Rebetiko, plural rebetika, (Greek ρεμπέτικο and ρεμπέτικα respectively), occasionally transliterated as Rembetiko, is the name for a type of Greek folk music. A roots music form of sorts, the sound of the genre is very organic with some similarities to other forms of Mediterranean music. Folk music, in the original sense of the term, is music by and of the people. ... Mediterranean redirects here. ...

The songs, often compared to genres like American blues, are full of grief, passion, romance, and bitterness. They are generally melancholic songs telling of the misfortunes of simple ordinary men. Many early rebetic songs were about drugs, especially hashish which led Rebetiko to be criminalized after the dictatorship of Ioannis Metaxas in 1936. Damianakos Stathis noted that the rebetic songs of the first period were mostly the singing expression of lumpenproletariat. All the rebetika songs are for dancing, zeibekikos, aptalikos, chasapikos and servikos being very common but they also include tsifteteli, karsilamas, syrtos and other dance styles. Blues music redirects here. ... Hashish Hashish (from Arabic: , lit. ... Ioannis Metaxas (Greek Ιωάννης Μεταξάς, April 12, 1871 – January 29, 1941) was a Greek General and the Prime Minister of Greece from 1936 until his death in 1941. ... There are very few or no other articles that link to this one. ... The lumpenproletariat (German Lumpenproletariat, rabble-proletariat; raggedy proletariat) is a term originally defined by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in The German Ideology (1845), their famous second joint work, and later expounded upon in future works by Marx. ... Zeibekiko (Greek: ζεϊμπέκικο, Turkish:Zeybek) is an originally Turkish improvisational folk dance which was borrowed and slightly revised by Greeks. ... Hasapiko (Hassapiko, Hasápikos, Chasápikos, Khasápikos, Hasapico) is a Greek traditional dance. ... Ciftetelli (τσιφτετέλι, Ciftetelli ) is a Turkish/ Greek dance. ... Karsilama (Turkish karşılama) is a Turkish dance. ...

History

See also: Timeline of Rebetika Some milestones in the history of rebetiko are listed below: // Births 1885 - Georgios Batis, Maria Panagia 1893 - Iovan Tsaous 1897 - Vangelis Panazoglou 1900 - Spyros Peristeris 1903 - Dimitris Gongos 1905 - Markos Vamvakaris 1914 - Rita Abatzi 1915 - Vasilis Tsitsanis 1918 - Marika Ninou 1920 - Manolis Khiotis Deaths 1942 - Iovan Tsaous 1943 - Vangelis Panazoglou...

Elias Petropoulos, one of the principal historians of the rebetic style, divides the history of the style into three periods:

• 1922–1932 — the era when rebetika emerged from its roots with the mixture of elements from the music of Asia Minor
• 1932–1942 — the classical period
• 1942–1952 — the era of discovery, spread, and acceptance.

Year 1922 (MCMXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1932 (MCMXXXII) was a leap year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1932 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Anatolia (Greek: ανατολη anatole, rising of the sun or East; compare Orient and Levant, by popular etymology Turkish Anadolu to ana mother and dolu filled), also called by the Latin name of Asia Minor, is a region of Southwest Asia which corresponds today to the Asian portion of Turkey. ... Year 1932 (MCMXXXII) was a leap year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1932 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1942 (MCMXLII) was a common year starting on Thursday (the link will display the full 1942 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1942 (MCMXLII) was a common year starting on Thursday (the link will display the full 1942 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1952 (MCMLII) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Prehistory

The roots of rebetic song may be found in the music of the bigger Greek cities, most of them coastal, in today's Greece and Asia Minor. The cradles of rebetic song where the tavern, the ouzeri, the hashish den and also the prison. Anatolia (Greek: ανατολη anatole, rising of the sun or East; compare Orient and Levant, by popular etymology Turkish Anadolu to ana mother and dolu filled), also called by the Latin name of Asia Minor, is a region of Southwest Asia which corresponds today to the Asian portion of Turkey. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Hashish Hashish (from Arabic: , lit. ...

The mastery period

1922 was the year of the Asia Minor Disaster, which was followed by population exchanges in accordance with the Treaty of Lausanne. Most Asia Minor Greek refugees were settled in the larger cites of Greece, among them many professional musicians bringing with them their music. Year 1922 (MCMXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Greco-Turkish War of 1919-1922, also called the War in Asia Minor, and (in Turkey) a part of the Turkish War of Independence, was a war between Greece and Turkey fought in the wake of World War I. The war arose because the western Allies, particularly British Prime... Borders as shaped by the treaty The Treaty of Lausanne (July 24, 1923) was a peace treaty signed in Lausanne that settled the Anatolian part of the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire by annulment of the Treaty of Sèvres signed by the Ottoman Empire as the consequences of the...

