Rape of the Sabine Women, by Nicolas Poussin, Rome, 1637-38 (Louvre Museum)

The Latin term raptio refers to abduction of women , either for marriage (e.g. bride kidnapping or elopement) or enslavement (particularly sexual slavery). In Roman Catholic canon law, raptio refers to the legal prohibition of matrimony if the bride was abducted forcibly (Canon 1089 CIC). The historical English term for the abduction of women is rape, see below; Frauenraub, originally from German, is still used in English in the field of art history. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (907x682, 128 KB) Summary Nicolas Poussin, The Rape of the Sabine Women, executed in Rome, 1637-38 (Louvre) The second of Poussins two paintings of this subject Licensing The two-dimensional work of art depicted in this image is in... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (907x682, 128 KB) Summary Nicolas Poussin, The Rape of the Sabine Women, executed in Rome, 1637-38 (Louvre) The second of Poussins two paintings of this subject Licensing The two-dimensional work of art depicted in this image is in... Poussin redirects here. ... The main courtyard of the Louvre. ... Matrimony redirects here. ... Bride kidnapping, also known as marriage by abduction or marriage by capture, is a form of marriage practiced in a few traditional cultures, in countries spanning Central Asia, the Caucasus region, parts of Africa, and among the Hmong in southeast Asia. ... To elope, most literally, merely means to run away. ... Slavery is any of a number of related conditions involving control of a person against his or her will, enforced by violence or other clear forms of coercion. ... Sexual slavery is a special case of slavery which includes various different practices: forced prostitution single-owner sexual slavery ritual slavery, sometimes associated with traditional religious practices slavery for primarily non-sexual purposes where sex is common or permissible In general, the nature of slavery means that the slave is... The Roman Catholic Church, most often spoken of simply as the Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with over one billion members. ... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Wycliffe Tyndale · Luther · Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Patriarch of Constantinople Christianity Portal This box:      Canon law is the term used for... Marriage is a governmentally, socially, or religiously recognized interpersonal relationship, usually intimate and sexual, and often created as a contract. ... Canon Law is the ecclesiastical law of the Roman Catholic Church. ... This article is about the academic discipline of art history. ...

History

Further information: History of rape

The practice is surmised to have been common since anthropological antiquity. In Neolithic Europe, excavation of the Linear Pottery culture site at Asparn-Schletz, Austria, the remains of numerous slain victims were found. Among them, young adult females and children were clearly under-represented, suggesting that the attackers had killed the men but abducted the nubile females.^[1] The concept of rape, both as an abduction and in the sexual sense, makes its first appearance in early religious texts. ... Map showing the Neolithic expansions from the 7th to the 5th millennium BC Europe in ca. ... // Linear pottery. ... Asparn an der Zaya is a town in the district of Mistelbach in the Austrian state of Lower Austria. ...

Abduction of women is a common practice in warfare among tribal societies, along with cattle raiding. In historical human migrations, the tendency of mobile groups of invading males to abduct indigenous females is reflected in the greater stability of Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroups compared to Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups. Case in point, "Mitochondrial Eve" is estimated to be about twice as old (140,000 years) as "Y-chromosomal Adam" (60,000 years). A tribe, viewed historically or developmentally, consists of a social group existing before the development of, or outside of, states, though some modern theorists hold that contemporary tribes can only be understood in terms of their relationship to states. ... Cattle rustling or cattle raiding is the act of stealing livestock. ... Hypothesized map of human migration based on mitochondrial DNA. In human genetics, Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroups are haplogroups defined by differences in human mitochondrial DNA. These haplogroups trace the matrilineal inheritance of modern humans back to human origins in Africa and the subsequent spread across the globe. ... In human genetics, Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups are haplogroups defined by differences in the DNA of the Y chromosome (called Y-DNA). ... Mitochondrial Eve (mt-mrca) is the name given by researchers to the woman who is the matrilineal most recent common ancestor (MRCA) for all living humans. ... In human genetics, Y-chromosomal Adam (Y-mrca) is the male counterpart to mitochondrial Eve: the most recent common ancestor from whom all male human Y chromosomes are descended. ...

