In engineering, the duplication of critical components of a system with the intention of increasing reliability of the system, usually in the case of a backup or fail-safe, is called redundancy. In many safety-critical systems, such as fly-by-wire aircraft, some parts of the control system may be triplicated. [1] An error in one component may then be out-voted by the other two. In a triply redundant system, the system has three sub components, all three of which must fail before the system fails. Since each one rarely fails, and the sub components are expected to fail independently, the probability of all three failing is calculated to be extremely small. Redundancy may also be known by the terms "Majority voting systems" [2] or "voting logic" [3]. Engineering applies scientific and technical knowledge to solve human problems. ... In general, a things components are its parts; the things that compose it. ... A system is an assemblage of inter-related elements comprising a unified whole. ... A life-critical system or safety-critical system is a system whose failure or malfunction may result in death or serious injury. ... A flight control system consists of the flight control surfaces, the respective cockpit controls, connecting linkage, and necessary operating mechanisms to control aircraft in flight The basic fundamentals of aircraft controls has been explained in aeronautics. ... A Japan Airlines Boeing 747-400. ...
Double switching is the practice in railway signalling in particular of cutting the power to a relay in both the positive and negative sides, so that a single false feed of current to that relay is unlikely to cause a wrong side failure. ... This article contains general theory of fault tolerant design. ... Reliability engineering is the discipline of ensuring that a system will be reliable when operated in a specified manner. ... Safety engineering is an applied science strongly related to systems engineering. ... A self-healing ring is a common configuration in telecommunications transmission systems. ... Microelectronics designed for environments with high levels of ionizing radiation have special design challenges. ... Reliability Theory of Aging and Longevity is a scientific approach aimed to gain theoretical insights into mechanisms of biological aging and species survival patterns by applying a general theory of systems failure, known as reliability theory. ...
References
^ Redundancy Management Technique for Space Shuttle Computers (PDF), IBM Research
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