Red lead, also called minium or lead tetroxide, is a bright red or orange crystalline or amorphous pigment. Its Latin name minium originates from the Minius River in northwest Spain where it was first mined. Crystal (disambiguation) Insulin crystals A crystal is a solid in which the constituent atoms, molecules, or ions are packed in a regularly ordered, repeating pattern extending in all three spatial dimensions. ... An amorphous solid is a solid in which there is no long-range order of the positions of the atoms. ... In biology, pigment is any material resulting in color in plant or animal cells which is the result of selective absorption. ... Latin is an ancient Indo-European language originally spoken in the region around Rome called Latium. ... Map showing the location of the Minho. ...

The melting point of lead tetroxide is 500 °C, at which it decomposes to lead(II) oxide and oxygen. Lead(II) oxide or litharge is a yellow oxide of lead of formula PbO, created by heating lead in air. ... General Name, Symbol, Number oxygen, O, 8 Chemical series Nonmetals Group, Period, Block 16, 2, p Appearance colorless Atomic mass 15. ...

Chemically red lead is lead tetroxide, Pb₃O₄, or 2PbO.PbO₂. It is used in the manufacture of batteries, lead glass and rust-proof paint. This article is about the chemical element. ... An oxide is a chemical compound of oxygen with other chemical elements. ... Four double-A (AA) rechargeable batteries In science and technology, a battery is a device that stores chemical energy and makes it available in an electrical form. ... Lead glass is potassium silicate glass which has been impregnated with a small amount of lead oxide (from 12% to 28% by weight) in its fabrication. ... Rusted cars The rusting can completely eat away iron Rusted bolt A blacksmith removing rust with sand prior to welding Rust is the substance formed when iron compounds corrode in the presence of oxygen and water. ... It has been suggested that Dutch process paint be merged into this article or section. ...

Red lead is virtually insoluble in water. However, it is soluble in hydrochloric acid present in stomach, therefore it is toxic when ingested. It is also insoluble in alcohol. It dissolves in hydrochloric acid, glacial acetic acid, and diluted mixture of nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide. The chemical substance hydrochloric acid is the aqueous (water-based) solution of hydrogen chloride (HCl) gas. ... The stomach (Gaster) In anatomy, the stomach (in ancient Greek στόμαχος) is an organ in the gastrointestinal tract used to digest food. ... Toxic redirects here, but this is also the name of a song by Britney Spears; see Toxic (song) Look up toxic and toxicity in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The chemical compound acetic acid (from the Latin word acetum, meaning vinegar), systematically called ethanoic acid, is the acid that gives vinegar its sour taste. ... R-phrases , S-phrases , , , , Flash point not applicable RTECS number QU5775000 Supplementary data page Structure and properties n, εr, etc. ... Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a clear liquid, slightly more viscous than water, that has strong oxidizing properties and is therefore a powerful bleaching agent that has found use as a disinfectant, as an oxidizer, and in rocketry (particularly in high concentrations as high-test peroxide (HTP) as a monopropellant), and...

Preparation

Lead tetroxide is prepared by calcination of lead(II) oxide in air at about 450 to 480 °C: Calcination a or fusing point, to bring about ) a part or the whole of the substance (commonly used to convert metal sulfide ores to oxides in the first step of recovering such metals as zinc, lead, and copper); the reduction (reductive calcination) of metals from their ores (smelting). ... Lead(II) oxide or litharge is a yellow oxide of lead of formula PbO, created by heating lead in air. ...

6 PbO + O₂ → 2 Pb₃O₄

The resulting material is contaminated with lead(II) oxide. If a pure compound is desired, PbO can be removed by a potassium hydroxide solution: R-phrases , S-phrases , , , Flash point non flammable RTECS number TT2100000 Supplementary data page Structure and properties n, εr, etc. ...

Another method of preparation relies on annealing of lead carbonate (cerussite) in air: Sample of cerussite-bearing quartzite Cerussite (also known as Horn silver, Lead carbonate, White lead ore) is a mineral consisting of lead carbonate (PbCO3), and an important ore of lead. ... Sample of cerussite-bearing quartzite Cerussite (also known as Horn silver, Lead carbonate, White lead ore) is a mineral consisting of lead carbonate (PbCO3), and an important ore of lead. ...

6 PbCO₃ + O₂ → 2 Pb₃O₄ + 6 CO₂

Yet another method is oxidative annealing of lead white: Lead paint is paint containing lead, which was used until the 1970s as a white pigment. ...

3 Pb₂CO₃(OH)₂ + O₂ → 2 Pb₃O₄ + 3 CO₂ + 3 H₂O

In solution, lead tetroxide can be prepared eg. by reaction of potassium plumbate with lead acetate: Lead acetate (Trihydrate Pb(CH3COO)2·3H2O) is a white crystalline substance made by dissolving lead in acetic acid. ...

