The Rebellions of 1837 were a pair of Canadian armed uprisings that occurred in 1837 and 1838 in response to frustrations in political reform and ethnic conflict. A key shared goal was the establishment of responsible government. Look up rebellion in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Responsible government is a system of government that embodies the principle of parliamentary accountability which is the foundation of the Westminster system of parliamentary democracy. ...

The Papineau Rebellion of 1837.

The rebellions occurred in two Canadian colonies: Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (3132x2040, 2084 KB) http://www. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (3132x2040, 2084 KB) http://www. ...

• The Lower Canada Rebellion — a larger and more sustained conflict by French Canadian and English Canadian rebels against the British colonial government
• The Upper Canada Rebellion — an abortive uprising in Upper Canada against the ruling clique of the colony, known as the Family Compact.

The rebellion in Lower Canada began first, in November of 1837, and was led by Robert Nelson and Louis-Joseph Papineau. This probably inspired the much shorter rebellion in Upper Canada led by William Lyon Mackenzie in December. Flag used by the Patriotes between 1832 and 1838 The Lower Canada Rebellion is the name given to the armed conflict between the rebels of Lower Canada (now Quebec) and the British colonial power of that province. ... French Canadian is a term that has several different connotations. ... English Canada is a term used to describe either: the anglophone residents of Canada or the Canadian provinces other than Quebec and, sometimes, New Brunswick, in which French is an official language of the provincial governments. ... The Republic of Canadas flag - the two stars represent Upper and Lower Canada. ... Map of Upper Canada (orange) Upper Canada was a British territory in what is now the Canadian province of Ontario. ... The Family Compact was the informal name for the wealthy, conservative elite of Upper Canada in the early 19th century. ... Robert Nelson - Lopinion publique, Vol. ... Portrait of Louis-Joseph Papineau. ... William Lyon Mackenzie William Lyon Mackenzie (March 12, 1795 – August 28, 1861) was a Canadian journalist, politician and leader of an unsuccessful rebellion. ...

Although both uprisings were eventually crushed, more moderate reformers like the political partners Robert Baldwin and Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine gained more credibility as an alternative voice to the radicals. They proved to be influential when the British government sent Lord Durham to investigate the cause of the troubles. Among the recommendations in his report was the establishment of responsible government for the colonies, which meant that a key objective of the rebellions was achieved because of the incident despite the defeat. Robert Baldwin (12 May 1804 – 9 December 1858), Canadian statesman, was born at York (now Toronto). ... Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine. ... John George Lambton, 1st Earl of Durham (12 April 1792 - 28 July 1840), was a British Whig statesman and colonial administrator, Governor-General and high commissioner of British North America. ... The Report on the Affairs of British North America, commonly known as Lord Durhams Report, is an important document in the history of Canada and the British Empire. ...

Historical Debate about the Rebellions

A major point of debate among English Canadian historians is how closely linked the reform movements in Upper and Lower Canada were. The previously popular view, and the one expressed by Lord Durham, was that these two movements were unique and separate, simply coincidental in time. This view usually interprets the rebellion in Lower Canada largely in ethnic and cultural terms, suggesting that it was primarily a conflict between French Canadian nationalists and an English ruling class, while the less-successful rebellion in Upper Canada was a conflict between republican and monarchical ideology. Increasingly, this view has been questioned by historians such as John Ralston Saul. Saul suggests the rebellions were both part of the same broad movement for democratic and republican reform, pointing to the extensive correspondence between the leaders of the rebellion, and the prominence of some English speakers in the rebellion in Lower Canada such as the brothers Wolfred Nelson and Robert Nelson. French Canadian historians often see the rebellions as part of the first international movement for decolonization, which also included the United States, Haiti, Mexico, Brazil, and several other Central and South American colonies in the early 19th century, as well as independence movements in Belgium and Greece. The introduction to this article is too long. ...

Film

The 2001 movie 15 février 1839 by the Québec film maker Pierre Falardeau depicts the last days of the patriotes who were hanged on February 15, 1839. The filming was hindered by political interference from the government of Canada who would deny funds for the filming, as Falardeau is a strong proponent of the sovereignty of Québec; he was eventually able to film the movie by paying out of his own pocket and through a popular subscription. Pierre Falardeau (born on December 12, 1946 in Montreal) is a Quebec film and documentary director, intellectual, pamphleteer and noted radical activist for Quebec independence. ... During the 1960s, a terrorist group known as the Front de libération du Québec (FLQ) launched a decade of bombings, robberies and attacks on government offices. ...

The Mac-Paps in the Spanish Civil War

In 1937, exactly one century after the Rebellion, William Mackenzie and Louis-Joseph Papineau were to give their name to the Mackenzie-Papineau Battalion or the Mac-Paps, a battalion of Canadian soldiers who fought on the Republican side in Spain during the Spanish Civil War. The Mackenzie-Papineau Battalion or Mac-Paps were a battalion of Canadians who fought as part of the Fifteenth International Regiment for the Republican side in the Spanish Civil War. ... Combatants Spanish Republic CNT-FAI UGT POUM Soviet Union International Brigades Spanish State Falangists Carlists Fascist Italy Nazi Germany Salazars Portugal Commanders Manuel Azaña Francisco Largo Caballero Juan Negrín Francisco Franco Casualties Civilians killed/wounded = hundreds of thousands The Spanish Civil War, which lasted from July 17...

See also

• Battle of the Windmill
• History of Canada

Combatants Republican rebels United Kingdom Commanders Nils von Schoultz Henry Dundas Strength 250 militia 800 regulars and militia Casualties 80 dead 137 captured 16 dead 60 wounded The Battle of the Windmill is also a fictional battle in the book Animal Farm. ... Canada is a country of 32 million inhabitants that occupies the northern portion of the North American continent, and is the worlds second largest country in area. ...

External links

• Chronology and quotes