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Reading is a process of retrieving and comprehending some form of stored information or ideas. These ideas are usually some sort of representation of language, such as symbols to be examined by sight, or by touch (for example Braille). Other types of reading may not be language-based, such as music notation or pictograms. By analogy, in computer science, reading is acquiring of data from some sort of computer storage. Reading comprehension can be defined as the level of understanding of a passage or text. ...
Information is the result of processing, manipulating and organizing data in a way that adds to the knowledge of the person receiving it. ...
PREMIER - first The information about the historic site of Safdarjung’s tomb in Delhi, India. ...
Computer science, or computing science, is the study of the theoretical foundations of information and computation and their implementation and application in computer systems. ...
In general, data consist of propositions that reflect reality. ...
Overview
Reading by humans is mostly done from paper with ink: a book, magazine, newspaper, leaflet, or notebook. Handwritten text may also consist of graphite from a pencil. More recently, text is read from computer displays, television, and other displays, such as mobile phones. Image File history File links Reading_a_book. ...
Image File history File links Reading_a_book. ...
A book is a collection of paper, parchment or other material with a piece of text written on them, bound together along one edge, usually within covers. ...
A leaflet in botany is a part of a compound leaf. ...
A spiral-bound notebook A notebook (also notepad, writing pad, etc. ...
Penmanship is the art of writing clearly and quickly. ...
Graphite (named by Abraham Gottlob Werner in 1789, from the Greek γÏαφειν: to draw/write, for its use in pencils) is one of the allotropes of carbon. ...
A selection of colored pencils. ...
A computer display A computer display or computer monitor is an output device that is part of a computers display system. ...
Short texts may be written or painted on an object. Often the text relates to the object, such as an address on an envelope, product info on packaging, or text on a traffic or street sign. A slogan may be painted on a wall. A text may also be produced by arranging stones of a different color in a wall or road. Short texts like these are sometimes referred to as environmental print. This article does not cite its references or sources. ...
A German Autobahn overhead direction sign A U.S. warning sign indicating that drivers who do not wish to exit immediately should merge left, and a prohibitory No Stopping sign A Traffic sign in Road construction image Most countries erect signage, known as traffic signs or road signs, at the...
Look up Slogan in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
Sometimes text or images are in relief, with or without using a color contrast. Words or images can be carved in stone, wood, or metal; instructions can be printed in relief on the plastic housing of an appliance, or a myriad of other examples. In the art of sculpture, a relief is an artwork where a modelled form projects out of a flat background. ...
The word appliance has several different areas of meaning, all usually referring to a device with a narrow function: One class of objects includes items that are custom-fitted to an individual for the purpose of correction of a physical problem, such as prosthetic and orthotic appliances. ...
Chalk on a blackboard is often used for classroom settings. A blackboard, with multiple colors of chalk A blackboard or chalkboard is a reusable writing surface on which text or drawings are made with chalk or other erasable markers. ...
A requirement for reading is a good contrast between letters and background (depending on colors of letters and background, any pattern or image in the background, and lighting) and a suitable font size. In the case of a computer screen, not having to scroll horizontally is important. This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ...
Lighting refers to either artificial light sources such as lamps or to natural illumination of interiors from daylight. ...
The field of visual word recognition studies how people read individual words. A key technique in studying how individuals read text is eye tracking. This has revealed that reading is performed as a series of eye fixations with saccades between them. Humans also do not appear to fixate on every word in a text, but instead fixate to some words while apparently filling in the missing information using context. This is possible because human languages show certain linguistic regularities. Eye tracking is a technique used in cognitive science, psychology (notably psycholinguistics), human-computer interaction (HCI), marketing research, medical research, and other areas. ...
Look up Fixation in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
A saccade is a fast movement of an eye, head, or other part of an animals body or of a device. ...
The process of recording information to be read later is writing. In the case of computer and microfiche storage there is the separate step of displaying the written text. For humans, reading is usually faster and easier than writing. A Specimen of typeset fonts and languages, by William Caslon, letter founder; from the 1728 Cyclopaedia. ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Microform. ...
Reading is typically an individual activity, although on occasion a person will read out loud for the benefit of other listeners. Reading aloud for one's own use, for better comprehension, is a form of interpersonal communication. Reading to young children is a recommended way to instill language and expression, and to promote comprehension of text. Before the reintroduction of separated text in the late Middle Ages, the ability to read silently was considered rather remarkable. See Alberto Manguel (1996) A History of Reading. New York: Viking. The relevant chapter (2) is posted on line here. Interpersonal communication refers to communication with another person. ...
