’) and easternmost Slovakia (largely in PreÅ¡ov kraj... SS or ss or Ss may be: The Schutzstaffel, a Nazi paramilitary force Steamship (SS) (ship prefix) The United States Secret Service A submarine not powered by nuclear energy (SS) (United States Navy designator), see SSN A Soviet/Russian surface-to-surface missile, as listed by NATO reporting name Shortstop...


Hillel Kook (also known as Peter Bergson), his rescue group, the leaders of the World Jewish Congress, and the American Joint Distribution Committee (Joint) incessantly pressured the U.S. government to help rescue Jews from the Nazis and Fascists. These groups had considerable support in both the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives[11] as well as from Secretary of Treasury, Henry Morgenthau, Jr. As the pressure for action mounted and after much delay, United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt established the War Refugee Board (WRB) to aid civilian victims of the Nazis and the Axis powers in January of 1944. The executive order establishing the board read: "it is the policy of this Government to take all measures within its power to rescue the victims of enemy oppression who are in imminent danger of death and otherwise to afford such victims all possible relief and assistance consistent with the successful prosecution of the war".[12] Hillel Kook (Hebrew: , born 24 July 1915, died 18 August 2001), also known as Peter Bergson (Hebrew: פיטר ברגסון), was a Revisionist Zionist activist, politician, and prominent member of the Irgun. ... The World Jewish Congress (WJC) is an international federation of Jewish communities and organizations. ... National Socialism redirects here. ... Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler Fascism (in Italian, fascismo), capitalized, refers to the right-wing authoritarian political movement which ruled Italy from 1922 to 1943 under the leadership of Benito Mussolini. ... Type Upper House President of the Senate Richard B. Cheney, R since January 20, 2001 President pro tempore Robert C. Byrd, D since January 4, 2007 Members 100 Political groups Democratic Party Republican Party Last elections November 7, 2006 Meeting place Senate Chamber United States Capitol Washington, DC United States... Type Bicameral Speaker of the House of Representatives House Majority Leader Nancy Pelosi, (D) since January 4, 2007 Steny Hoyer, (D) since January 4, 2007 House Minority Leader John Boehner, (R) since January 4, 2007 Members 435 plus 4 Delegates and 1 Resident Commissioner Political groups Democratic Party Republican Party... The United States Secretary of the Treasury is the finance minister of the Federal Government of the United States. ... Henry Morgenthau Jr. ... For the pop band, see Presidents of the United States of America. ... FDR redirects here. ... The War Refugee Board, established by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in January of 1944, was a U.S. executive agency created to aid civilian victims of the Nazi and Axis powers. ...


On March 23, 1944, the Germans installed a puppet government in Hungary with Döme Sztójay serving as Prime Minister. Miklós Horthy remained as regent, but he had less power than before. The mass deportation of Hungarian Jews to Auschwitz began on May 15, 1944, at the rate of 12,000 persons per day.[10] By July 7, 1944, the Germans and their Hungarian henchmen had deported 434,351 Jews. The majority of them had been sent to Auschwitz.[13] is the 82nd day of the year (83rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... A puppet state is a state whose government, though notionally of the same culture as the governed people - owes its existence (or other major debt) to being installed, supported or controlled by a more powerful entity, typically a foreign power. ... Döme Sztójay (January 5, 1883–August 22, 1946) was a Hungarian soldier and diplomat who served as Prime Minister of Hungary during World War II. Born in Versec, now it is called as VrÅ¡ac, Sztójay joined the Austro-Hungarian Army as a young man and served... A prime minister is the most senior minister of cabinet in the executive branch of government in a parliamentary system. ... Horthy redirects here. ... Deportation is the expelling of someone from a country. ... Auschwitz (Konzentrationslager Auschwitz) was the largest of the Nazi German concentration camps. ... is the 135th day of the year (136th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 188th day of the year (189th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...


The deportations provoked a storm of international protests, especially after the publication of the Wetzler-Vrba Report, which is also known as the Auschwitz Report, was included as the main section in the Auschwitz Protocol. This report was the written testimonies of two Slovakian refugees from Auschwitz named Rudoph Vrba and Alfred Wetzler. It contained a detailed description of the mass murders committed by the Germans at Auschwitz. The release of this report triggered a major grassroots protest in Switzerland and England, which was supported by about 400 headlines protesting the German barbarism. The Swiss news articles were published in spite of strict Swiss censorship rules. Publication of the report also triggered Sunday sermons in Swiss churches that deep concern about the fate of Jews. A leading Swiss theologian, Paul Vogt, wrote and published a book called Am I My Brother's Keeper? One of the maps from the Vrba-Weztler report The Vrba-Wetzler report, also known as the Vrba-Wetzler statement, the Auschwitz Protocols, and the Auschwitz notebook, is a 32-page document about the German Auschwitz concentration camp in Poland during the Holocaust. ... Mass murder (massacre) is the act of murdering a large number of people, typically at the same time, or over a relatively short period of time. ... A grassroots political movement is one driven by the constituents of a community. ... For other uses, see England (disambiguation). ... A headline is text at the top of a newspaper article, indicating the nature of the article below it. ... Barbarism may refer to: Barbarism (derived from barbarian), the condition to which a society or civilization may be reduced after a societal collapse, relative to an earlier period of cultural or technological advancement; the term may also be used pejoratively to describe another society or civilization which is deemed inferior... For other uses, see Censor. ... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Luther Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Archbishop of Canterbury Patriarch of Constantinople Christianity Portal This box:      A sermon is an oration by... For the architectural structure, see Church (building). ... Theology is literally rational discourse concerning God (Greek θεος, theos, God, + λογος, logos, rational discourse). By extension, it also refers to the study of other religious topics. ...


The intensity and scale of the foreign protests, combined with the efforts of the WRB, led President Roosevelt, the Pope, the King of Sweden and other world leaders to press Horthy to stop the deportations. The pressure, combined with protests from his own family and many moderate Hungarian politicians, such as former Prime Minister Count Stephan Bethlen, and from the major Christian churches, convinced Horthy that he had to act. It became a strategic goal for Horthy and the moderate politicians around him to create goodwill with the winning side by extracting his country from the war and easing the plight of the Jews. Horthy stopped the deportations on July 8,[10] a day before Wallenberg arrived in Budapest, and forced the Sztójay government to ease its political actions directed at the Jews. Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Wycliffe Tyndale · Luther · Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Archbishop of Canterbury Patriarch of Constantinople Christianity Portal This box:      The Pope (from Latin... Sweden is a constitutional monarchy with a representative democracy based on a parliamentary system. ... For other uses, see Christian (disambiguation). ...


The lull gave Wallenberg and the other important preexisting rescue efforts in the city, such as that of the Swiss under the leadership of Carl Lutz, the Vatican’s under Angelo Rotta, the Spanish headed by Giorgio Perlasca and the Portuguese, a stronger position in negotiations with the Hungarian authorities. The discussions dealt mainly with exempting certain categories of Jews – like Christian Jews, those with Palestine certificates or those with a near Swedish, Spanish etc. connection – from the fate of the rest. Even the Jewish Council and the Zionist Youth Underground in Budapest began to negotiate with the Palace. The new politic "put rescue in the air", empowering ordinary citizens to act on behalf of the surviving remnant of Hungary's Jews.[14][15][16] Carl Lutz (1895-1975) was the Swiss Consul in Budapest, Hungary from 1942 until the end of World War II. He had the initiative to save Hungarian Jews from deportation by allowing them to emigrate to Palestine under protection of a Swiss safe-conduct. ... Angelo Rotta (1872 - 1965), originally from Milan, Italy, was the Apostolic Nuncio in Budapest at the end of WWII. During his previous diplomatic activity in Bulgaria, he already saved many Bulgarian Jews by issuing them baptismal certificated and safe conducts for the trip to Palestine. ... (January 31, 1910–August 15, 1992) was an Italian who posed as the Spanish consul to Hungary in the winter of 1944, and saved thousands of Jews from the Nazis. ... A 2003 satellite image of the region. ...


Raoul Wallenberg's mission

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Please help improve this article with relevant internal links. (July 2007)

Iver Olsen, the War Refugee Board's representative in Scandinavia, and Norbert Masur, the Scandinavian representative to the World Jewish Congress, began searching for someone who could travel to Hungary without great risk and lend the help of these organizations to Hungarian Jews. The best choice would have been a neutral diplomat and both organizations lobbied the Swedish government, but there was no diplomat willing to go. Image File history File links Wikitext. ... Iver C. Olsen (1904 – November 5, 1960) was an American who recruited Raoul Wallenberg. ... For other uses, see Scandinavia (disambiguation). ... Norbert Masur (1901–1971) was a Swedish representative who aided in the rescue of Nazi concentration camp victims during World War II. Masur was born in Friedrichstadt, Germany, and was the son of Leiser Masur. ... This page is about negotiations; for the board game, see Diplomacy (game). ...