K₂PbO₃ + 2 Pb(OCOCH₃)((sub|2}} + H₂O → Pb₃O₄ + 2 KOCOCH₃ + 2 CH₃COOH

yielding yellow insoluble lead tetroxide monohydrate, Pb₃O₄.H₂O, which can be turned into the anhydrous form by gentle heating. Hydrates are compounds formed by the union of water with some other substance, generally forming a neutral body, as certain crystallized salts. ...

Chemical properties

With iron oxides and with elementary iron, lead tetroxide forms insoluble iron(II) and iron(III) plumbates, which is the basis of the anti-corrosive properties of lead-based paints applied to iron objects. General Name, Symbol, Number iron, Fe, 26 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 8, 4, d Appearance lustrous metallic with a grayish tinge Atomic mass 55. ... The plumbate ion is PbO32- or Pb(OH)62-. A plumbate (compound) is a compound containing this ion. ... It has been suggested that Corrosive be merged into this article or section. ...

When heated to 500 °C, it decomposes to lead(II) oxide and oxygen. At 580 °C, the reaction is complete.

2 Pb₃O₄ → 6 PbO + O₂

Nitric acid dissolves the lead(II) oxide component, leaving behind the insoluble lead(IV) oxide: R-phrases , S-phrases , , , , Flash point not applicable RTECS number QU5775000 Supplementary data page Structure and properties n, εr, etc. ... Lead dioxide, PbO2, also plumbic oxide, is an oxide of lead, with lead in oxidation state +4. ...

Pb₃O₄ + 4 HNO₃ → PbO₂ + 2 Pb(NO₃)₂ + 2 H₂O

Use

Lead tetroxide is most often used as a pigment for undercoat paints for iron objects. Due to its toxicity its use is being limited. It is also used for manufacture of glass. In biology, pigment is any material resulting in color in plant or animal cells which is the result of selective absorption. ... Undercoat can refer to: The down hairs in a mammals fur A layer of paint beneath the main painted surface This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... It has been suggested that Dutch process paint be merged into this article or section. ... General Name, Symbol, Number iron, Fe, 26 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 8, 4, d Appearance lustrous metallic with a grayish tinge Atomic mass 55. ... Look up toxic and toxicity in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... This article refers to the material. ...

Physiological effects

Main article: Lead poisoning

When breathed in, lead tetroxide irritates lungs. In case of high dose, the victim feels metallic taste in mouth, chest pain, and abdominal pain. When ingested, it gets dissolved in the gastric acid and gets absorbed, leading to lead poisoning. High concentrations can be absorbed through skin as well; therefore it is important to keep the safety precautions when working with lead-based paint. Lead poisoning is a condition, also known as plumbism or painters colic, caused by increased blood serum lead levels. ... Gastric acid is, together with several enzymes and the intrinsic factor, one of the main secretions of the stomach. ...

Long-term contact with lead tetroxide may lead to accumulation of lead compounds in organism, with development of symptoms of acute lead poisoning. Chronic poisoning displays as agitation, irritability, vision disorders, hypertension, and usually also by grayish hue of face. For other forms of hypertension see hypertension (disambiguation) Hypertension or high blood pressure is a medical condition wherein the blood pressure is chronically elevated. ...

Lead tetroxide was shown to be carcinogenic for laboratory animals. Its carcinogenicity for humans was not proven. In pathology, a carcinogen is any substance or agent that promotes cancer. ...

Ecological issues

As lead tetroxide is synthetized from lead or lead oxides at higher temperatures, its airborne aerosol may be formed when manufacturing lead or handling melted lead or lead alloys.

Historic note

Lead tetroxide was used as a red pigment already in ancient Rome. Back then it was prepared by calcination of lead white. In the ancient and medieval periods it was used as a pigment in the production of illuminated manuscripts, and gave its name to the minium or miniature, a style of picture painted with the colour. The Roman Forum was the central area around which ancient Rome developed. ... Calcination a or fusing point, to bring about ) a part or the whole of the substance (commonly used to convert metal sulfide ores to oxides in the first step of recovering such metals as zinc, lead, and copper); the reduction (reductive calcination) of metals from their ores (smelting). ... Lead paint is paint containing lead, which was used until the 1970s as a white pigment. ... In the strictest definition of illuminated manuscript, only manuscripts decorated with gold or silver, like this miniature of Christ in Majesty from the Aberdeen Bestiary (folio 4v), would be considered illuminated. ... The word miniature, derived from the Latin minium, red lead, is a picture in an ancient or medieval manuscript; the simple decoration of the early codices having been miniated or delineated with that pigment. ...

External links

• National Pollutant Inventory - Lead and Lead Compounds Fact Sheet