Red Wolf
Conservation status
Critically endangered
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Carnivora Family: Canidae Genus: Canis Species: C. rufus
Binomial name
Canis rufus Audubon & Bachman, 1851

The Red Wolf (Canis rufus) is a mammal of the order carnivora. It once roamed throughout the Southeastern United States and is an ice age survivor of the Late Pleistocene epoch.^[1] Red wolves are smaller than Gray Wolves, with a reddish coat, silver-grey forehead and darker signs on white legs and a cream underbelly. The red wolf has long ears and smooth coat with long legs. They live through the south-eastern parts of the United States, from Texas to Florida. A population is being reintoduced to North Carolina^{[citation needed]}. Scientists suggest that red wolf populations were extirpated from the wild in the southeastern United States and is now very endangered and slowly reintroduced to their natural habitat. The red wolf is a mammal of the order Carnivora. ... The conservation status of a species is an indicator of the likelihood of that species remaining extant either in the present day or the near future. ... Image File history File links Status_iucn3. ... . ... For other uses, see Scientific classification (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Animal (disambiguation). ... Typical Classes See below Chordates (phylum Chordata) are a group of animals that includes the vertebrates, together with several closely related invertebrates. ... Subclasses & Infraclasses Subclass †Allotheria* Subclass Prototheria Subclass Theria Infraclass †Trituberculata Infraclass Metatheria Infraclass Eutheria Mammals (class Mammalia) are warm-blooded, vertebrate animals characterized by the presence of sweat glands, including milk producing sweat glands, and by the presence of: hair, three middle ear bones used in hearing, and a neocortex... Families 17, See classification The diverse order Carnivora (IPA: or ; from Latin carō (stem carn-) flesh, + vorāre to devour) includes over 260 species of placental mammals. ... Genera Alopex Atelocynus Canis Cerdocyon Chrysocyon Cuon Cynotherium † Dusicyon † Dasycyon † Fennecus (Part of Vulpes) Lycalopex (Part of Pseudalopex) Lycaon Nyctereutes Otocyon Pseudalopex Speothos Urocyon Vulpes The Canidae (′kanə′dÄ“, IPA: ) family is a part of the order Carnivora within the mammals (Class Mammalia). ... Species Canis adustus Canis aureus Canis dirus (extinct) Canis latrans Canis lupus Canis mesomelas Canis simensis   † also includes dogs. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... John James Audubon (April 26, 1785 – January 27, 1851) was an American ornithologist, naturalist, hunter, and painter. ... Rev. ... Subclasses & Infraclasses Subclass †Allotheria* Subclass Prototheria Subclass Theria Infraclass †Trituberculata Infraclass Metatheria Infraclass Eutheria Mammals (class Mammalia) are warm-blooded, vertebrate animals characterized by the presence of sweat glands, including milk producing sweat glands, and by the presence of: hair, three middle ear bones used in hearing, and a neocortex... Families 17, See classification The diverse order Carnivora (IPA: or ; from Latin carō (stem carn-) flesh, + vorāre to devour) includes over 260 species of placental mammals. ... Variations in CO2, temperature and dust from the Vostok ice core over the last 400 000 years For the animated movie, see Ice Age (movie). ... Late Pleistocene (also known as Upper Pleistocene or the Tarantian) is a stage of the Pleistocene Epoch. ... Binomial name Canis lupus Linnaeus, 1758 The Gray Wolf (Canis lupus; also spelled Grey Wolf, see spelling differences; also known as Timber Wolf or Wolf) is a mammal in the order Carnivora. ... For other uses, see Texas (disambiguation). ... This article is about the U.S. State of Florida. ... Official language(s) English Capital Raleigh Largest city Charlotte Largest metro area Charlotte metro area Area  Ranked 28th  - Total 53,865 sq mi (139,509 km²)  - Width 150 miles (240 km)  - Length 560[1] miles (900 km)  - % water 9. ...

Dimensions

The Red Wolf typically has a height at the shoulders of 38–40 cm (15–16 inches), a length of 140–165 cm (4.5–5.5 feet), and weigh 18–36 Kg (40–80 pounds).^[2][3] A centimetre (American spelling centimeter, symbol cm) is a unit of length that is equal to one hundredth of a metre, the current SI base unit of length. ... Kg redirects here. ...

