NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Real (currency)

The real (symbol: R$, ISO 4217 code: BRL, plural: reais) is the currency of Brazil. It is also the name of the earliest Brazilian currency (see From the Colonial period to 1942.) ISO 4217 is an international standard describing three letter codes to define the names of currencies established by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). ...

History

From the Colonial period to 1942

The real (plural réis) was the currency used by the first Portuguese settlers to arrive in the then New World, but the first official money to circulate bearing the name "real" was actually printed in 1654 by the Dutch, during their occupation of part of the Brazilian Northeast. The colonial real was not sub-divided in smaller units. Settlers are people who have travelled of their own choice, from the land of their birth to live in new lands or colonies. ... Map of America (as it was then called) by Jonghe, c. ... Events April 5 - Signing of the Treaty of Westminster, ending the First Anglo-Dutch War. ... ...

The real became Brazil's official currency in 1690, and it would remain as such until 1942, when it was replaced by the cruzeiro. Events Giovanni Domenico Cassini observes differential rotation within Jupiters atmosphere. ... This article is about the year. ... The Cruzeiro (₢) was the monetary unit of Brazil from 1942 to 1985. ...

The real was affected by inflation during its long lifespan and the base currency unit shifted from one real to mil réis (one thousand réis) and to one conto de réis (one million réis) in the final years of the República Velha era. One conto de réis was represented by the symbol Rs written before the value and by a dollar sign. 350 réis was written as "Rs 350". 1,712 réis, "Rs 1$712" and 1,020,800 réis was written as "Rs 1:020$800"; in other words, the colon functioned as the millions comma and the $ sign as the thousands comma. // The Constitutionalist Revolution From 1889 to 1930, the government was a constitutional democracy, with the presidency alternating between the dominant states of SÃ£o Paulo and Minas Gerais. ...

1994 to the Present

The real (plural reais) was implemented on 1 July 1994, during the presidency of Itamar Franco, when Fernando Henrique Cardoso was the Minister of Finances, as part of a broader plan to stabilize the Brazilian economy, known as Plano Real, substituting the short-lived cruzeiro real. July 1 is the 182nd day of the year (183rd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 183 days remaining. ... 1994 was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International year of the Family. ... Itamar Augusto Cautiero Franco (born June 28, 1930) is a Brazilian politician who was President of Brazil from October 2, 1992 to December 31, 1994. ... Fernando Henrique Cardoso (born June 18, 1931) was the president of the Federative Republic of Brazil from January 1, 1995 to December 31, 2002. ... The Plano Real (Portuguese, Real Plan) was a set of measures taken to stabilize the Brazilian economy in the early 1990s, under the direction of Fernando Henrique Cardoso as the Minister of Finance. ... The Cruzeiro Real was a short-lived monetary unit in Brazil. ...

According to Economic academics, one of the causes of inflation in Brazil was the inertial inflation phenomenon. Prices were readjusted on a daily basis according to changes in price indexes and to the exchange rate of the local currency to the US dollar. The Ministry then created a non-monetary currency, the Unidade Real de Valor ("URV") which value was set to equal 1 US dollar. All prices were quoted in these two currencies, cruzeiro real and URV, but payments had to be made exclusively in cruzeiro reais. Prices quoted in URV did not change over time, while their equivalent in cruzeiros reais increased nominally every day. Inertial inflation is a concept coined by structuralist inflation theorists. ... In economics and business, the price is the assigned numerical monetary value of a good, service or asset. ... A price index is any single number calculated from an array of prices and quantities over a period. ... The United States dollar is the official currency of the United States. ... The Unidade Real de Valor, or URV (Portuguese, Real Unit of Value), was a non-monetary currency (ie, non-Fiat moneyfiat) created in March 1994, as part of the Plano Real in Brazil. ...