Raoul Wallenberg was singled out for the task by Olsen and the Office of Strategic Services (OSS, the predecessor of the CIA) at the suggestion of either Hungarian businessman Kálmán Lauer or shipping magnate Sven Salén. Wallenberg had visited Hungary on at least two occasions, but only for relatively short periods of time, and he spoke no Hungarian. However, there were other factors involved. Lauer lobbied hard for Wallenberg for strong, personal reasons (Wallenberg was to bring Lauer’s relatives to Sweden), but they also had business interests at stake. A close reading of Lauer’s account of Wallenberg’s journey implies that Wallenberg had not concluded his business dealings during his first visit to Budapest in the autumn of 1943. Wallenberg had begun to make preparations to travel to Hungary as early as May 1944, but did not receive the necessary German transit visa at that time. Correspondence between the two men confirms that they had business interests that needed to be attended to in Hungary, interests that coincided with those of Sven Salén. This led to the intervention of Salén, whose support would appear to be the factor that ultimately convinced both the Americans and the Swedish Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Wallenberg’s suitability for the task. The Swedish Chief Rabbi, Marcus (Mordecai) Ehrenpreis, expressed doubts at first, but in the end, he probably had no choice. The selection was sanctioned by the U.S. minister in Stockholm, Herschel Johnson, who also persuaded the Swedish Ministry for Foreign Affairs to accept Wallenberg for the job. Wallenberg was appointed Secretary to the Legation and was allowed to travel to Hungary. The Office of Strategic Services (OSS) was a United States intelligence agency formed during World War II. It was the wartime intelligence agency and was the predecessor to the Central Intelligence Agency, the Special Forces, and Navy SEALs. ... The CIA Seal The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is an American intelligence agency, responsible for obtaining and analyzing information about foreign governments, corporations, and individuals, and reporting such information to the various branches of the U.S. Government. ... Sven Gustaf Salén (November 7, 1890 – October 29, 1969) was a Swedish sailor who competed in the 1936 Summer Olympics and in the 1952 Summer Olympics. ... Entry visa valid in Schengen treaty countries. ... Arvfurstens palats, the seat of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, at Gustav Adolfs torg in Stockholm. ... Herschel Johnson may refer to Herschel Vespasian Johnson, a United States governor. ... A legation was the term used in diplomacy to denote a diplomatic representative office lower than an embassy. ...


His immediate task in Budapest was to lend the War Refugee Board's support to the saving of Hungarian Jews. Details of his possible intelligence work are still uncertain, but it was quite likely that this was also part of his brief. (see Redovisning p. 44.) This work was already under way in Budapest when Raoul Wallenberg arrived, both under the auspices of the Swedish Legation and other neutral countries as well as through the agency of the papal nuncio. His arrival heralded an expansion of this activity but also a tightening of the rules surrounding it at the Swedish Legation. The expansion was, in all probability, an emulation of the example set by the Swiss, for whom every Palestine Certificate was regarded as a “family document”: it is likely that this was an initiative of Jewish individuals who were already issuing Swedish provisional passports at the Swedish Legation. The Hungarian authorities had limited these to a maximum of 4,500, presumably after they had approved the Swedes’ definition of 649 Swedish entry visas approved by the Swedish Foreign Office as “family visas”, with a corresponding increase in the number of protective documents. A Papal Nuncio (also known as an Apostolic Nuncio) is a permanent diplomatic representative (head of mission) of the Holy See to a state, having ambassadorial rank. ...


It soon became well known that Wallenberg had substantial financial backing. First and foremost, this was revealed by the way he succeeded in tapping local Jewish funds. He had credit and could acquire considerable sums of money or quantities of goods against the promise that the money would be repaid into Swiss bank accounts. To a very great degree, Wallenberg’s influence hinged on the implicit knowledge of his background.[citation needed] He had been sent to Budapest at the behest of the WRB, but with the active involvement of the Swedish Ministry for Foreign Affairs. He had Swedish diplomatic status, answering initially to the First Secretary of the Legation, Per Anger, but receiving his instructions directly from the WRB. He was given a long list of people to contact, and was directed to organize a network to protect Jews and to prepare escape routes from Budapest. Wallenberg contacted some of the names of the list – along with others who did not figure there – and presumably was even allowed access on one occasion to Miklós Horthy, Jr., the son of the Hungarian regent. Apart from this, however, there is no documentary evidence that he became involved in the development and coordination of the general rescue efforts in Budapest, or that he collaborated with or assisted the resistance. On the contrary, it was he who was assisted both by the government and by the resistance in order to protect his wards.[citation needed] Credit as a financial term, used in such terms as credit card, refers to the granting of a loan and the creation of debt. ... Swiss banks are world-renowned for their secretive nature and protection of clients. ... Per Johan Valentin Anger (December 7, 1913 - August 26, 2002) was a Swedish diplomat who participated in efforts to rescue Hungarian Jews from arrest and deportation by the Nazis during World War II. Born in Göteborg, Anger studied law at the University of Stockholm and later at the University... Miklós Horthy de Nagybánya II (in Hungarian, Horthy Miklós; February 14, 1907 – March 28, 1993) was the younger son of Hungarian regent Admiral Miklós Horthy and, until the end of World War II, a politician. ... Members of the Dutch Eindhoven Resistance with troops of the US 101st Airborne Division in front of the Eindhoven cathedral during Operation Market Garden in September 1944. ...


As a newcomer, Wallenberg lacked the extensive network of contacts and influence, especially in high political circles, of the papal nuncio, other diplomats from neutral powers, and individuals, such as Valdemar Langlet, who were already involved in the rescue effort. All the documents attest that throughout the entire time the Horthy regime held power the Swedish Envoy, Ivan Danielsson, and First Secretary Per Anger handled all contacts with the government. Also, there was no immediate change when the used substantial amounts of money that Wallenberg had at his disposal to extend his circle of acquaintances and influence. His reports and diaries reveal that he spent relatively heavily on wining and dining, as well as other forms of entertaining. It is likely that he received much support from the group of influential Jews headed by Hugo Wohl who had congregated at the Swedish Legation. Valdemar Langlet [lan’lé] (December 17, 1872 in Lerbo, Sweden – October 16, 1960 in Stokholm) was a Swedish publisher, and an early Esperantist. ...


Hungarian society was divided on the issue of the Jews and there was a deep schism between the leadership in Hungary and Germany. The Hungarian aristocrats, or the “aristocratic” bourgeoisie, and a portion of the middle class never approved of the German Nazis’ political populism and its brutal “Judenpolitik”, and many of them refused to be a part of it. The Nazis were always obliged to rely upon their like-minded Hungarian henchmen. At the same time, the Germans realized that these kindred spirits were incapable of governing the country and that Germany could ill afford to dispatch an occupation force large enough to enforce its wishes. Therefore, the elderly Horthy was permitted to remain at his post and retain some semblance of autonomy. This article does not cite any references or sources. ...


This encouraged anti-German elements to support and to a certain degree, even work with the Jews. Moreover, when Horthy stopped the deportations, even some of the Hungarian politicians who previously had been either indifferent or hostile to the Jews began to adopt a more helpful attitude to the rescue operations of the International Red Cross (IRC) and the neutral legations. The Hungarian authorities not only gave their consent, but also on occasion actively encouraged the Swedish Legation to extend its protection to more Jews. They had even begun to recognize temporary passports even before Wallenberg arrived, and they were prepared to issue certificates to holders of such passports attesting to this. They also indicated which types of documents they would accept as foreign identity and travel papers. Everything suggests that it was the negotiations between the Hungarian authorities and the Jews at the Swedish Legation that led to the creation of Sweden's famous, blue-and-yellow “protective passports”, which made foreigners of thousands of Jews with Hungarian citizenship. However, the passport requirements were such that it was almost exclusively the well-to-do who qualified. The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement is the worlds largest group of humanitarian non-governmental organizations, often known simply as the Red Cross, after its original symbol. ...


The favorable Hungarian attitude was compounded by Germany's increasing dependence on Sweden's continued neutrality from August 1944 onwards, enhancing Sweden's bargaining position. The situation was propitious for the Swedish attempt to exempt certain categories of Jews from the fate of so many of their fellow countrymen. Little effort was required to help well-to-do Jews in Budapest obtain protective passports, a task which, to a great extent, was managed by the Jewish volunteers “employed” in the humanitarian section of the Swedish Legation.