Origin

The origins of the Red Wolf ligne are set at 1-2 Mya with a branching from a common ancestor of the Gray Wolf (Canis lupus), the eastern North American wolves, and Coyote (Canis latrans). One branch remained in North America. The other branch migrated to Eurasia and there gave rise to the Gray Wolf. Between 150,000—300,000 years ago, the North American branch created the eastern North American wolves and the Coyote ^[4]. For other uses of mya, see mya (disambiguation). ... Binomial name Linnaeus, 1758 Range map. ... North American redirects here. ... For other uses, see Coyote (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Eurasia (disambiguation). ...

Once part of the same continuum of wolves, land-clearing and direct exploitation by people following European colonization resulted in a large gap between the few remaining Red (Eastern) wolves in the southeastern United States and the larger population in central Ontario and southern Quebec. Long-term analysis of mtDNA confirmed independence of the original red wolf from the coyote or gray wolf populations in the eastern part of North America and isolated two distinct populations: one is know as the "red wolf" and the other as the Eastern Canadian Wolf. The sequence of haplotypes show elements similar to the Eastern Canadian wolf and it is probably of the sister taxon to Red Wolf.The mtDNA analysis confirm that the Red Wolf's ancestors belonged to an ancient form of primitive wolf (along with Eastern Canadian wolf) and certain fossil origin from North America in 750 000 years ago in east part of North America and later divided for two or three species [red wolf + eastern canadian wolf and coyote (distinct from about 300 thousand years ago)] (Nowak,1979, 1992). In according to Wilson et al. (2000) concluded that Eastern Canadian Wolf and Red Wolf should be consider as sister taxa and recognized as distincts species, various from other North American canids. For other uses, see Coyote (disambiguation). ... Trinomial name Canis lupus lycaon The Eastern Wolf, Eastern Canadian Wolf , Eastern Timber Wolf or Algonquin Wolf (Canis lupus lycaon) or, according to some taxonomists Canis lycaon is a mammal of the Canidae family. ... For other senses of this word, see sequence (disambiguation). ... Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is DNA which is not located in the nucleus of the cell but in the mitochondria. ... North American redirects here. ... The Pleistocene epoch (IPA: ) on the geologic timescale is the period from 1,808,000 to 11,550 years BP. The Pleistocene epoch had been intended to cover the worlds recent period of repeated glaciations. ... For other uses, see Species (disambiguation). ...

Conservation

Aggressive predator control programs, hunting and agriculturalization have combined to bring the red wolf near to extinction, because it was thought to be a threat to livestock. It is now considered rare.

Captive Red Wolf at Parks at Chehaw, Albany, Georgia USA.

It is thought that its original distribution included much of eastern North America, where Red Wolves were found from New York in the east, Florida in the south, and Texas in the south-west. Records of bounty payments to Wappinger Indians in New York in the middle 1700s confirm its range at least that far north^[5]; it's possible that it could have extended as far as extreme eastern Canada. There are thought to be about 300 red wolves remaining in the world, with 220 of those in captivity.^[6]For decades, the Red Wolf has been indistinguishable genetically from either the Gray Wolf or the Coyote.^{[ 2 ]} The Red Wolf breeds with both species and may again be in peril as contact with other species in the wild resumes.^{[ 5 ]} Image File history File links Size of this preview: 718 × 600 pixelsFull resolution‎ (1,200 × 1,002 pixels, file size: 363 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 718 × 600 pixelsFull resolution‎ (1,200 × 1,002 pixels, file size: 363 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... This article is about the state. ... This article is about the U.S. State of Florida. ... For other uses, see Texas (disambiguation). ...