The "classical" period

Gradually the rebetiko variety acquired its own peculiar character. In 1932, the first recordings with bouzouki arrived, made by Markos Vamvakaris. In 1936 began the dictatorship of Ioannis Metaxas and with it, the onset of censorship. Year 1932 (MCMXXXII) was a leap year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1932 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... For bouzoukia, see nightclubs in Greece. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... Year 1936 (MCMXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see Censor. ...

Consequently the album was sanitized and the references to narcotics, opium, etc. vanished from the recordings. Yet the recording of illicit themes continued, for in that period a great number of Greeks emigrated to the United States, and with the emigrants went their rebetika. Many noteworthy songs were recorded, by the likes of Spyros Peristeris, Panagiotis Tountas, Ioannis Papaioannou, Vassilis Tsitsanis, Manolis Hiotis and Stratos Pagioumtzis to name a few. Motto: (traditional) In God We Trust (official, 1956–present) Anthem: The Star-Spangled Banner Capital Washington, D.C. Largest city New York City Official language(s) None at the federal level; English de facto Government Federal Republic  - President George W. Bush (R)  - Vice President Dick Cheney (R) Independence - Declared - Recognized... Giannis Papaioannou (Greek: Γιάννης Παπαϊωάννου; January 18, 1913 - August 3, 1972) was a famous Greek musician and composer born in Kios, Turkey (now Gemlik). ... Vassilis Tsitsanis (Βασίλης Τσιτσάνης January 18, 1915 - January 18, 1984) was a Greek singer and songwriter. ... Manolis Chiotis (Greek: Μανώλης Χιώτης) was a famous Greek Rebetiko composer, singer and bouzouki player. ...

Instruments

The basic instruments of the rebetic song are the bouzouki and the Guitar. Additional instruments used include the Baglamas, tambourine, violin, accordion, finger-cymbals (comparable to castanets). In a few older recordings, something like clattering glass may be heard. It is a matter of some debate whether the sound is produced by the striking of worry beads against a drinking glass. Some manges are in the habit of making the sound in their music with that method, a practice which was passed on and occurs in some modern recordings. For bouzoukia, see nightclubs in Greece. ... For other uses, see Guitar (disambiguation). ... A musical instrument that belongs to several near-eastern cultures. ... “Buben” redirects here. ... For the Anne Rice novel, see Violin (novel). ... For other uses, see Accordion (disambiguation). ... It is also possible that you want to know about the Cymbalum instrument. ... Renoirs 1909 painting Dancing girl with castanets Castanets The castanets are a percussion instrument (idiophone), much used in Moorish music, Roma music, Spanish music and Latin American music. ... Kombológia of different materials: turquoise, obsidian, Faturan and yemeni amber Komboloi also spelled Kompoloi (Greek: Κομπολόι) is a Greek fidget toy, used to relieve stress and generally pass time. ...

Famous performers

• Achilles Polonos
• Rita Abatzi
• Apostolos Chatzikhristos
• Manolis Chrisafakis
• Anna Chrisafi
• Yiorgos Batis
• Soteria Belou
• Loukas Daralas
• Roza Eskenazi
• Mikhalis Genitsaris
• Babis Goles
• Dimitris Gogos (Bayanderas)
• Antonios Katinaris
• Maria Katinari
• Georgios Ksintaris
• Marika Ninou
• Marika Papagika
• Ioannis Papaioannou
• Vangelis Papazoglou
• Stratos Payoumtzis
• Stelios Perpiniadis
• Kostas Roukounas
• Kostas Skarvelis
• Yovan Tsaous (real name: Giannis Eitziridis)
• Prodromos Tsaousakis
• Vassilis Tsitsanis
• Markos Vamvakaris
• Marika Kanaropoulou (Tourkalitsa, Brousalia)