The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three ages: the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times, beginning with the Renaissance. ...
Literacy is the ability to read and write; illiteracy is usually caused by not having had the opportunity to learn these concepts. Dyslexia refers to a difficulty with reading and writing. The term dyslexia can refer to two disorders: developmental dyslexia is a learning disability; alexia or acquired dyslexia refers to reading difficulties that occur following brain damage. World literacy rates by country The traditional definition of literacy is the ability to use language–to read, write, listen, and speak. ...
World illiteracy rates by country Literacy is the ability to read and write. ...
Developmental dyslexia is a condition or learning disability which causes difficulty with reading and writing. ...
In the United States and Canada, the term learning disability is used to refer to psychological and neurological conditions that affect a persons communicative capacities and potential to be taught effectively. ...
The word Alexia has more than one meaning: Alexia, or word blindness, is an acquired type of sensory aphasia where trauma to the brain causes a patient to lose the ability to read. ...
Brain damage or brain injury is the destruction or degeneration of brain cells. ...
- See also: Reading education
There were basically two different common methods of teaching reading. ...
Theory The human capacity to read is accurately explained and predicted by human eye physiology and psychology. The eye is capable of taking in a certain amount of text using the vision span while fixating on the text. The sensory memory is able to hang onto the items in the vision span for a period of around 300 milliseconds. The short term memory, or working memory, can hold less material (around 4 items at a time), but for longer periods (around 30 seconds). These 4 or so items could be words, headings, or sentences, depending on the prior knowledge of the reader and the rate of reading within the well defined limits of human vision span. If the material is repeated or appropriately and meaningfully associated, it will be passed into the long term memory, which is potentially unlimited in capacity and can remain there from 10 minutes to indefinitely depending on depth of processing and subsequent recall. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1133x933, 128 KB) Édouard Manet, Lecture File links The following pages link to this file: Reading (activity) Categories: Édouard Manet ...
Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1133x933, 128 KB) Édouard Manet, Lecture File links The following pages link to this file: Reading (activity) Categories: Édouard Manet ...
Édouard Manet (portrait by Nadar) Édouard Manet (January 23, 1832 - April 30, 1883) was a noted French painter. ...
This article needs cleanup. ...
Short-term memory, sometimes referred to as primary or active memory, is that part of memory which stores a limited amount of information for a limited amount of time (roughly 30-45 seconds). ...
This article needs cleanup. ...
Long-term memory (LTM) is memory that lasts from days to years. ...
Weaver has identified three definitions for reading:
Definition 1: Learning to read means learning to pronounce words.
Definition 2: Learning to read means learning to identify words and get their meaning.
Definition 3: Learning to read means learning to bring meaning to a text in order to get meaning from it (1994, p. 15).
Weaver, C. (1994). Reading process and practice: From socio-psycholinguistics to whole language. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann.
Rates - Further information: Speed reading, English as an additional language, and Proofreading
Rates of reading include reading for memorization (under 100 words per minute (wpm)), reading for learning (100–200 wpm), reading for comprehension (200–400 wpm), skimming (400–700 wpm), and scanning (more than 700 wpm). Specifically, normal reading involves the rates of "rauding" (or normal reading), skimming, and scanning which should be understood as having very different purposes and consequences. Reading for comprehension is the most important reading process because it is the essence of most people’s daily reading. Skimming and scanning are sometimes useful for processing larger quantities of text superficially at a much lower level of comprehension (below 50%). Speed reading is a controversial reading technique. ...
It has been suggested that Teaching English as a Second Language be merged into this article or section. ...
Proofreading means reading a proof copy of a text in order to detect and correct any errors. ...
Words per minute, commonly abbreviated wpm, is a measure of input or output speed. ...
Skimming is a high speed reading process and involves visually searching the sentences of a page for clues to meaning. ...
Advice for the appropriate choice of reading rate includes reading flexibly, slowing down when the concepts are closer together or when the material is unfamiliar, and speeding up when the material is familiar and the material is not concept rich. Speed reading courses and books often encourage the reader to continually speed up; comprehension tests lead the reader to believe their comprehension is constantly improving. However, competence in reading involves the understanding that skimming and scanning are dangerous as default habits. Speed reading is a controversial reading technique. ...
Misc Learning to read in a second language, especially in adulthood, may be a different process than learning to read a native language in childhood.
Proofreading is a kind of reading for the purpose of detecting typographical errors. Proofreading means reading a proof copy of a text in order to detect and correct any errors. ...
Typography (from the Greek words typos = form and grapho = write) is the art and technique of selecting and arranging type styles, point sizes, line lengths, line leading, character spacing, and word spacing for typeset applications. ...