In 1987 approximately 100 were reintroduced into the wild as the first island propagation project in the Alligator River National Wildlife Refuge off the coast of North Carolina. In 1989 the second island propagation project initiated with release of a population on Horn Island of the Mississippi coast. This population was moved in 1998 because of a likelihood of encounters with humans. The third island propagation project introduced a population on St. Vincent Island, Florida offshore between Cape San Blas and Apalachicola, Florida in 1990 and in 1997 the fourth island propagation program introduced a population to Cape St. George Island, Florida south of Apalachicola, Florida. In 1991 two pairs were reintroduced into the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, where the last known wolf was killed in 1905. Despite some early success, the wolves were relocated to North Carolina in 1998, ending the effort to reintroduce the species to the Park. Historical habitats included forests, swamps and coastal prairies, where it was an apex predator. Year 1987 (MCMLXXXVII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link displays 1987 Gregorian calendar). ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Official language(s) English Capital Raleigh Largest city Charlotte Largest metro area Charlotte metro area Area  Ranked 28th  - Total 53,865 sq mi (139,509 km²)  - Width 150 miles (240 km)  - Length 560[1] miles (900 km)  - % water 9. ... Horn Island is a long, thin barrier island off the Gulf Coast of Mississippi, near Pascagoula. ... St. ... Cape Can Blas, Florida. ... The mouth of the Apalachicola River, looking towards the Bay. ... Cape St. ... This article is about the U.S. State of Florida. ... Cades Cove panorama The Great Smoky Mountains National Park is a United States National Park that straddles the ridgeline of the Great Smoky Mountains, part of the Blue Ridge Mountains which are a division of the larger Appalachian Mountain chain. ... Coastal prairie may refer to either: The California coastal prairie, a plant community found along the coasts of California and Oregon The Western Gulf coastal grasslands of Louisiana, Texas, and Tamaulipas This is a disambiguation page: a list of articles associated with the same title. ... Apex predators (also alpha predators, superpredators, or top-level predators) are predators that, as adults, are not normally preyed upon in the wild in significant parts of their ranges. ...

Subspecies

Traditionally, three subspecies of Red Wolf are recognized. Two of these subspecies are extinct. Canis rufus floridanus has been extinct since 1930 and Canis rufus gregoryi was declared extinct in the wild by 1970. Canis rufus rufus, the other surviving subspecies, was extirpated in 1980, although that status was changed to "critical" when 100 wolves were reintroduced in North Carolina. This article is about the zoological term. ... Year 1970 (MCMLXX) was a common year starting on Thursday (link shows full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Extirpation is the localized extinction of a species. ...

Unlike the Grey Wolf, the Red Wolf has not been known to attack people, though they were reported to eat corpses on the battlefields of the Mexican-American War.^[7] Combatants United States Mexico Commanders Zachary Taylor Winfield Scott Stephen W. Kearney Antonio López de Santa Anna Mariano Arista Pedro de Ampudia José Mariá Flores Strength 78,790 soldiers 25,000–40,000 soldiers Casualties KIA: 1733 Total dead: 13,271 Wounded: 4,152 AWOL: 9,200+ 25,000...

Habits and social structure

Red wolf running

Red Wolves are shy and wary creatures (a possible explanation for their 'rare' reputation). They prefer to hunt alone or in small family groups; pack sizes are smaller than those of their gray cousins, consisting often of one adult pair and their offspring. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 533 pixelsFull resolution (1500 × 1000 pixel, file size: 128 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) A cropped version of Image:Canis rufus running. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 533 pixelsFull resolution (1500 × 1000 pixel, file size: 128 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) A cropped version of Image:Canis rufus running. ...

As in other canids pair-bonding is strong and Red Wolves mate for life. They mate yearly and two or three pups are usually born in the spring. Both parents help raise the offspring who are mature enough to leave behind parental support at six months of age.

Their diet consists of small animals, including rabbits, raccoons and rodents. They occasionally bring down deer with the help of other wolves and they supplement their diet with insects and berries. For other uses, see Rabbit (disambiguation). ... For the river, see Raccoon River. ... Suborders Sciuromorpha Castorimorpha Myomorpha Anomaluromorpha Hystricomorpha Rodentia is an order of mammals also known as rodents, characterised by two continuously-growing incisors in the upper and lower jaws which must be kept short by gnawing. ... This article is about the ruminent animal. ... Orders Subclass Apterygota Symphypleona - globular springtails Subclass Archaeognatha (jumping bristletails) Subclass Dicondylia Monura - extinct Thysanura (common bristletails) Subclass Pterygota Diaphanopteroidea - extinct Palaeodictyoptera - extinct Megasecoptera - extinct Archodonata - extinct Ephemeroptera (mayflies) Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies) Infraclass Neoptera Blattodea (cockroaches) Mantodea (mantids) Isoptera (termites) Zoraptera Grylloblattodea Dermaptera (earwigs) Plecoptera (stoneflies) Orthoptera (grasshoppers, crickets...