Rita Abatzi (Greek: Ρίτα Αμπατζή) (born 1914 in Smyrna, Asia Minor, now İzmir, Turkey - died June 17, 1969 in Egaleo (Athens), Greece) was a Greek rebetiko musician who began her career in the first part of the 1930s. ... Yiorgos Batis (Greek: Γιώργος Μπάτης, also Giorgos Batis) (1885 in Methana - March 10, 1967) was one of the first and infulential in rebetiko music and was known in Piraeus. ... Sotiria Bellou (Greek: ; 1921–1997) was a famous Greek singer and performer of the Greek rebetiko type of music [1]. // Sotiria Bellou was born in Halia of Euboia. ... Loukas Daralas is considered one of the rembets who was never acknowledged for his ability or contribution, few photographs are said to be known of him. ... Roza Eskenazi (c. ... Michalis Genitsaris (15 June 1917 – 11 May 2005) was a Greek singer and composer of the rebetiko genre. ... Antonios Katinaris was given birth in Chania Crete, first son of a refugee’s family from Asia Minor . ... Maria Katinari (Greek: Μαρία Κατινάρη) was born in Chania on Crete as the oldest daughter of Antonios Katinaris. ... Marika Ninou (Greek: Μαρίκα Νίνου) was a Greek rembetiko and laiko singer, born Evangelia Nikolaidou (Greek: Ευαγγελία Νικολαΐδου) in the Caucasus, 1918. ... One of the first generation of Greek women singers to be heard on sound recordings, Marika Papagika was born on the island of Kos on September 1, 1890. ... Giannis Papaioannou (Greek: Γιάννης Παπαϊωάννου; January 18, 1913 - August 3, 1972) was a famous Greek musician and composer born in Kios, Turkey (now Gemlik). ... Stelios Perpiniadis (Greek: Στέλιος Περπινιάδης, 1899 - September 4, 1977), better known as Stellakis (Greek: Στελλάκης), was a Greek folk musician who wrote, sang, and played organ in the rebetiko style. ... Kostas Roukounas (Greek: Κώστας Ρούκουνας) (Samos 1903 - Athens, Greece March 11, 1984) was a greek singer. ... Kostas Skarvelis (Greek: Κώστας Σκαρβέλης) (Constantinople, Ottoman Empire 1880 - Athens, Greece April 08, 1942) was a Greek composer of popular music, οf the genre of rembetiko (ρεμπέτικο) in particular. ... Iovan Tsaous (1893 - 1942, Greek: Γιοβάν Τσαούς) was a Greek musician and composer of rebetiko music. ... Vassilis Tsitsanis (Βασίλης Τσιτσάνης January 18, 1915 - January 18, 1984) was a Greek singer and songwriter. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ...

Video Example

http://www.youtube.com/v/rAMNRp3DAsA

See also

• Rebetiko (film) — a film by Costas Ferris
• Rebetes
• List of rebetic songs
• List of dances
• List of dances sorted by ethnicity
• Kanto (music)

Rebetiko (Greek: Ρεμπέτικο) is a 1983 film directed by Costas Ferris and written by Costas Ferris and Sotiria Leonardou, with original music by Stavros Xarhakos. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... This is the main list of dances. ... This is a list of ethnic, folk, traditional, regional, or otherwise traditionally assiciated with a particular ethnicity, dances by ethnicity or country . ... Genres: Alternative - Classical - Dance - Folk - Hip hop - Jazz - Military - Ottoman - Opera - Pop - Religious - Rock Awards Kral MV, MÜ-YAP, MGD Charts Billboard Charts Music Festivals Istanbul International Music Festival, Istanbul International Jazz Festival, Izmir European Jazz Festival, Aspendos International Opera and Ballet Festival Media Rolling Stone (Türkiye), MTV (T...

Further reading

• Damianakos Stathis, Κοινωνιολογία του Ρεμπέτικου 2nd Edition. Athens, Plethron, 2001.
• Gauntlett Stathis, Rebetika, Carmina Graeciae Recentoris. Athens, D. Harvey and Co., 1985.
• Hadjidakis Manos, Ερμηνεία και θέση του ρεμπέτικου τραγουδιού. 1949.
• Holst-Warhaft Gail, Road to Rembetika: Music of a Greek sub-culture, songs of love, sorrow and hashish, Athens, Denise Harvey, 1989
• Kotarides Nikos, Ρεμπέτες και ρεμπέτικο τραγούδι. Athens, Plethron, 1996.
• Kounades Panagiotis, Εις ανάμνησιν στιγμών ελκυστικών. Athens, Katarti, 2000.
• Petropoulos Elias, Ρεμπέτικα τραγούδια. Athens, 1968.

Manos Hadjidakis (Μάνος Χατζιδάκις) (October 23, 1925–June 15, 1994) was a Greek music composer. ...

External links

• MondoGreco.net
• Se Xrono Rebetiko Kai Laiko (Audio file) A weekly syndicated Greek radio show on Rebetika music hosted by Photi Sotiropoulos and written by Vlassis Kokonis
• Rebetiko On-lineThere you can read a brief introduction in Greek and English, see many photos and listen 24h a day live rebetika music
• Falireas Productions - Greek Traditional MusicGreek record label specializing in traditional Greek music styles such as rebetiko, smyrnaiko, music from Epirus etc.
• Achilles Polonos - Neden Geldim Amerika'ya(Turkish Lyrics)
• "Damn Society", an article on rebetiko