Even after the Fascist Szálasi government took power on October 15, 1944, the change in attitude was less abrupt than it first appeared. The new regime was prepared to accept the same numbers of protective passports under the same conditions as the previous government in exchange for political recognition from the governments of the states issuing these documents. Raoul Wallenberg’s good relations with Foreign Minister Kemény paved the way for face-to-face negotiations with him; the result was that, for the first time, it was the Swedish “wards” who were most favoured. However, the early discussions that were held directly between Szálasi and the papal nuncio and representatives of the other neutral legations ensured that all foreign papers were soon recognized by the Arrow Cross Party government. At the very highest level, it was still the papal nuncio and IRC representative Fredrik Born who exercised the greatest influence. It was their personal interventions that had the greatest effect on Szálasi and that saw that relatively favourable conditions were restored. On November 17, Szálasi issued an order that all Jews with foreign documents should be handed over to the appropriate legation. is the 288th day of the year (289th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Flag of the Arrow Cross Party Senior members of the Arrow Cross Party. ... 17 November is also the name of a Marxist group in Greece, coinciding with the anniversary of the Athens Polytechnic uprising. ...


Wallenberg’s role began to assume greater importance after October 15, but everything suggests that he continued to use his influence and his access to money primarily to protect those in possession of Swedish papers. This is the case in both instances where documentary sources attest to his direct intervention to save Jews. However, Wallenberg did not risk coming into conflict with the Hungarian authorities, nor did he contravene the rules that had been laid down. In both cases, he first applied for permission and received approval both from the Ministry for Foreign Affairs and the other authorities involved. He even received official assistance from the authorities to carry out these rescue actions for as long as the Szálasi government continued to hope for Swedish recognition. The entire Swedish effort depended on the support of the Hungarian government – and, after October 15, 1944, that of the “Leader of the Nation”, Szálasi. It would have been extremely imprudent to risk forfeiting the collaboration by conducting illicit actions that could be traced back to the Swedish Legation. Even Per Anger concedes this towards the end of his book, when he writes about the number of protective passports issued, despite the fact that he contradicts himself on the very same page and gives the wrong number of approved passports: is the 288th day of the year (289th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 288th day of the year (289th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

“We had an agreement with the Szálasi government for the approval of 5,000 such passports. Of course, things did not stop there. Many times this number of passports were being issued in secret all the time, albeit limited to individuals who could prove that they had some kind of connection with Sweden. If we had succumbed to the temptation to issue passports to everyone from the ranks of the Jewish population, the papers would most certainly have lost their value. Moreover, it would not have taken long for the Nazis to understand that we were sabotaging the agreement we had reached with them about limiting numbers, and they would have seen to it that we could no longer be of help to anyone … Wallenberg was as aware as we were that no one must jeopardize the legation’s existence” (Per Anger, Med Raoul Wallenberg i Budapest, p. 151)

The situation deteriorated at the beginning of December when the Hungarian government realized that the agreement were being flouted by the Swedes and gave up hope of a Swedish recognition. This did not, however, herald any radical change for the Swedish legation and the Jews under its protection until the government left Budapest. When that happened, respect for Swedish diplomatic immunity evaporated, and the Swedish Legation was occupied by Arrow Cross forces.


There are no documented rescue actions after the opportunities for legal intervention were exhausted. Wallenberg himself gave up hope of being able to do anything once the Swedish Legation had been occupied. The rescue actions were not revived until one of Wallenberg’s assistants, Károly Szabó, managed to contact the moderate Arrow Cross leader, Pál Szalai. However, even that did not always help. Despite Szalai’s assistance, the attacks against the “Swedish” houses and the terrorization of Jews nominally under the protection of the Swedes continued. Hundreds of Jews were executed in late December 1944 and early January 1945 by Arrow Cross mobs that by then were running out of control. The terror these mobs spread was not stilled until the Russians took control of the city – and then was only replaced by the terror inflicted by the Red Army over the entire population. Károly Szabó in 1944 (1916-1964) The native form of this personal name is Szabó Károly. ... Pál Szalai (September 3, 1915 – January 16, 1994) also spelled Pál Szalay and anglicized as Paul Sterling was a high ranking member of the Budapest police force and the Hungarian Arrow Cross Party during World War II. // He was born in Budapest on September 3, 1915. ... For other organizations known as the Red Army, see Red Army (disambiguation). ...


A part of the Wallenberg-myth is that he met and negotiated with both Horthy and the notorious Adolf Eichmann. It is highly improbable that this ever happened. There are no documents whatsoever about these meetings and almost all the professional historians who dealt with the Wallenberg story (see Attila Lajos, Karsai László, Berndt Shiller, etc.) or writers (Ember Mária) agree that these meetings never took place. The Germans had nothing to do with the protective documents, because the handling of the Jewish question was in the hands of the Hungarian authorities after Horthy stopped the deportation and they agreed to respect that. Eichmann had no authority to negotiate about the passports, buildings or other official matters with Wallenberg. These were under Hungarian control and authority. The high level negotiations’ between the Hungarian government and the Swedish legation were done exclusively by Danielsson or Per Anger. Otto Adolf Eichmann (known as Adolf Eichmann; March 19, 1906 – June 1, 1962) was a high-ranking Nazi and SS Obersturmbannführer (equivalent to Lieutenant Colonel). ...


Wallenberg soon became a hated person in the eyes of many Arrow Cross members, but as long as the government remained in Budapest, they didn’t dare harm him. But after the government left Budapest and the Swedish legation was occupied, Wallenberg was forced to hide. He started sleeping in a different house each night to avoid being captured or possibly killed.[17]


The last people to see Wallenberg in Budapest were Ottó Fleischmann, Károly Szabó, and Pál Szalai, who were invited to a supper at the Swedish Embassy building in Gyopár street on January 12, 1945.[18] The next day, Wallenberg contacted the Russians to secure food and supplies for the people under his protection.[19] He and his driver, Vilmos Langfelder (1912-1948), were detained by the Soviet Red Army on January 17, 1945, when they captured Budapest, on suspicion of being a spy for the United States, since the War Refugee Board was actually engaged in espionage.[20][21][22] He was driven to the headquarters of Rodion Malinovsky in Debrecen by the NKVD. Wallenberg's last recorded words were: "I'm going to Malinovsky's ... whether as a guest or prisoner I do not know yet."[23] In 2003, a review of wartime Soviet correspondences, indicated Vilmos Böhm may have provided Wallenberg's name to Stalin as a person to detain.[24] Károly Szabó in 1944 (1916-1964) The native form of this personal name is Szabó Károly. ... Pál Szalai (September 3, 1915 – January 16, 1994) also spelled Pál Szalay and anglicized as Paul Sterling was a high ranking member of the Budapest police force and the Hungarian Arrow Cross Party during World War II. // He was born in Budapest on September 3, 1915. ... is the 12th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar). ... is the 17th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar). ... Marshal of the Soviet Union Rodion Malinovsky Rodion Yakovlevich Malinovsky (Russian: , Rodion Jakovlevič Malinovskij; November 23, 1898-March 31, 1967) was a Soviet military commander, Defense Minister of the Soviet Union in the late 1950s and 1960s, who played a key role in World War II, including the major defeat... Debrecen , (approximate pronunciation, Deb-ret-sen), (Romanian: , German: ; Croatian: Debr(e)cin) is the second largest city in Hungary after Budapest. ... The NKVD (Narodny Komissariat Vnutrennikh Del  ) (Russian: , ) or Peoples Commissariat for Internal Affairs was the leading secret police organization of the Soviet Union that was responsible for political repressions during Stalinism. ... Vilmos Böhm or Wilhelm Böhm (January 6, 1880 – 28 October 1949) was a Hungarian Social Democrat and Hungarys ambassador to Sweden after World War II. He is suspected as an agent of the Soviets, and may have been the person who placed Raoul Wallenbergs name on...


Wallenberg said that he had 7000 people under his care when he contacted the Russians on January 13. This is documented by a hand written note on the margin of an order issued by the Russian officer Kuprijanov, on January 14, 1945. The final report of Wallenberg's main assistant, Hugo Wohl, shows a little less than 7000 under Swedish protection. (The Russian document is cited in the Swedish-Russian workgroup's report in 2000; Wohl's report in Lévai, 1988, s. 252-255) Among those saved by Wallenberg were the biochemist Lars Ernster, who was housed in the Swedish embassy, and Andor Szentivanyi who discovered The Beta Adrenergic Theory of Asthma and Tom Lantos, later a member of the United States House of Representatives, who lived in one of the Swedish protective houses.[25] is the 13th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 14th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar). ... Lars Ernster (Ernster László) (1920-1998) was a professor of biochemistry, and a member of the Board of the Nobel Foundation // Lars Ernster was born in Hungary and came to Sweden 1946. ... Thomas Peter Tom Lantos, Ph. ... Type Bicameral Speaker of the House of Representatives House Majority Leader Nancy Pelosi, (D) since January 4, 2007 Steny Hoyer, (D) since January 4, 2007 House Minority Leader John Boehner, (R) since January 4, 2007 Members 435 plus 4 Delegates and 1 Resident Commissioner Political groups Democratic Party Republican Party...