On 1 July 1994, the real became legal tender, with R$ 1.00 = 1 URV. At that day, the CR$ to URV exchange rate was set at CR$ 2,750.00/URV (the exchange rate of the US dollar to the cruzeiro real at that day), and a massive banknote changeover process was undertaken, due to the demonetization of the cruzeiro real. July 1 is the 182nd day of the year (183rd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 183 days remaining. ... 1994 was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International year of the Family. ... Legal tender or forced tender is payment that cannot be refused in settlement of a debt by virtue of law. ... Legal tender or forced tender is payment that cannot be refused in settlement of a debt by virtue of law. ... The Cruzeiro Real was a short-lived monetary unit in Brazil. ...

The real initially appreciated (gained value) against the U.S. dollar as a result of the large amount of capital inflows in late 1994 and 1995. It then began a gradual depreciation process, culminating in the 1999 January Brazilian currency crisis, when the Real suffered a maxi-devaluation, and fluctuaded wildly. Following this period (1994-1999) of a quasi-fixed exchange rate, an inflation-targetting policy was institued by new central bank president Arminio Fraga, which effectively meant that the fixed-exchange period was over. However, the currency was never truly "free," being more accurately described as a managed or "dirty" float, with frequent central bank interventions to manipulate its dolalr price.

The currency suffered a gradual depreciation until late 2002, when the prospect of the election of radical PT (Labour Party) candidate Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva prompted another currency crisis and a spike in inflation, as many Brazilians fearing another default or a resumption of heterodox economic policies purchased tangible assets as an inflation hedge or just simply took their money out of the country. At its worst point in October of 2002, the Real actually reached its historic low of almost R$4 per US$1. However, following assurances by then central bank president Arminio Fraga and repeated assertions by Lula and his finance minister that orthodox macroeconomic policies would be continued (including inflation-targeting, primary fiscal surplus and floating exchange rate, as well as continued payments of the public debt)the real has been getting stronger and stronger against the dollar and, since the beginning of 2005, most other world currencies as well (including the euro and yen). Currently (October 1, 2005), US$1 is worth about R$2.25. The euro (â‚¬; ISO 4217 code EUR) is the currency of twelve European Union member states: Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, and Spain, collectively known as the Eurozone. ... Japanese 10 yen coin (obverse) showing Phoenix Hall of Byodoin Yen is the currency used in Japan. ...