Red wolves also are known to breed with coyotes, and their special features are being lost. The red wolf's behavior is one reason why it is in critical conservation state.

Cultural reference

On January 1, 2008, Arkansas State University’s Mascot Selection Steering Committee decided to use the Wolves as a mascot. The Red Wolves were officially approved by the university board of trustees on March 7, 2008. The ceremony and unveiling of the new Red Wolves logo was held on March 13, 2008. is the 1st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance to the Gregorian calendar. ... Arkansas State University student union, Jonesboro, Arkansas Arkansas State University (A-State) or (ASU) is a public university and is the flagship campus of the Arkansas State University System, the states second largest college system. ... is the 66th day of the year (67th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance to the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 72nd day of the year (73rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance to the Gregorian calendar. ...

On July 1, 1976, The Red Wolf became the official mascot of the Navy's premier Naval Special Warfare Support Helicopter Squadron. Known at the time as HAL-4. Today, they are now are known as HSC-84 and fly the HH-60H Rescue Hawk. is the 182nd day of the year (183rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1976 Pick up sticks(MCMLXXVI) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The United States Navy (USN) is the branch of the United States armed forces responsible for naval operations. ... NAVSPECWARCOM logo. ... The Sikorsky SH-60/MH-60 Seahawk (or Sea Hawk) is a twin turboshaft engine, multi-mission United States Navy helicopter based on the airframe of the United States Army/Air Force UH-60 Black Hawk. ...

References

1. ^ Reich, D.E., R.K. Wayne, and D.B. Goldstein. 1999. Genetic evidence for a recent origin by hybridization of red wolves. Molecular Ecology 8:139 - 144.
2. ^ Fort Worth Zoo, Red Wolf
3. ^ Animal Info.org: Red Wolf
4. ^ Wilson, P.J., S. Grewal, I.D. Lawford, J.N.M. Heal, A.G. Granacki, D. Pennock, J.B. Theberge, M.T. Theberge, D.R. Voigt, W. Waddell, R.E.Chambers, P.C. Paquet, G. Goulet, D. Cluff, and B.N. White. 2000. DNA profiles of the eastern Canadian wolf and the red wolf provide evidence for a common evolutionary history independent of the gray wolf. Canadian Journal of Zoology 78:2156 - 2166.
5. ^ J. Michael Smith: The Highland King Nimhammaw and the Native Indian Proprietors of Land in Dutchess County, NY: 1712-1765. Hudson River Valley Review
6. ^ Red Wolf. US Fish & Wildlife.
7. ^ Audubon, John James (1967). The Imperial Collection of Audubon Animals, p307. ASIN B000M2FOFM. 

1. Kelly et al (2004). Canis rufus. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. Retrieved on 05 May 2008. Database entry includes justification for why this species is critically endangered
2. ^  Roy, M.S., Geffen, E., Smith, D., Ostrander, E.A. & Wayne, R.K. (1994). "Patterns of differentiation and hybridization in North American wolflike canids, revealed by analysis of microsatellite loci.". Molecular Biology and Evolution 11 : 553–570.
3. ^  Roy, M.S., Girman, D.G., Taylor, A.C. & Wayne, R.K. (1994). "The use of museum specimens to reconstruct the genetic variability and relationships of extinct populations.". Experientia 50 : 551-557.
4. ^  Wayne, R.K. & Jenks, S.M. (1991). "Mitochondrial DNA analysis implying extensive hybridization of the endangered red wolf Canis rufus". Nature 351 : 565-568.
5. ^  Wayne, R.K., Lehman, N., Allard, M.W. & Honeycutt, R.L. (1992). "Mitochondrial DNA variability of the grey wolf - genetic consequences of population decline and habitat fragmentation". Conservation Biology 6 : 559-569.
6. ^  R. Nowak, R.M. (1992). "The red wolf is not a hybrid.". Conservation Biology 6 : 593-595.

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External links

• Summary of Red Wolf Genetic Analysis
• ARKive - images and movies of the Red wolf (Canis rufus)
• Red Wolf Species Overview at Enature.com
• The Wolves of Algonquin Provincial Park ? A Report by the Algonquin Wolf Advisory Group (PDF)
• Wolf added to Species at Risk list: Ontario must act
• Click for Wolves Wolf News and Resources
• The Red Wolf Coalition
• WolfSource
• Field Trip Earth