Wallenberg did not work alone in Budapest; at the height of his program, over 350 people were involved.[26] Sister Sara Salkahazi was caught sheltering Jewish women and was killed by members of the Arrow Cross Party. Carl Lutz, a Swiss diplomat, also issued protective passports from the Swiss embassy, and was the initiator of the rescue operation in spring 1944. Italian businessman Giorgio Perlasca posed as a Spanish diplomat and issued forged visas. Henryk Sławik was a Polish diplomat who distributed fake passports. Sára Salkahazi Sister Sára Salkahazi (May 11, 1899 - December 27, 1944) was a Hungarian Roman Catholic nun who saved the lives of approximately one hundred Jews during World War II. Salkahazi was born in Kassa, Hungary (now known as KoÅ¡ice and part of Slovakia) on May 11... Flag of the Arrow Cross Party Senior members of the Arrow Cross Party. ... Carl Lutz (1895-1975) was the Swiss Consul in Budapest, Hungary from 1942 until the end of World War II. He had the initiative to save Hungarian Jews from deportation by allowing them to emigrate to Palestine under protection of a Swiss safe-conduct. ... (January 31, 1910–August 15, 1992) was an Italian who posed as the Spanish consul to Hungary in the winter of 1944, and saved thousands of Jews from the Nazis. ... Henryk SÅ‚awik (1894-1944) was a Polish politician, diplomat, and social worker who during World War II helped save 5,000 Hungarian and Polish Jews from Budapest by giving them false Polish passports. ...


Moscow

Information about Wallenberg’s fate after his detention by the Russians is mostly speculative. There were many more or less reliable witnesses who allegedly met him during his imprisonment.


Wallenberg was transported by train from Debrecen through Romania to Moscow.[22]. The Soviets may have moved him to their capital in hopes of exchanging him for defectors in Sweden.[27] Vladimir Dekanosov notified the Swedes on January 16, 1945 that Wallenberg was under the protection of Soviet authorities. On January 21, 1945, Wallenberg was transferred to Lubyanka prison and put in cell 123, with fellow prisoner, Gustav Richter, a police attaché at the German embassy in Romania. Richter testified in Sweden in 1955 that Wallenberg was interrogated once for about an hour and a half, in early February of 1945. On March 1, 1945, Richter was moved from his cell and never saw Wallenberg again.[28][19] Debrecen , (approximate pronunciation, Deb-ret-sen), (Romanian: , German: ; Croatian: Debr(e)cin) is the second largest city in Hungary after Budapest. ... For other uses, see Moscow (disambiguation). ... is the 16th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar). ... is the 21st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar). ... Lubyanka was one of the most infamous NKVD prisons in Soviet Union. ... Gustav Richter was an aide to Nazi Adolf Eichmann during World War II. Richter was born in 1913 and he received a law degree. ... is the 60th day of the year (61st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar). ...


On March 8, 1945, Soviet-controlled Hungarian radio announced that Wallenberg and his driver had been murdered on their way to Debrecen, suggesting that they were killed by the Arrow Cross Party or the Gestapo. Sweden's foreign minister, Östen Undén, and ambassador to the Soviet Union, Staffan Söderblom, wrongly assumed that they were dead.[6] In April of 1945, William Averell Harriman of the U.S. State Department, offered the Swedish government help in inquiring about Wallenberg’s fate, but the offer was declined.[7] Söderblom met with Molotov and Stalin in Moscow on June 15, 1946. Söderblom, believing Wallenberg was dead, ignored talk of an exchange for Russian defectors in Sweden.[29][30] is the 67th day of the year (68th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar). ... Flag of the Arrow Cross Party Senior members of the Arrow Cross Party. ... The   (contraction of Geheime Staatspolizei: “secret state police”) was the official secret police of Nazi Germany. ... Bo Östen Undén (Karlstad 25 August 1886 – Stockholm 14 January 1974), J.D., was a Swedish academic, civil servant and Social Democratic politician. ... William Averell Harriman William Averell Harriman (November 15, 1891 – July 26, 1986) was a Governor of New York. ... The United States Department of State, often referred to as the State Department, is the Cabinet-level foreign affairs agency of the United States government, equivalent to foreign ministries in other countries. ... Molotov can refer to: Vyacheslav Molotov - a Soviet politician and diplomat under Stalin The Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, signed by Molotov, also known as the Nazi-Soviet Pact The Molotov Line, a line of fortifications built by the Soviet Union in World War II following the Nazi-Soviet Pact Molotov cocktail... Iosif (usually anglicized as Joseph) Vissarionovich Stalin (Russian: Иосиф Виссарионович Сталин), original name Ioseb Jughashvili (Georgian: იოსებ ჯუღაშვი&#4314... For other uses, see Moscow (disambiguation). ... is the 166th day of the year (167th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1946 (MCMXLVI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full 1946 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...


In February of 1949, former German Colonel Theodor von Dufving, as a prisoner of war, provided evidentiary statements concerning Wallenberg. While en route to Vorkuta, in the transit camp in Kirov, Dufving encountered a prisoner with his own special guard and dressed in civilian clothes. The prisoner claimed that he was a Swedish diplomat and that he was there "through a great error." Year 1949 (MCMXLIX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Vorkuta (Russian: ) is a coal mining town in the Komi Republic, Russia, situated just north of the Arctic circle in the Pechora coal basin, at 67°30′N 64°00′E. It had its origin in one of the more notorious concentration camps of the Gulag which was established in... Kirov can refer to: Sergey Kirov, Bolshevik revolutionary and Soviet communist The north-eastern European Russian city Kirov, center of Kirov Oblast The Soviet warship Kirov, now of the Russian Navy, lead ship of the Kirov class of battlecruisers. ...


On February 6, 1957, the Soviets released a document found in their archives which stated that "I report that the prisoner Walenberg [sic] who is well-known to you, died suddenly in his cell this night, probably as a result of a heart attack. Pursuant to the instructions given by you that I personally have Walenberg [sic] under my care, I request approval to make an autopsy with a view to establishing cause of death... I have personally notified the minister and it has been ordered that the body be cremated without autopsy." The document was dated July 17, 1947, and was signed by Smoltsov, then the head of the Lubyanka prison infirmary. It was addressed to Viktor Semyonovich Abakumov, the Soviet minister of state security.[19][2] In 1989, the Soviets returned Wallenberg's personal belongings to his family, including his passport and cigarette case. Soviet officials said they found the materials when they were upgrading the shelves in a store room.[31][32] is the 37th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1957 (MCMLVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1957 Gregorian calendar). ... is the 198th day of the year (199th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1947 (MCMXLVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Lubyanka is the popular name for the headquarters of the KGB and affiliated prison on Lubyanka Square in Moscow. ... Viktor Abakumov Viktor Semyonovich Abakumov (Russian: Виктор Семёнович Абакумов) ( (1894 - 1954), (Colonel General), was a high level Soviet security organs official, from 1943 to 1946 the head of GURK (Chief Counterintelligence Directorate) well known as SMERSH by the USSR Peoples Commissariat of Defense, and from 1946 to 1951 minister of State Security...


A Swedish-Russian working group, after Guy von Dardel's, Raoul Wallenberg's half-brother, initiative [2] was set up in 1991 to search 11 separate military and government archives from the former Soviet Union for information about Wallenberg.[22][33][34] In Stockholm in 2000, Alexander Nikolaevich Yakovlev announced that Wallenberg had been executed in 1947 in Lubyanka prison. He claimed that Vladimir Kryuchkov, the former Soviet secret police chief, told him about the shooting in a private conversation. The statement did not explain why Wallenberg was killed or why the government had lied about it.[20][35] Pavel Sudoplatov claimed that Raoul Wallenberg was poisoned by Grigory Mairanovsky.[36] In 2000, Russian prosecutor Vladimir Ustinov signed a verdict posthumously rehabilitating Wallenberg and his driver, Langfelder, as "victims of political repression".[37] A number of files pertinent to Wallenberg were turned over to the chief rabbi of Russia by the Russian government in September 2007.[38] They will be housed at the Museum of Tolerance in Moscow, scheduled to open on 2008. Alexander Yakovlev (left) with Mikhail Gorbachev. ... Lubyanka was one of the most infamous NKVD prisons in Soviet Union. ... Vladimir Alexandrovich Kryuchkov (Владимир Александрович Крючков in Russian) was born in Volgograd in 1924. ... Pavel Sudoplatov 1907 - 1996 Pavel Sudoplatov (1907 - September, 1996) was a member of the intelligence services of the Soviet Union who rose to the rank of major general. ... Grigory Mairanovsky (1899-1964) was a Soviet biochemist and poison developer. ... Vladimir Ustinov Vladimir Vasilyevich Ustinóv (Russian: ) (born 25 February 1953 in Nikolayevsk-on-Amur) is the current Minister of Justice in Russia. ...