There are cases of very young children learning to read without having been taught, such as described in the book Learning From Children Who Read at an Early Age by Rhona Stainthorp and Diana Hughes. [1]
Reading Assessment Because reading draws on multiple types of knowledge, it can be tested in several different ways. Tests also vary depending on whether they are used to test children or adults. Standardized tests are normed to a large population of readers, allowing the tester to determine what is typical for an individual of a given age. For example, the average reading ability of children aged 10 years, 0 months will be 10;0. However, a more advanced eight year old might also be able to read at the 10;0 level. Originally a standardized test was simply a standard test – of academic achievement or of knowledge in a specific academic or vocational domain. ...
Reading achievement is influenced by multiple factors, and is not limited to a child's general intelligence.
Types of Reading Tests - Sight word reading: reading words of increasing difficulty until they become unable to read or understand the words presented to them. Difficulty is manipulated by using words that have more letters, are less common and have more complicated spelling-sound relationships.
- Nonword reading: reading lists of pronounceable nonsense words out loud. The difficulty is increased by using longer words, and also by using words with more complex spelling or sound sequences.
- Reading comprehension: a passage is presented to the reader, which they must read either silently or out loud. Then a series of questions are presented that test the reader's comprehension of this passage.
- Reading speed: the rate with which individuals can name words.
- Reading accuracy: the ability to correctly name a word on a page.
Some tests incorporate several of the above components at once. For instance, the Nelson-Denny reading test scores readers both on the speed with which they can read a passage, and also their ability to accurately answer questions about this passage.
Correlations Studies have shown that American children who learn to read by the third grade are less likely to end up in prison, drop out of school, or take drugs. Adults who read literature on a regular basis are nearly three times as likely to attend a performing arts event, almost four times as likely to visit an art museum, more than two-and-a-half times as likely to do volunteer or charity work, and over one-and-a-half times as likely to participate in sporting activities, according to Jamie Littlefield on charityguide.org[2]
Lighting Reading requires more lighting than many other activities. Therefore the possibility of comfortable reading in cafés, restaurants, buses, at bus stops, or in parks greatly varies depending on available lighting and time of day. Starting in the 1950s, many offices and classrooms were over-illuminated, partially because many of the early textbooks were influenced by lighting manufacturers. Since about 1990, there has been a movement to create reading environments with appropriate lighting levels (approximately 600 to 800 lux). Lighting refers to either artificial light sources such as lamps or to natural illumination of interiors from daylight. ...
Coffeehouse in Damascus A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café shares some of the characteristics of a bar, and some of the characteristics of a restaurant. ...
Toms Restaurant, a restaurant in New York made familiar by Suzanne Vega and the television sitcom Seinfeld A restaurant is an establishment that serves prepared food and beverages to order, to be consumed on the premises. ...
The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ...
A typical bus stop in Singapore. ...
An Australian park A park is any of a number of geographic features. ...
This cosmetics store has lighting levels over twice recommended levels and sufficient to trigger headaches and other health effects Over-illumination is the presence of lighting intensity (illuminance) beyond that required for a specified activity. ...
The lux (symbol: lx) is the SI derived unit of illuminance or illumination. ...
See also A radio reading service or reading service for the blind is a service of many public radio stations, where a narrator reads newspapers and magazines aloud for the benefit of the blind and vision-impaired. ...
Radio station 2RPH (aka Radio for the Print Handicapped) is a Radio Reading Service that reads newspapers and magazine for the benefit of those who have difficulties reading for themselves. ...
Speed reading is a controversial reading technique. ...
Look up Fixation in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
Generally, regression is a move backwards; It is the opposite of progression. ...
Skimming is a high speed reading process and involves visually searching the sentences of a page for clues to meaning. ...
Subvocalization, or silent speech, is defined as the internal speech made when reading a word, thus allowing the reader to imagine the sound of the word as it is read (Carver 1990). ...
This article needs cleanup. ...
The International Reading Association is a professional organization that was created in 1956 to improve reading instruction, facilitate dialogue about research on reading, and encourage the habit of reading. ...
The Time Reading Program, often abbreviated to TRP, was a book club by Time Magazine from 1961 through 1966. ...
(Clockwise from upper left) Time magazine covers from May 7, 1945; July 25, 1969; December 31, 1999; September 14, 2001; and April 21, 2003. ...
References
External links - Lehrl, S., & Fischer, B. (1990) Measuring of reading rate
- Paper on word recognition at Microsoft typography site
- Sight Words Exercises
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