The Rape of the Sabine Women is an important part of the foundation legends of Rome (8th century BC). Romulus had established the settlement on the Palatine Hill with mostly male followers. Seeking wives, the Romans negotiated with the neighboring tribe of the Sabines, without success. Faced with the extinction of their community, the Romans planned to abduct Sabine women. Romulus invited Sabine families to a festival of Neptune Equester. At the meeting he gave a signal, at which the Romans grabbed the Sabine women and fought off the Sabine men. The indignant abductees were implored by Romulus to accept Roman husbands. Livy is clear that no sexual assault took place. On the contrary, Romulus offered them free choice and promised civic and property rights to women. According to Livy he spoke to them each in person, "and pointed out to them that it was all owing to the pride of their parents in denying right of intermarriage to their neighbours. They would live in honourable wedlock, and share all their property and civil rights, and—dearest of all to human nature—would be the mothers of free men."^[2] The women married Roman men, but the Sabines went to war with the Romans. The conflict was eventually resolved when the women, who now had children by their Roman husbands, intervened in a battle to reconcile the warring parties. Facsimile of the sculpture in the Loggia dei Lanzi in Florence. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Ancient Rome was a civilization that grew from a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula circa the 9th century BC to a massive empire straddling the Mediterranean Sea. ... Romulus may refer to any of these articles: Romulus is a mythical founder of Rome, brother of Remus. ... 17th century aviaries on the hill, built by Rainaldi for Odoardo Cardinal Farnese: once wirework cages surmounted them. ... Sabine (in Latin and in Italian, Sabina) is a sub-region of Latium, Italy, on the North-East of Rome toward Rieti. ... Genoese admiral Andrea Doria as Neptune, by Agnolo Bronzino. ... A portrait of Titus Livius made long after his death. ...

In Sanskrit literature, the practice is known as Rakshasa Vivaha ("devil marriage"), mentioned e.g. by Kautilya. It is one of the eight forms of Hindu marriage, the violent seizure or rape of a girl after the defeat or destruction of her relatives (Manu Smrti 3.33). Literature in Sanskrit, one of Indias two oldest languages, and the basis of several modern languages in India. ... In Hindu mythology, the Rakshas are a group of usually, but not always, evil beings who are often in opposition to the gods, and to ordinary humans. ... Chanakya (c. ...

According to the Book of Judges, as the tribe of Benjamin following the Battle at Gibeah was threatened with extinction all the men from a nearby Canaanite town were slaughtered, so that their wives could be re-wed to the surviving men of Benjamin^[3]. Book of Judges (Hebrew: Sefer Shoftim ספר שופטים) is a book of the Bible originally written in Hebrew. ... The Tribe of Benjamin (בִּנְיָמִין Son of my right hand but in some Rabbinical Judaism traditions Son of the south, Standard Hebrew Binyamin, Tiberian Hebrew Binyāmîn) is one of the Hebrew tribes, founded by Benjamin, youngest son of Jacob. ... Canaanite can describe anything pertaining to Canaan: in particular, its languages and inhabitants. ...

In the 3rd century, Gothic Christianity appears to have been intiated under the influence of Christian women captured by the Goths in Moesia and Thrace: in 251 AD, the Gothic army raided the Roman provinces of Moesia and Thrace, defeated and killed the Roman emperor Decius, and took a number of (predominately female) captives, many of which were Christian. This is assumed to represent the first lasting contact of the Goths with Christianity.^[4] queth queth ... This article is about the Germanic tribes. ... Moesia (Greek: , Moisia; Bulgarian: Мизия, Miziya; Serbian: Мезија, Mezija) is an ancient province situated in the areas of modern Serbia and Bulgaria. ... Thracian Tomb of Kazanlak  Thrace (Bulgarian: , Greek: , Attic Greek: ThrāíkÄ“ or ThrēíkÄ“, Latin: , Turkish: ) is a historical and geographic area in southeast Europe. ... Events July 1 – In the Battle of Abrittus, the Goths defeat the Romans; emperors Decius and Herennius Etruscus are killed. ... Bust of Traianus Decius. ...

In the Qur'an, marriage to female prisoners of war is recommended for those who cannot afford to marry Muslim women according to Islamic law (sura 4.25). The right to this practice is also granted to Muhammad himself (sura 33.50)^[5]. The Qur’ān [1] (Arabic: , literally the recitation; also sometimes transliterated as Quran, Koran, or Al-Quran) is the central religious text of Islam. ... This is a sub-article to Islamic jurisprudence and Marriage. ... Surat An-Nisa (The Women) is the 4th sura of the Quran, with 176 ayat. ... Section from verses 73 and 74 of Sura al-Ahzab Surat Al-Ahzab (Arabic: سورة الأحزاب ) (The Clans, The Coalition, The Combined Forces) is the 33rd sura of the Quran with 73 ayat. ...