Because of the deliberate destruction of documents by the Soviets, the reason for the arrest and death of Wallenberg may never be known. There is a parallel to his fate in the arrest of two Swiss diplomats detained in Budapest, whose records still exist. Stalin directly ordered the arrest of Maximilian Jaeger and Harald Feller of the Swiss embassy. They were interrogated by SMERSH and were released in exchange for two Russian pilots who had defected to Switzerland.[22] For other uses, see Budapest (disambiguation). ... Iosif (usually anglicized as Joseph) Vissarionovich Stalin (Russian: Иосиф Виссарионович Сталин), original name Ioseb Jughashvili (Georgian: იოსებ ჯუღაშვი&#4314... Maximilian Jaeger (c1915-1999) was a Swiss Minister in Budapest from 1936 to 1944 In 1936, Jaeger was transferred to Budapest, where Switzerland had set up an embassy that year. ... Harald Feller (born in 1914 in Switzerland) was a Swiss diplomat who saved Hungarian Jews during the Holocaust. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...


Several former prisoners have claimed that Wallenberg may still have been alive into the early 1950s.[39] The last reported sightings of Wallenberg were by two independent witnesses who said they had evidence that he was in a prison in November of 1987.[40]


Raoul Wallenberg's brother, Professor Guy von Dardel[41], a well known physicist, retired from CERN, is dedicated to finding out his brother's fate.[42] He traveled to the Soviet Union about fifty times for discussions and research, including an examination of the Vladmir prison records.[43] He, his sister Nina Lagergren (Kofi Annan's mother-in-law) and their mother never gave up hope of finding Raoul Wallenberg. Many, including Professor von Dardel and his daughters Louise and Marie, do not accept the various versions of Wallenberg's death and continue to request that the archives in Russia, Sweden and Hungary be opened to impartial researchers.[44] It is assumed that an independent international board of inquiry is required to resolve Raoul Wallenberg's fate. In the family today, Wallenberg's niece, Ms. Louise von Dardel, is the main activist and dedicates much of her time speaking about Wallenberg and to lobbying various countries to help uncover information about her uncle.[44] CERN logo The European Organization for Nuclear Research (French: ), commonly known as CERN (see Naming), pronounced (or in French), is the worlds largest particle physics laboratory, situated just northwest of Geneva on the border between France and Switzerland. ... Kofi Atta Annan (born April 8, 1938) is a Ghanaian diplomat who served as the seventh Secretary-General of the United Nations from January 1, 1997 to January 1, 2007, serving two five-year terms. ...


Wallenberg show trial preparations 1953 in Hungary

The State Protection Authority (Hungarian: Államvédelmi Hatóság or ÁVH) was the state police force of Hungary from 1945 until 1956. ÁVH actions were not subject to judicial review. On 1953-04-07, early in the morning, Miksa Domonkos, one of the leaders of the Jewish community in Budapest was kidnapped by ÁVH officials to extract "confessions".[45] Preparations for a show trial started in Budapest in 1953 to prove that Wallenberg had not been dragged off in 1945 to the Soviet Union, but was the victim of cosmopolitan Zionists. For the purposes of this show trial, two more Jewish leaders – László Benedek and Lajos Stöckler – as well as two would-be "eyewitnesses" – Pál Szalai and Károly Szabó – were arrested and interrogated using torture. The State Protection Authority (Hungarian: or ÁVH) was the secret police force of Hungary from some time in 1944 or 1945 until 1956. ... Államvédelmi Hatóság or ÁVH (State Protection Authority) was the secret police force of Hungary from some time in 1944 or 1945 until 1956. ... Judicial review is the power of a court to review the actions of public sector bodies in terms of their legality or constitutionality. ... January 7 - President Harry S. Truman announces the United States has developed a hydrogen bomb. ... April 7 is the 97th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (98th in leap years). ... The word Jew ( Hebrew: יהודי) is used in a wide number of ways, but generally refers to a follower of the Jewish faith, a child of a Jewish mother, or someone of Jewish descent with a connection to Jewish culture or ethnicity and often a combination... This article is about the practice of confession in the Modern confessional in the Church of the Holy Name, Dunedin, New Zealand. ... The term show trial serves most commonly to label a type of public trial in which the judicial authorities have already determined the guilt of the accused: the actual trial has as its only goal to present the accusation and the verdict to the public as an impressive example and... Pál Szalai (September 3, 1915 – January 16, 1994) also spelled Pál Szalay and anglicized as Paul Sterling was a high ranking member of the Budapest police force and the Hungarian Arrow Cross Party during World War II. // He was born in Budapest on September 3, 1915. ... Károly Szabó in 1944 (1916-1964) The native form of this personal name is Szabó Károly. ... For other uses, see Torture (disambiguation). ...


Károly Szabó was captured on the street on 1953-04-08 and arrested without any legal procedure. His family had no news of him throughout the following six months. A secret trial was conducted against him of which no official record is available to date. After six months of interrogation, the defendants were driven to despair and exhaustion. Károly Szabó in 1944 (1916-1964) The native form of this personal name is Szabó Károly. ... January 7 - President Harry S. Truman announces the United States has developed a hydrogen bomb. ... April 8 is the 98th day of the year (99th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... A secret trial is a trial that is not open to the public, nor reported in the news. ...


The idea that the "murderers of Wallenberg" were Budapest Zionists was primarily supported by Hungarian Communist leader Ernő Gerő, which is shown by a note sent by him to First Secretary Mátyás Rákosi.[46] The show trial was then initiated in Moscow, following Stalin's anti-Zionist campaign. After the death of Stalin and Lavrentiy Beria, the preparations for the trial were stopped and the arrested persons were released. Miksa Domonkos spent a week in hospital and died at home shortly afterwards, mainly due to the torture to which he had been subjected.[45][47]. The Peoples Republic of Hungary was the name used by Hungary from 1949 to 1989 during its Communist period. ... ErnÅ‘ GerÅ‘ (1898 - 1980) was a Hungarian Communist leader in the period after World War II and briefly leader of Hungary in 1956. ... Portrait of Mátyás Rákosi Mátyás Rákosi (born March 14, 1892 as Mátyás Rosenfeld –February 5, 1971) was a Hungarian politician and the leader of Hungary from 1945 to 1956 through his post as General Secretary of the Hungarian Communist Party. ... Iosif (usually anglicized as Joseph) Vissarionovich Stalin (Russian: Иосиф Виссарионович Сталин), original name Ioseb Jughashvili (Georgian: იოსებ ჯუღაშვი&#4314... Lavrenty Beria Lavrentiy Pavlovich Beria (Georgian: ლავრენტი ბერია, Lavrenti Pavles dze Beria; Russian: Лаврентий Павлович Берия; 29 March 1899–23 December 1953) was a Soviet politician and chief of the Soviet security and police apparatus. ...


Legacy

USPS stamp, 1997
Memorial at Great Cumberland Place, London
Memorial at Great Cumberland Place, London
Statue of Raoul Wallenberg, Wallenberg st., Tel-Aviv, Israel
Statue of Raoul Wallenberg, Wallenberg st., Tel-Aviv, Israel

250X200, © USPS 1997, stamp. ... 250X200, © USPS 1997, stamp. ... Download high resolution version (476x640, 86 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Download high resolution version (476x640, 86 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 514 × 600 pixelsFull resolution‎ (557 × 650 pixels, file size: 38 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Statue of Raoul Wallenberg, Wallenberg st. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 514 × 600 pixelsFull resolution‎ (557 × 650 pixels, file size: 38 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Statue of Raoul Wallenberg, Wallenberg st. ...

Honors

  • January 17, the day he disappeared, was declared Raoul Wallenberg Day in Canada.[51]
  • The United States Postal Service issued a stamp to honor him in 1997. Representative Tom Lantos, one of those saved by Wallenberg's actions, said: "It is most appropriate that we honor [him] with a U.S. stamp. In this age devoid of heroes, Wallenberg is the archetype of a hero -- one who risked his life day in and day out, to save the lives of tens of thousands of people he did not know whose religion he did not share."[52]
  • The Wallenberg Endowment at the University of Michigan awards the Wallenberg Medal and Lecture to outstanding humanitarians. The university's Taubman College of Architecture and Urban Planning also awards Wallenberg Scholarships to exceptional undergraduate and graduate students, many of which are given to enable students to broaden their study of architecture to include work in distant locations.[54]
  • Groups in the USA, Israel, China and Hungary have been holding International Rescuer Day events on January 17 for the past few years. This is the anniversary of Wallenberg's abduction.[55]
  • The musical Another Kind of Hero, composed by E.A. Alexander with collaborator Lezley Steele, was performed at the Walnut Street Theatre in Philadelphia in 1992, and in Toronto and New York in 1993. (music clips)
  • The portion of 15th Street, SW, in Washington, D.C., on which the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum sits, was renamed Raoul Wallenberg Place.