Banknotes

File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... An effigy is a representation of a person, especially in the form of sculpture: the coin bears an effigy of Lincoln. An effigy is a rough representation of a person, for example a George W. Bush or Guy Fawkes made of straw and old clothing. ... A bust is bust: a sculpture depicting a persons chest, shoulders, and head, usually supported by a stand. ... Genera Many, see text. ... Orders Many - see section below. ... File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... An effigy is a representation of a person, especially in the form of sculpture: the coin bears an effigy of Lincoln. An effigy is a rough representation of a person, for example a George W. Bush or Guy Fawkes made of straw and old clothing. ... A bust is bust: a sculpture depicting a persons chest, shoulders, and head, usually supported by a stand. ... Families See text Turtles are reptiles of the order Chelonia, most of whose body is shielded by a special bony or cartilagenous shell developed from their ribs. ... Orders Crocodilia - Crocodilians Rhynchocephalia - Tuataras Squamata Suborder Sauria - Lizards Suborder Serpentes - Snakes Testudines - Turtles Superorder Dinosauria Saurischia Ornithischia The reptiles are a group of vertebrate animals. ... File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... An effigy is a representation of a person, especially in the form of sculpture: the coin bears an effigy of Lincoln. An effigy is a rough representation of a person, for example a George W. Bush or Guy Fawkes made of straw and old clothing. ... A bust is bust: a sculpture depicting a persons chest, shoulders, and head, usually supported by a stand. ... Binomial name Ardea alba Linnaeus, 1758 The Great Egret (Ardea alba), also known as the Great White Egret, White Heron, or Common Egret, is a wading egret, found in most of the tropical and warmer temperate parts of the world, although it is very local in southern Europe and Asia. ... Orders Many - see section below. ... File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... An effigy is a representation of a person, especially in the form of sculpture: the coin bears an effigy of Lincoln. An effigy is a rough representation of a person, for example a George W. Bush or Guy Fawkes made of straw and old clothing. ... A bust is bust: a sculpture depicting a persons chest, shoulders, and head, usually supported by a stand. ... Genera Ara Anodorhynchus Cyanopsitta Propyrrhura Orthopsittaca Diopsittaca Macaws are large colorful New World parrots, classified into six of the many Psittacidae genera: Ara, Anodorhynchus, Cyanopsitta, Propyrrhura, Orthopsittaca, and Diopsittaca. ... Orders Many - see section below. ... File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... An effigy is a representation of a person, especially in the form of sculpture: the coin bears an effigy of Lincoln. An effigy is a rough representation of a person, for example a George W. Bush or Guy Fawkes made of straw and old clothing. ... A bust is bust: a sculpture depicting a persons chest, shoulders, and head, usually supported by a stand. ... Binomial name Leontopithecus rosalia Linnaeus, 1766 Golden Lion Tamarins (Leontopithecus rosalia) are small New World monkeys of the family Cebidae. ... Cynomolgus Monkey at Batu Caves, Malaysia Monkeys, Mori Sosen (1749-1821) A monkey is any member of two of the three groupings of simian primates. ... File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... An effigy is a representation of a person, especially in the form of sculpture: the coin bears an effigy of Lincoln. An effigy is a rough representation of a person, for example a George W. Bush or Guy Fawkes made of straw and old clothing. ... A bust is bust: a sculpture depicting a persons chest, shoulders, and head, usually supported by a stand. ... Binomial name Panthera onca (Linnaeus, 1758) The jaguar (Panthera onca) is a large member of the cat family native to warm regions of the Americas. ... Subfamilies Felinae Pantherinae Acinonychinae Machairodontinae (extinct) All cats are members of the family Felidae. ... File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... An effigy is a representation of a person, especially in the form of sculpture: the coin bears an effigy of Lincoln. An effigy is a rough representation of a person, for example a George W. Bush or Guy Fawkes made of straw and old clothing. ... A bust is bust: a sculpture depicting a persons chest, shoulders, and head, usually supported by a stand. ... Genera Acanthistius Alphestes Anyperidon Caprodon Cephalopholis Cromileptes Dermatolepis Epinephelus Gonioplectrus Gracila Hypoplectrodes Liopropoma Mycteroperca Niphon Paranthias Plectropomus Saloptia Triso Variola For the computer program, see Grouper (Windows application). ... Groups Conodonta Hyperoartia Petromyzontidae (lampreys) Pteraspidomorphi (early jawless fish) Thelodonti Anaspida Cephalaspidomorphi (early jawless fish) Galeaspida Pituriaspida Osteostraci Gnathostomata (jawed vertebrates) Placodermi Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish) Acanthodii Osteichthyes (bony fish) Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish) Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fish) Actinistia (coelacanths) Dipnoi (lungfish) A fish is a poikilothermic (cold-blooded)* water-dwelling...

Polymer banknote

In April 2000, in celebration of the 500th anniversary of the Portuguese arrival on Brazilian shores, the Brazilian Central Bank released a polymer 10 reais banknote that circulates along with the other banknotes above. April is the fourth month of the year in the Gregorian Calendar and one of four with the length of 30 days. ... This article is about the year 2000. ... The first Guardian polymer banknote in circulation. ...

The Brazilian Mint printed 250 million units, which at the time accounted for about half of the 10 reais banknotes in circulation. The Casa da Moeda do Brazil is the Brazilian mint, owned by the Brazilian government and administratively subordinated to the Ministry of Finances. ...

Illustrations File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...

The polymer banknote contains a more complex design, as follows: The first Guardian polymer banknote in circulation. ...