Mutual abduction of women between Christian and Muslim communities was common in the Balkans under Ottoman rule, and is a frequent topos in the "Hajduk songs" of the period.^[6] This article is about the former outlaws and guerilla fighters of the Balkans. ...

Terminology

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The English word rape retains the Latin meaning in literary language, but the meaning is obscured by the more current meaning of "sexual violation". The word is akin to rapine, rapture, raptor, rapacious and ravish, and referred to the more general violations, such as looting, destruction, and capture of citizens that are inflicted upon a town or country during war, eg. the Rape of Nanking. The OED gives the definition "the act of carrying away a person, especially a woman, by force" besides the more general "the act of taking anything by force" (marked as obsolete) and the more specific "violation or ravishing of a woman." Wiktionary (a portmanteau of wiki and dictionary) is a multilingual, Web-based project to create a free content dictionary, available in over 151 languages. ... It has been suggested that Rapists be merged into this article or section. ... For other meanings, see Rapture (disambiguation). ... Orders Accipitriformes     Cathartidae     Pandionidae     Accipitridae     Sagittariidae Falconiformes     Falconidae A bird of prey or raptor is a bird that hunts its food, especially one that preys on mammals or other birds. ... Looting (which derives via the Hindi lut from Sanskrit lung, to rob), sacking, plundering, or pillaging is the indiscriminate taking of goods by force as part of a military or political victory, or during a catastrophe or riot, such as during war,[1] natural disaster,[2] or rioting. ... For other uses, see War (disambiguation). ... The Nanking Massacre (Chinese: 南京大屠杀, pinyin: Nánjīng Dàtúshā; Japanese: 南京大虐殺, Nankin Dai Gyaku-satsu), also known as the Rape of Nanking and sometimes in Japan as the Nanking Incident (南京事件, Nankin Jiken), refers to what many historians recognize as widespread atrocities committed by the Japanese army in and around Nanking... OED stands for Oxford English Dictionary Office of Enrollment & Discipline This page concerning a three-letter acronym or abbreviation is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ...

English rape was in use since the 14th century in the general sense of "seize prey, take by force," from raper, an Old French legal term for "to seize", in turn from Latin rapere "seize, carry off by force, abduct". The Latin term was also used for sexual violation, but only very rarely. The legendary event known as the "Rape of the Sabine Women", while ultimately motivated sexually, did not entail sexual violation of the Sabine women on the spot, who were rather abducted, and then implored by the Romans to marry them (as opposed to striking a deal with their fathers or brothers first, as would have been required by law). This 14th-century statue from south India depicts the gods Shiva (on the left) and Uma (on the right). ... Old French was the Romance dialect continuum spoken in territories corresponding roughly to the northern half of modern France and parts of modern Belgium and Switzerland from around 1000 to 1300. ... For other uses, see Latins and Latin (disambiguation). ... Facsimile of the sculpture in the Loggia dei Lanzi in Florence. ...

Though the sexual connotation is today dominant, the word "rape" can be used in non-sexual context in literary English. In "the rape of the Silmarils" in J. R. R. Tolkien's "The Silmarillion", the word "rape" is used with its old meaning of "seizing and taking away". In Alexander Pope's The Rape of the Lock, the word "rape" is used hyperbolically, exaggerating a trivial violation against a person. Compare also the adjective rapacious which retains the generic meaning. The Silmarils are fictional artifacts from J. R. R. Tolkiens universe of Middle-earth. ... Tolkien redirects here. ... This article is about the book by J. R. R. Tolkien. ... For other uses, see Alexander Pope (disambiguation). ... The New Star, Illustration by Aubrey Beardsley for The Rape of the Lock The Rape of the Lock is a mock-heroic poem written by Alexander Pope, first published in 1712 in two cantos, and then reissued in 1714 in a much-expanded 5-canto version. ... Not to be confused with Hyperbola. ...

References

• R. H. Barnes, Marriage by Capture, The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute (1999), 57-73.

There are several communes named Thalheim: // In Austria Thalheim, Lower Austria, a part of Kappeln in Lower Austria Thalheim, Styria, a part of Pöls Thalheim bei Wels, Austria In Germany Thalheim, Saxony, in the Stollberg district, Germany Thalheim, Saxony-Anhalt, in the district of Bitterfeld In Switzerland Thalheim, Aargau...

See also

• Human sexual behavior
• Intraspecific competition
• Operational sex ratio
• Elopement
• Human mitochondrial genetics
• Polygyny
• Sexual selection
• Disassortative mating
• Sexual conflict
• Patrilocal residence
• Endemic warfare
• Stockholm syndrome