Year 1966 (MCMLXVI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the 1966 Gregorian calendar. ... New Yad Vashem museum building designed by Safdie Yad Vashem (Hebrew: ‎; Holocaust Martyrs and Heroes Remembrance Authority) is Israels official memorial to the victims of the Holocaust established in 1953 through the Memorial Law passed by the Knesset, Israels parliament. ... Righteous Among the Nations (Hebrew: חסידי אומות העולם, Hasidei Umot HaOlam), in contemporary usage, is a term often used to describe non-Jews who risked their lives during the Holocaust in order to save Jews from extermination by the Nazis. ... For other uses, see Holocaust (disambiguation) and Shoah (disambiguation). ... A non-United States citizen of exceptional merit may be declared an Honorary Citizen of the United States by the President pursuant to an Act of Congress. ... Year 1981 (MCMLXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link displays the 1981 Gregorian calendar). ... Ronald Wilson Reagan (February 6, 1911 – June 5, 2004) was the 40th President of the United States (1981–1989) and the 33rd Governor of California (1967–1975). ... Churchill redirects here. ... Raoul Wallenberg, the first honorary citizen of Canada. ... This article is about the year. ... Year 1986 (MCMLXXXVI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar). ... For other uses, see Budapest (disambiguation). ... Year 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 17th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... USPS and Usps redirect here. ... Thomas Peter Tom Lantos, Ph. ... Raoul Wallenberg in 1944 The Raoul Wallenberg Committee of the United States was created in May of 1981 to perpetuate the humanitarian ideals and the nonviolent courage of Raoul Wallenberg. It bestows the Raoul Wallenberg Awards on individuals, organizations and communities that reflect Wallenbergs humanitarian spirit, personal courage and... Raoul Wallenberg in 1944 The Raoul Wallenberg Committee of the United States bestows the Raoul Wallenberg Award on individuals, organizations and communities that reflect Raoul Wallenbergs humanitarian spirit, personal courage and nonviolent action in the face of enormous odds. ... Raoul Wallenberg in 1944 The Wallenberg Endowment of the University of Michigan awards the Wallenberg Medal and Lecture to outstanding humanitarians to honor Raoul Wallenberg. ... The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (U of M, UM or simply Michigan) is a coeducational public research university in the state of Michigan. ... is the 17th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Guinness Book of Records (or in recent editions Guinness World Records, and in previous US editions Guinness Book of World Records) is a book published annually, containing an internationally recognized collection of superlatives: both in terms of human achievement and the extrema of the natural world. ... For other uses, see Washington, D.C. (disambiguation). ... Interior of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Exterior of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum viewed from Raoul Wallenberg Place (15th St. ... Raoul Wallenberg Traditional High School is a high school in San Francisco, California. ...

Memorials

  • In 2001, a memorial was created in Stockholm to honour Wallenberg. It was unveiled by King Carl XVI Gustaf, at a ceremony attended by the UN Secretary General at the time Kofi Annan and his wife, Wallenberg's niece. It is an abstract memorial depicting people rising from the concrete, accompanied by a bronze replica of Wallenberg's signature. It generated criticism in Sweden because many saw it as ugly and unworthy of such a great hero; however, Wallenberg's sister Nina Lagergren approved of it. At the unveiling, King Carl XVI Gustaf said Wallenberg is "a great example to those of us who want to live as fellow humans." Kofi Annan praised him as "an inspiration for all of us to act when we can and to have the courage to help those who are suffering and in need of help."[56]
  • There are a number of sites honoring Wallenberg in Budapest, among them Raoul Wallenberg Memorial Park, which commemorates those who saved many of the city's Jews from deportation to extermination camps, and the building that housed the Swedish Embassy in 1945.[57]
  • The Raoul Wallenberg Monument is located on Raoul Wallenberg Walk in Manhattan, across from the headquarters of the United Nations. It was commissioned by the Swedish consulate and was designed by Swedish sculptor Gustav Graitz. Graitz’s piece, Hope, is a replica of Wallenberg’s briefcase, a sphere, five pillars of black granite, and paving stones which once were used on the streets of the Jewish ghetto in Budapest.[58]

King Carl XVI Gustaf (Carl Gustaf Folke Hubertus) (born April 30, 1946, at Haga Palace, Solna, Uppland), is the King of Sweden. ... Kofi Atta Annan (born April 8, 1938) is a Ghanaian diplomat who served as the seventh Secretary-General of the United Nations from January 1, 1997 to January 1, 2007, serving two five-year terms. ... King Carl XVI Gustaf (Carl Gustaf Folke Hubertus) (born April 30, 1946, at Haga Palace, Solna, Uppland), is the King of Sweden. ... Kofi Atta Annan (born April 8, 1938) is a Ghanaian diplomat who served as the seventh Secretary-General of the United Nations from January 1, 1997 to January 1, 2007, serving two five-year terms. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... For other uses, see Manhattan (disambiguation). ... UN and U.N. redirect here. ...

See also

The Wallenberg family is one of the most influential and wealthy families in Sweden, renowned as bankers and industrialists. ... Sir Nicholas Winton MBE (born May 19, 1909) is a Briton who organized the rescue of 669 Jewish Czech children from their doomed fate in the Nazi death camps prior to the outbreak of World War II in an operation known as the Czech Kindertransport. ...