Back: A styled version of a map of Brazil with photographs depicting the ethnic variety of the Brazilian people (white, black, indian and mestizo). Pedro Ãlvares Cabral Pedro Ãlvares Cabral (c. ... Pero Vaz de Caminha was a member of Pedro Alvares Cabrals crew on his voyage to India. ... Manuel I of Portugal (Archaic Portuguese: Manoel I, English: Emanuel I), the Fortunate (Port. ... (15th century - 16th century - 17th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 16th century was that century which lasted from 1501 to 1600. ... A compass rose is a figure displaying the orientation of the cardinal directions, north, south, east and west on a map. ... The Seal of the Grand-Masters Evrard de Barres and Regnaud de Vichier depict the Dome of the ROCK. The Order of Christ was the heritage of the Templar Knights. ... Mestizo (Portuguese, MestiÃ§o; French, MÃ©tis: from Late Latin mixticius, from Latin mixtus, past participle of miscere, to mix) is a term of Spanish origin used to designate the peoples of mixed European and Amerindian racial strain inhabiting the region spanning the Americas, from the Canadian prairies in the...

Coins

There are two types of coins for each denomination. The first type, released in 1994, was made of stainless steel. Those coins are called First Family. Later, the government decided to release a second set of coins, with different colors and sizes, to facilitate the use by the general public and hinder counterfeiting. Those are the Second Family, released in 1998. 1994 was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International year of the Family. ... The pinnacle of New Yorks Chrysler Building is clad with stainless steel In metallurgy, stainless steel (inox) is defined as a ferrous alloy with a minimum of 10. ... A counterfeit is an imitation that is made with the intent to deceptively represent its content or origins. ... 1998 is a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International Year of the Ocean. ...

Both families are equally valid, but the government has plans to eventually remove the First Family from circulation and keep only the second set of coins. On December 23, 2003, the First Family's one real coin started to be withdrawn from circulation, being replaced by the Second Family's one as they arrive at a bank. December 23 is the 357th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (358th in leap years). ... 2003(MMIII) is a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Legal tender or forced tender is payment that cannot be refused in settlement of a debt by virtue of law. ...

First family

File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...

Second family

File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Southern Cross is the English name of Crux Australis, a constellation visible in the Southern Hemisphere. ... Pedro Ãlvares Cabral Pedro Ãlvares Cabral (c. ... Centuries: 15th century - 16th century - 17th century Decades: 1450s 1460s 1470s 1480s 1490s - 1500s - 1510s 1520s 1530s 1540s 1550s Years: 1500 1501 1502 1503 1504 1505 1506 1507 1508 1509 1510 Events and Trends Leonardo da Vinci paints the Mona Lisa External links 1500-1524 Events 1500-1509 Events Categories... File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Southern Cross is the English name of Crux Australis, a constellation visible in the Southern Hemisphere. ... Joaquim JosÃ© da Silva Xavier Joaquim JosÃ© da Silva Xavier, known as Tiradentes (1746â€“1792), was part of the Brazilian seditious movement known as the InconfidÃªncia Mineira. ... Aka can refer to the following meanings: Aka is an initialism for Also Known As. ... Categories: Brazil-related stubs | 1746 births | 1792 deaths | People stubs ... Historically, a martyr is a person who dies for his or her religious faith. ... A triangle is one of the basic shapes of geometry: a two-dimensional figure with three vertices and three sides which are straight line segments. ... File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Southern Cross is the English name of Crux Australis, a constellation visible in the Southern Hemisphere. ... Pedro I, Emperor of Brazil; Pedro IV of Portugal Pedro I of Brazil (English: Peter), known as Dom Pedro (October 12, 1798 - September 24, 1834), proclaimed Brazil independent from Portugal and became Brazils first Emperor. ... File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Southern Cross is the English name of Crux Australis, a constellation visible in the Southern Hemisphere. ... Note: This article is about the military usage of the word marshal. For other usages, see the end of this article. ... Deodoro da Fonseca (Manuel) Deodoro da Fonseca (August 5, 1827 - August 23, 1892) overthrew Emperor Pedro II to become the first president of a Republic of Brazil. ... A modern coat of arms is derived from the medi val practice of painting designs onto the shield and outer clothing of knights to enable them to be identified in battle, and later in tournaments. ... File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... Southern Cross is the English name of Crux Australis, a constellation visible in the Southern Hemisphere. ... JosÃ© Maria da Silva Paranhos JÃºnior (1845-1912)or just BarÃ£o do Rio Branco (Baron of the White River), was a Brazilian politician, lawyer, professor, historian and diplomat (Ministry of Foreign Affairs from 1902-1912). ... Aka can refer to the following meanings: Aka is an initialism for Also Known As. ... File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Southern Cross is the English name of Crux Australis, a constellation visible in the Southern Hemisphere. ... Marajo is an inhabited island, located at the mouth of the Amazon River in Brazil. ... An effigy is a representation of a person, especially in the form of sculpture: the coin bears an effigy of Lincoln. An effigy is a rough representation of a person, for example a George W. Bush or Guy Fawkes made of straw and old clothing. ...

