?Redpolls
Common Redpoll
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Order: Passeriformes Family: Fringillidae Genus: Carduelis (but see article text)
Species
Carduelis flammea Carduelis cabaret Carduelis hornemanni Image File history File links Birkenzeisig2. ... Scientific classification or biological classification is how biologists group and categorize extinct and living species of organisms. ... Phyla Subregnum Parazoa Porifera (sponges) Subregnum Agnotozoa Placozoa (trichoplax) Orthonectida (orthonectids) Rhombozoa (dicyemids) Subregnum Eumetazoa Radiata (unranked) (radial symmetry) Ctenophora (comb jellies) Cnidaria (coral, jellyfish, anemones) Bilateria (unranked) (bilateral symmetry) Acoelomorpha (basal) Myxozoa (slime animals) Superphylum Deuterostomia (blastopore becomes anus) Chordata (vertebrates, etc. ... {{{subdivision_ranks}}} See below Chordates (phylum Chordata) are a group of animals that includes the vertebrates, together with several closely related invertebrates. ... Orders Many - see section below. ... Families Many, see text A passerine is a bird of the giant order Passeriformes. ... Genera Many, see text Finches are seed-eating passerine birds, the many species of which are found chiefly in the northern hemisphere, but also to a limited extent in Africa and South America. ... Species Many, see text The genus Carduelis is a large group of birds in the finch family Fringillidae. ...

The Redpolls are a group of small passerine birds in the finch family Fringillidae which have characteristic red markings on their heads. They were formerly placed into the genus Acanthis together with the linnets and the twite, but their closest relatives are actually the crossbills (Arnaiz-Villena et al., 2001). These would have to be included in the genus Carduelis, but as their adaptations and biogeography are evolutionarily quite peculiar, it would be better to reinstate Acanthis instead, including only the redpolls. There are several different very closely related forms of redpolls which could be considered as anything from one to five species. Recent studies^{[citation needed]} tend to support three species. Families Many, see text A passerine is a bird of the giant order Passeriformes. ... Orders Many - see section below. ... Genera Many, see text Finches are passerine birds, often seed-eating, found chiefly in the northern hemisphere and Africa. ... Species Carduelis flammea Carduelis cabaret Carduelis hornemanni The Redpolls are a group of small passerine birds in the finch family Fringillidae which have characteristic red markings on their heads. ... Binomial name Carduelis cannabina (Linnaeus, 1758) The Linnet, Carduelis cannabina, is a small passerine bird in the finch family Fringillidae. ... Binomial name Carduelis flavirostris (Linnaeus,, 1758) The Twite, Carduelis flavirostris, is a small passerine bird in the finch family Fringillidae. ... Species Loxia pytyopsittacus Loxia scotia Loxia curvirostra Loxia leucoptera Loxia megaplaga // Overview The crossbills are birds in the finch family Fringillidae. ... Biogeography is the science which deals with patterns of species distribution and the processes that result in such patterns. ...

All redpolls are northern breeding woodland species, associated with birch trees. They are small dumpy birds, brown or grey-brown above and with a red forehead patch. The adult male's breast is washed in red, but in females and young birds the buff breast and white belly are streaked with brown. The bill is small and yellow. Some birds, particularly young ones, are difficult to assign to species.

They are primarily seed-eaters, and often feed acrobatically like a tit; their diet may include some insects in summer. They have a dry reeling song and a metallic call. They lay 4-7 eggs in a nest in a tree or, in the case of Arctic Redpoll, a large bush. They can form large flocks outside the breeding season, sometimes mixed with other finches. Genera See text. ...

The species are:
Arctic Redpoll, Carduelis hornemanni, breeds in tundra birch forest. It has two races, C. h. hornemanni, (Greenland Arctic Redpoll) of Greenland and neighbouring parts of Canada, and C. h. exilipes, which breeds in the tundra of northern North America, where it is known as the Hoary Redpoll, and Eurasia. Many birds remain in the far north; some birds migrate short distances south in winter, sometimes travelling with Common Redpolls. World map showing North America A satellite composite image of North America. ... Eurasia African-Eurasian aspect of Earth Eurasia is the landmass composed of Europe and Asia. ... // Long-distance land bird migration Many species of land migratory birds migrate very long distances, the most common pattern being for birds to breed in the temperate or arctic northern hemisphere and winter in warmer regions, often in the tropics or the temperate zones of the southern hemisphere. ...

The Greenland race is a very large and pale bird, with the male sometimes described as a "snowball", but both forms are pale with small beaks, white rumps and often more yellow than grey-brown tones in their plumage. The females are more streaked on their breasts, sides and rumps, but are still pale.

Common Redpoll, Carduelis flammea, breeds somewhat further south than Arctic Redpoll, also in habitats with thickets or shrubs. Nominate C. f. flammea, breeds across the northern parts of North America and Eurasia. There is also an Icelandic race, C. f. islandica, and a race which breeds in Greenland and Baffin Island, C. f. rostrata. All forms migrate further south in winter into southern Canada, northern USA and most of Eurasia. These birds are remarkably resistant to cold temperatures and winter movements are mainly driven by the availability of food. Common Redpoll is smaller, browner and more streaked than Arctic. World map showing North America A satellite composite image of North America. ... Eurasia African-Eurasian aspect of Earth Eurasia is the landmass composed of Europe and Asia. ... Baffin Island, Nunavut, Canada. ... // Long-distance land bird migration Many species of land migratory birds migrate very long distances, the most common pattern being for birds to breed in the temperate or arctic northern hemisphere and winter in warmer regions, often in the tropics or the temperate zones of the southern hemisphere. ...

Lesser Redpoll, Carduelis cabaret, is the smallest, brownest and most streaked species. It breeds in Ireland, Great Britain and neighbouring parts of Europe up to Norway, and the Alps. Many birds migrate further south in winter, but the milder climate means that this redpoll can be found all year round in much of its range, and may be joined by the other two species in winter. This species has been introduced to New Zealand. World map showing Europe Political map (neighbouring countries in Asia and Africa also shown) Europe is one of the seven traditional continents of the Earth. ... The West face of the Petit Dru above the Chamonix valley near the Mer de Glace. ... // Long-distance land bird migration Many species of land migratory birds migrate very long distances, the most common pattern being for birds to breed in the temperate or arctic northern hemisphere and winter in warmer regions, often in the tropics or the temperate zones of the southern hemisphere. ...

References

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Carduelis flammea

• Arnaiz-Villena, A.; Guillén, J.; Ruiz-del-Valle, V.; Lowy, E.; Zamora, J.; Varela, P.; Stefani, D. & Allende, L. M. (2001): Phylogeography of crossbills, bullfinches, grosbeaks, and rosefinches. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 58: 1159–1166. PDF fulltext