References

  1. ^ The date of death is based on a letter turned over to his family by the Soviets in 1957 and is disputed by some.
  2. ^ a b German's Death Listed; Soviet Notifies the Red Cross Diplomat Died in Prison.; New York Times; February 15, 1957; Retrieved on February 14, 2007
  3. ^ a b Raoul Wallenberg. Notable Names Database. Retrieved on 2007-02-12.
  4. ^ Yad Vashem database. Yad Vashem. Retrieved on 2007-02-12. “who saved the lives of tens of thousands of Jews in Budapest during World War II ... and put some 15,000 Jews into 32 safe houses.”
  5. ^ Raoul Gustav Wallenberg's paternal grandfather, Gustaf Oscar Wallenberg (1863–1937), the son of Oscar Wallenberg, was a diplomat, an envoy to Tokyo, Constantinople, and Sofia. For a brief biography, see sv:Gustaf Oscar Wallenberg
  6. ^ a b c Raoul Wallenberg. Jewish Virtual Library (2007).
  7. ^ a b Schreiber, Penny. The Wallenberg Story. Retrieved on 2007-02-14.
  8. ^ The company name is sometimes translated as the Mid-European Trading Company.
  9. ^ Lester, Elenore and Werbell, Frederick E.; The Last Hero of Holocaust. The Search for Sweden's Raoul Wallenberg.; New York Times Magazine; March 30, 1980, Sunday; Retrieved on February 14, 2007
  10. ^ a b c Jewish History of Hungary. Retrieved on 2007-02-16.
  11. ^ Books by Prof. David Wyman and Dr. Rafael Medoff
  12. ^ Executive Order Creating the War Refugee Board. Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved on 2007-02-16.
  13. ^ Stak Tamás, Hungary’s Human Losses in World War II
  14. ^ Attila Lajos, 2004
  15. ^ Jenö Lévai, Zsidósors Európában
  16. ^ David Kranzler, The Man Who Stopped the Trains to Auschwitz
  17. ^ Final Report of the War Refugee Board from Sweden. Retrieved on 2007-02-14.
  18. ^ József Szekeres: Saving the Ghettos of Budapest in January 1945, Pál Szalai "the Hungarian Schindler" ISBN 9637323147X, Budapest 1997, Publisher: Budapest Archives, Page 74
  19. ^ a b c Rachel Oestreicher Bernheim (1981). A Hero for our Time. Retrieved on 2007-02-12.
  20. ^ a b LaFraniere, Sharon; Moscow Admits Wallenberg Died In Prison in 1947. Washington Post; December 23, 2000
  21. ^ Jews in Hungary Helped by Swede. New York Times; April 26, 1945, Thursday; Retrieved on February 14, 2007
  22. ^ a b c d Report of Swedish Russian Working Group. Retrieved on 2007-02-13.
  23. ^ Well Taken Care Of. Time (magazine); Monday, February 18, 1957; Retrieved on February 14, 2007
  24. ^ Soviet double agent may have betrayed Wallenberg; Reuters; May 12, 2003; Retrieved on February 14, 2007
  25. ^ Lantos's list. Jerusalem Post. Retrieved on 2007-02-15. “Born in Hungary in 1928 to assimilated Jewish parents, he escaped from a forced-labor brigade, joined the resistance and was eventually, with his later-to-be-wife Annette, among the tens of thousands of Hungarian Jews rescued by the Swedish diplomat Raoul Wallenberg.”
  26. ^ Wallenberg Legacy. Raoul Wallenberg International Movement for Humanity. Retrieved on 2007-02-14.
  27. ^ Wallenberg fate shrouded in mystery; CNN; January 12, 2001; Retrieved on February 14, 2007
  28. ^ "Raoul Wallenberg, Life and Work", New York Times, September 6, 1991. Retrieved on 2007-02-12. “The K.G.B. promised today that it would let agents break their vow of silence to help investigate the fate of Raoul Wallenberg, the Swedish diplomat who vanished after being arrested by the Soviets in 1945.” 
  29. ^ The Last Word on Wallenberg? New Investigations, New Question. Retrieved on 2007-02-12.
  30. ^ Stuck in Neutral: The Reasons behind Sweden's passivity in the Raoul Wallenberg case. Retrieved on 2007-02-12.
  31. ^ Soviets Give Kin Wallenberg Papers. New York Times; October 17, 1989; Retrieved on February 14, 2007
  32. ^ Raoul Wallenberg, Life and Work. Retrieved on 2007-02-12.
  33. ^ Missing in Action: Raoul Wallenberg; Jerusalem Post
  34. ^ Excerpt from 1993 working group session
  35. ^ Cause of Death Conceded. Time (magazine); Monday, August 7, 2000
  36. ^ Vadim J. Birstein. The Perversion Of Knowledge: The True Story of Soviet Science. (p.138) Westview Press (2004) ISBN 0-813-34280-5
  37. ^ Russia: Wallenberg wrongfully jailed; CNN; December 22, 2000; Retrieved on February 14, 2007
  38. ^ http://www.jta.org/cgi-bin/iowa/breaking/104393.html accessed 29 September 2007
  39. ^ Search for Swedish Holocaust hero; BBC; Monday, 17 January 2005
  40. ^ "Soviets Open Prisons and Records To Inquiry on Wallenberg's Fate.", New York Times, August 28, 1990. Retrieved on 2007-02-13. 
  41. ^ Actions done by Raoul Wallenberg's brother, Guy von Dardel
  42. ^ List of von Dardel's actions
  43. ^ http://www.arikaplan.com/speech/wallenberg.pdf
  44. ^ a b Ms. Louise von Dardel's February 2005 talks in the Knesset and the Jerusalem Begin Center and her interviews at the time to Israel TV English news, Jerusalem Post, VESTY (Russian) and Makor Rishon (Hebrew). Also, numerous conversations with Ms. Louise von Dardel
  45. ^ a b Interview with István Domonkos, son of Miksa Domonkos, who died after the show trial preparations (Hungarian)
  46. ^ Kenedi János: Egy kiállítás hiányzó képei (Hungarian)
  47. ^ Hungarian Quarterly (Hungarian)
  48. ^ Visiting Yad Vashem: Raoul Wallenberg. Yad Vashem (2004).
  49. ^ Status Report on the Wallenberg Case. Congressional Human Rights Caucus (2000).
  50. ^ Government of Canada Honours Canadian Honorary Citizen Raoul Wallenberg. Canada (2007).
  51. ^ A Tribute to Raoul Wallenberg. Retrieved on 2007-02-13.
  52. ^ Holocaust Hero Honored on Postage Stamp. United States Postal Service (1996).
  53. ^ The Raoul Wallenberg Committee of the United States. The Raoul Wallenberg Committee of the United States (2007).
  54. ^ Wallenberg Medal and Lecture. The Wallenberg Endowment (2007).
  55. ^ http://www.geocities.com/jerusalem_working_group
  56. ^ Tributes in United Kingdom. International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-02-12.
  57. ^ Tributes in Hungary. Retrieved on 2007-02-12.
  58. ^ Raoul Wallenberg Playground. New York City Department of Parks and Recreation.

The New York Times is an internationally known daily newspaper published in New York City and distributed in the United States and many other nations worldwide. ... is the 46th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1957 (MCMLVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1957 Gregorian calendar). ... is the 45th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... NNDB standing for Notable Names Database is a database of biographical details of notable persons. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 43rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... New Yad Vashem museum building designed by Safdie Yad Vashem (Hebrew: ‎; Holocaust Martyrs and Heroes Remembrance Authority) is Israels official memorial to the victims of the Holocaust established in 1953 through the Memorial Law passed by the Knesset, Israels parliament. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 43rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Jewish Virtual Library is an online encyclopedia published by the American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise (AICE), notable for its strong pro-Israel views. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 45th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... The New York Times is an internationally known daily newspaper published in New York City and distributed in the United States and many other nations worldwide. ... is the 89th day of the year (90th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1980 (MCMLXXX) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1980 Gregorian calendar). ... is the 45th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 47th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Jewish Virtual Library is an online encyclopedia published by the American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise (AICE), notable for its strong pro-Israel views. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 47th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 45th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Rachel Oestreicher Bernheim is the chairwoman of The Raoul Wallenberg Committee of the United States, a human rights organization in New York. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 43rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... ... is the 357th day of the year (358th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2000 (MM) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full 2000 Gregorian calendar). ... The New York Times is an internationally known daily newspaper published in New York City and distributed in the United States and many other nations worldwide. ... is the 116th day of the year (117th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar). ... is the 45th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 44th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... “TIME” redirects here. ... is the 49th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1957 (MCMLVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1957 Gregorian calendar). ... is the 45th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... Reuters Group plc (LSE: RTR and NASDAQ: RTRSY); pronounced is known as a financial market data provider and a news service that provides reports from around the world to newspapers and broadcasters. ... is the 132nd day of the year (133rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 45th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... The Jerusalem Post is an Israeli newspaper in the English language. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 46th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 45th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Cable News Network, commonly known as CNN, is a major cable television network founded in 1980 by Ted Turner. ... is the 12th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2001 (MMI) was a common year starting on Monday (link displays the 2001 Gregorian calendar). ... is the 45th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... The New York Times is an internationally known daily newspaper published in New York City and distributed in the United States and many other nations worldwide. ... is the 249th day of the year (250th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1991 (MCMXCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the 1991 Gregorian calendar). ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 43rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 43rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 43rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... The New York Times is an internationally known daily newspaper published in New York City and distributed in the United States and many other nations worldwide. ... is the 290th day of the year (291st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1989 (MCMLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar). ... is the 45th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 43rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Jerusalem Post is an Israeli newspaper in the English language. ... “TIME” redirects here. ... is the 219th day of the year (220th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2000 (MM) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full 2000 Gregorian calendar). ... The Cable News Network, commonly known as CNN, is a major cable television network founded in 1980 by Ted Turner. ... is the 356th day of the year (357th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2000 (MM) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full 2000 Gregorian calendar). ... is the 45th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... For other uses, see BBC (disambiguation). ... is the 17th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The New York Times is an internationally known daily newspaper published in New York City and distributed in the United States and many other nations worldwide. ... is the 240th day of the year (241st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1990 (MCMXC) was a common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar). ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 44th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Type Unicameral Speaker of the Knesset Dalia Itzik, Kadima since May 4, 2006 Deputy Speaker Majalli Wahabi, Kadima since May 4, 2006 Members 120 Political groups Kadima Labour-Meimad Shas Likud Last elections March 28, 2006 Meeting place Knesset, Jerusalem, Israel Web site www. ... The Jerusalem Post is an Israeli newspaper in the English language. ... New Yad Vashem museum building designed by Safdie Yad Vashem (Hebrew: ‎; Holocaust Martyrs and Heroes Remembrance Authority) is Israels official memorial to the victims of the Holocaust established in 1953 through the Memorial Law passed by the Knesset, Israels parliament. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 44th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... USPS and Usps redirect here. ... Raoul Wallenberg in 1944 The Raoul Wallenberg Committee of the United States was created in May of 1981 to perpetuate the humanitarian ideals and the nonviolent courage of Raoul Wallenberg. It bestows the Raoul Wallenberg Awards on individuals, organizations and communities that reflect Wallenbergs humanitarian spirit, personal courage and... Raoul Wallenberg in 1944 The Wallenberg Endowment of the University of Michigan awards the Wallenberg Medal and Lecture to outstanding humanitarians to honor Raoul Wallenberg. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 43rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 43rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... The New York City Department of Parks and Recreation is the branch of government of the City of New York responsible for maintaining the citys parks system, preserving and maintaining the ecological diversity of the citys natural areas, and furnishing recreational opportunities for citys residents. ...