Commemorative versions of the one real coin

On occasions deemed special, the Brazilian Central Bank has released special versions of the one real coin. So far, three different versions have been released, in commemoration of three occasions. The difference between those coins and the "main" one real coins is only the back side, which depicts something allusive to the occasion at hand. All the versions are in regular circulation, being equally valid with the main issue. An artists rendering of the Brazilian Central Bank building in BrasÃlia, national capital of Brazil The Brazilian Central Bank (in Portuguese: Banco Central do Brasil) is Brazils highest monetary authority in and the countrys governing body in finances and economics. ...

Image File history File links OneRealSpecial_I.jpg File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... December 10 is the 344th day (345th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1998 is a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International Year of the Ocean. ... The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (also UDHR) is a declaration adopted by the United Nations General Assembly (A/RES/217, December 10, 1948), outlining a view on basic human rights. ... A logotype, commonly known as a logo, is the graphic element of a trademark or brand, which is set in a special typeface/font, or arranged in a particular, but legible, way. ... Bas relief is a method of sculpting which entails carving or etching away the surface of a flat piece of stone or metal. ... Binomial name Homo sapiens Linnaeus, 1758 Subspecies Homo sapiens idaltu (extinct) Homo sapiens sapiens For other uses, see Human (disambiguation). ... Image File history File links OneRealSpecial_II.jpg File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... September 12 is the 255th day of the year (256th in leap years). ... 2002(MMII) is a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Juscelino Kubitschek and his wife Juscelino Kubitschek de Oliveira (JK) (September 12, 1902-August 22, 1976) was a prominent Brazilian politician who was President of Brazil from 1956 to 1961. ... BrasÃlia from space, November 1990 Niemeyers Cathedral BrasÃlia is the capital city of Brazil. ... Image File history File links OneRealSpecial_III.jpg File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... September 23 is the 266th day of the year (267th in leap years). ... 2005(MMV) is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... An artists rendering of the Brazilian Central Bank building in BrasÃlia, national capital of Brazil The Brazilian Central Bank (in Portuguese: Banco Central do Brasil) is Brazils highest monetary authority in and the countrys governing body in finances and economics. ... A trademark (Commonwealth English: trade mark)[1] is a distinctive sign of some kind which is used by a business to identify itself and its products and services to consumers, and to set the business and its products or services apart from those of other businesses. ... 1965 was a common year starting on Friday (link goes to calendar). ...

Sources

// The Constitutionalist Revolution From 1889 to 1930, the government was a constitutional democracy, with the presidency alternating between the dominant states of SÃ£o Paulo and Minas Gerais. ...

Encyclopedia > Real (currency)

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