Related books and sources for research

Archives

Sweden


Riksarkivet, Stockholm UD:s arkiv, 1920 års dossiersystem, HP 21 Eu (Ungern), Politiska ärenden, Ärenden rörande minoriteter. Raoul Wallenberg-arkivet. All the volumes. Raoul Wallenbergföreningens arkiv. All the volumes.


Uppsala Universitetsbibliotek


Uppsala Universitetets arkiv, Raoul Wallenberg-projektets arkiv. Intervju F2C001-F2C319; F2C320-F2C503 med överlevande från Budapest (on microfilm).


Hungary


Magyar Országos Levéltár (MOL), Budapest


Open Society Archives (OSA Archivum), Budapest Thematic Guide and direct access to digitized documents


Külügyminisztérium (Foreign Ministry)


KÜM, K 101, Stockholmi követség, 1917 – 1947. 13 cs. 6 tétel: Politikai vonatkozásu ügyek 1920 – 1944. KÜM K 63 413 cs. 1944 – 43 tétel; A Külügyminisztérium politikai osztályának iratai –Nemzetközi zsidokérdés KÜM K 63 100 cs. 1944 – 43 tétel; A Külügyminisztérium politikai osztályának iratai – Zsidó ügyek KÜM K 707 2 cs. 4,5 tétel 1944 – 45 A Nyilas Külügyminisztérium iratai. KÜM K 71 138 cs. II/6, Nemzetközi Vöröskereszt KÜM K 71 139 cs. II/6, Nemzetközi Vöröskereszt


Belügyminisztérium (Ministry of the interior)


BM K 150 4517 cs. XXI tétel, 1944 –45, A belügyminisztérium iratai BM K 150 4517 cs. XXI tétel, Általános iratok


Vöröszkereszt (Red Cross)


P 1577 1 cs. A svéd vöröskerszt gazdasági hivatalának iratai.


Books containing documents

  • Braham, Randoph L., The Destruction of Hungarian Jewry, 3 vol., New York 1963 (documents from German archives)
  • Benoschofsky, Ilona & Karsai, Elek, Vádirat a nácizmus ellen, 3 vol., Budapest 1967 (documents from Hungarian archives)
  • Nylander, Gert & Perlinge, Anders, Raoul Wallenberg in documents 1927 – 1947, Stockholm, 2000 (documents from the Wallenberg bank, the SEB:s archives)
  • Raoul Wallenberg: [Handlingar i UD:s arkiv om Raoul Wallenberg], 7 vol., Stockholm 1980
  • Räddningen. De svenska hjälpinsatserna. Rapporter ur UD:s arkiv, Stockholm 1997
  • Svensk utrikespolitik under andra världskriget. Stadsrådstal, riksdagsdebatter och kommunikéer. Skrifter utgivna av Utrikespolitiska institutet, Stockholm 1946
  • Wallenberg, Raoul, Letters and dispatches, 1924 – 1944, New York 1995
  • Wahlbäck, Krister & Boberg, Göran, Sveriges sak är vår. Svensk utrikespolitik 1939 – 1945 i dokument, Stockholm 1967
  • Älskade farfar, (brevväxlingen mellan Raoul och Gustav Wallenberg utgiven och kommenterade av Gustaf Söderlund och Gitte Wallenberg), Stockholm 1987

Books written by eye wittnesses

  • Anger, Per, Med Raoul Wallenberg i Budapest, Stockholm 1985
  • Berg, Lars, Vad hände i Budapest?, Stockholm 1949
  • Berg, Lars, Boken som försvann, Stockholm 1981
  • Langlet, Nina, Kaos i Budapest, Vällingby 1982
  • Langlet, Valdemar, Verk och dagar i Budapest, Stockholm 1949
  • Lévai, Jenö, A pesti ghetto csodálatos megmentése, Budapest 1946
  • Lévai, Jenö, Eichmann in Hungary, Budapest 1961
  • Lévai, Jenö, Zsidósors Magyarországon, Budapest 1948
  • Lévai Jenö, Raoul Wallenberg, Budapest 1948
  • Lévai Jenö, Raoul Wallenberg. Hjälten i Budapest, Stockholm 1948
  • Lévai Jenö, Raoul Wallenberg, Budapest 1988
  • Lévai Jenö, Raoul Wallenberg - hjälten i Budapest, Stockholm 1948
  • Lévai , Jenö, Szürke könyv, Officina, utan år (förmodligen 1946)
  • Lévai, Jenö, Fekete könyv, Budapest 1947
  • Lévai, Jenö, Black book on the martyrdom of the Hungarian Jewry, Zürich 1948
  • Lévai, Jenö, Fehér könyv, Budapest 1946
  • Munkácsi, Ernö, Hogyan történt?, Budapest 1947
  • Petö, László, Det ändlösa tåget, Arboga, 1984

Books

  • Lajos Attila, Raoul Wallenberg. Mítosz és valóság, Budapest 2007
  • Lajos, Attila, Hjälten och offren. Raoul Wallenberg och judarna i Budapest, Växjö, Sweden, 2004
  • UD informerar: Raoul Wallenberg, Stockholm 1987
  • Raoul Wallenberg, Svenska institutet, 1988
  • Raoul Wallenberg. Redovisning av den svensk-ryska arbetsgruppen, Stockholm 2000
  • Karsai László, ”Ùjabb Wallenberg–dokumentumok” (Nya Wallenbergdokument), Világosság, 1992/12
  • Ember Mária, Ránk akarták kenni, Budapest 1992
  • Ember Mária, Wallenberg Budapesten, Budapest 2000
  • Ett utrikespolitiskt misslyckande. Fallet Raoul Wallenberg och den utrikespolitiska ledningen, SOU 2003: 18, Stockholm 2003
  • Carlbäck-Isotalo, Helene, ”Arkivdokument kontra fria fantasier: Wallenberg-fallet färdigdiskuterat?” Historisk Tidskrift, 1994 (114) s. 634 – 636.
  • Carlbäck-Isotalo, Helene, “Glasnost and the opening of Soviet archives: time to conclude the Raoul Wallenberg case?” Scandinavian Journal of History, 1992 (17) s. 175 – 207.
  • Braham, Randolph L., The Politcs of Genocide, New York 1994
  • David Kranzler, The Man Who Stopped the Trains to Auschwitz: George Mantello, El Salvador, and Switzerland's Finest Hour, Forward by Senator Joseph I. Lieberman, Syracuse University Press (March 2001), ISBN 978-0815628736
  • Jenö Lévai, Zsidósors Európában (published in 1948 in Hungarian, about George Mantello and the major Swiss grass roots protests against the Holocaust)
  • Larry Jarvik, Who Shall Live and Who Shall Die (video documentary)
  • Rapaport, Louis. Shake Heaven & Earth: Peter Bergson and the Struggle to Rescue the Jews of Europe. Gefen Publishing House, Ltd., 1999.
  • Raoul Wallenberg, Letters and Dispatches, 1924-1944, Arcade Publishing Inc., New York, 1995, ISBN 1-55970-257-3. Portions published in Sweden as, Alskade farfar! [Dearest Grandfather] by Bonniers Foerlag, Sweden
  • Berger, Susanne[3] (2005) "Stuck in Neutral: The Reasons behind Sweden's Passivity in the Raoul Wallenberg Case." [4]

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:
Persondata
NAME Wallenberg, Raoul
ALTERNATIVE NAMES
SHORT DESCRIPTION Diplomat
DATE OF BIRTH August 4, 1912
PLACE OF BIRTH Sweden
DATE OF DEATH (presumed) July 16, 1947
PLACE OF DEATH (presumed)Soviet Union

is the 8th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Image File history File links Commons-logo. ... is the 216th day of the year (217th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1912 (MCMXII) was a leap year starting on Monday in the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Tuesday in the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... is the 197th day of the year (198th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1947 (MCMXLVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...


  Results from FactBites:
 
Raoul Wallenberg - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (1147 words)
Raoul junior's grandfather, "farfar", was a Swedish diplomat.
Wallenberg was arrested by the Soviet Red Army on January 17, 1945 as they entered Budapest, probably on suspicion of being a spy for the United States.
Raoul Wallenberg was made an Honorary Citizen of the United States in 1981.
Raoul Wallenberg (3831 words)
Raoul Wallenberg belongs — or belonged — to one of the most famous families in Sweden, the large Wallenberg family.
Wallenberg's ally Szalay was sent to deliver a note to Schmidthuber explaining that Raoul Wallenberg would make sure that the general would be held personally responsible for the massacre and that he would be hanged as a war criminal after the war.
Wallenberg requested, and was given permission to visit the Soviet military headquarters in the city of Debrecen east of Budapest.
  More results at FactBites »


 

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