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This article is about refereeing in sports. For other uses, see Referee (disambiguation). "Umpire" redirects here. For the ships of the Royal Navy, see HMS Umpire. A referee is a person who has authority to make decisions about play in many sports. Officials in some sports are known by a variety of other titles, including umpire, judge or linesman. This article is about the navy of the United Kingdom. ...
Origin
The term referee originated in association football (soccer). Originally the team captains would consult with each other in order to resolve any dispute on the pitch. Eventually this role was delegated to an umpire. Each team would bring their own partisan umpire allowing the team captains to concentrate on the game. Later, the referee, a third "neutral" official was added, this referee would be "referred to" if the umpires could not resolve a dispute. The referee did not take his place on the pitch until 1891, when the umpires became linesmen (now assistant referees). Today, in many amateur football matches, each side will still supply their own partisan assistant referees (still commonly called club linesmen) to assist the neutral referee appointed by the governing football association. Soccer redirects here. ...
In team sports, a captain is an honorary title given to the member of the team primarily responsible for strategy and teamwork while the game is in progress on the field. ...
In Association Football (Soccer), two Assistant Referees (previously known as linesmen) assist the Referee in controlling the match in accordance with the Laws of the Game. ...
Examples Australian rules football -
An umpire is an official in the sport of Australian rules football. Games are overseen by one to three Field Umpires, two Boundary Umpires, and two Goal Umpires. A goal umpire signalling a goal with two white flags, and a field umpire. ...
Baseball and softball -
In baseball and softball, the umpire is the person(s) charged with officiating the game. Multiple umpires—usually two, three or four, but sometimes six for championship games—are typically assigned to a game. Home plate umpire Gary Darling signals that the last pitch was a strike In baseball, the umpire is the person charged with officiating the game, including beginning and ending the game, enforcing the rules of the game and the grounds, making judgment calls on plays, and meting out discipline. ...
Basketball -
Main article: Official (basketball) In international basketball and in college basketball, the referee is the lead official in a game, and is assisted by either one or two umpires. In the National Basketball Association, the lead official is referred to by the term crew chief and the two other officials are referees. All of the officials in a basketball game are generally accepted to have the same authority as the lead official and therefore they are collectively known as the officials or sometimes, misleadingly, the referees. In Basketball, an official is a person who the has responsibility to enforce the rules and maintain the order of the game. ...
The International Basketball Federation (French Fédération Internationale de Basketball) is an association of national organizations which governs international competitition in the sport. ...
Game between Illinois State Redbirds & Ball State Cardinals, February 17, 2007 in an ESPN Bracketbuster contest. ...
NBA redirects here. ...
Boxing -
The Hamdriverin the sport of boxing is the individual charged with enforcing the rules of the ring during a boxing match. ...
Cricket -
In cricket, the match referee is an off-field official who makes judgements concerning the reputable conduct of the game and hands out penalties for breaches of the ICC Cricket Code of Conduct. On-field decisions relevant to the play and outcome of the game itself are handled by two on-field umpires, although an off-field third umpire may help with certain decisions. A match referee is an official appointed to oversee professional cricket matches. ...
An umpire in cricket (from the Old French Nompere meaning not equal, i. ...
This article is about the sport. ...
The ICC Cricket Code of Conduct is a regulation regarding the conduct of professional players in the sport of cricket. ...
An umpire in cricket (from the Old French Nompere meaning not equal, i. ...
Brett Lee looks on as the third umpire ponders his decision. ...
Fencing -
A fencing match is presided over by a referee. Fencing advertisement for the 1900 Summer Olympic Games This article is about the sport, which is distinguished from stage fencing and academic fencing (mensur). ...
Field hockey -
An umpire in field hockey is a person with the authority to make decisions on a hockey field in accordance with the laws of the game. Each match is controlled by two such umpires. An umpire in field hockey is a person with the authority to make decisions on a hockey field in accordance with the laws of the game. ...
Football (American and Canadian) -
An American football (or Canadian football) referee is responsible for the general supervision of the game and has the final authority on all rulings. He is assisted by up to six other officials on the field. These officials are commonly referred to as "referees" but each has a title based on position and responsibilities during the game: Referee, Head Linesman, Line Judge, Umpire, Back Judge, Side Judge, and Field Judge. NFL officials (striped shirts) and guests prepare to toss the coin to start the 40th annual Pro Bowl. ...
United States simply as football, is a competitive team sport that is both fast-paced and strategic. ...
Diagram of a Canadian football field. ...
Football (association) -
An association football match is presided over by a referee, whom the Laws of the Game give "full authority to enforce the Laws of the Game in connection with the match to which he has been appointed" (Law 5). The referee is assisted by two assistant referees, and sometimes by a fourth official. A referee presides over a game of association football (soccer). ...
In Association Football (Soccer), two Assistant Referees (previously known as linesmen) assist the Referee in controlling the match in accordance with the Laws of the Game. ...
In a game of association football (soccer), the fourth official is a match official who assists the referee in a variety of tasks, and who may be called upon to replace another match official. ...
The striker (wearing red jersey) has run past the defender (in white jersey) and is about to take a shot at the goal, while the goalkeeper positions himself to stop the ball. ...
A referee presides over a game of association football (soccer). ...
In Association Football (Soccer), two Assistant Referees (previously known as linesmen) assist the Referee in controlling the match in accordance with the Laws of the Game. ...
In a game of association football (soccer), the fourth official is a match official who assists the referee in a variety of tasks, and who may be called upon to replace another match official. ...
Ice hockey -
Games of ice hockey are presided over by on-ice referees, who are generally assisted by on-ice linesmen. The combination of referees and linesman varies from league to league. American Hockey League referee Dean Morton In ice hockey, an official is a person who has some responsibility in enforcing the rules or maintaining the order of the game. ...
Ice hockey, known simply as hockey in areas where it is more common than field hockey, is a team sport played on ice. ...
Lacrosse A lacrosse match is presided over by an onfield head referee, two onfield referees, a chief bench official (CBO), and a bench manager. Many leagues use a two or three referee system and omit the bench officials.
Mixed martial arts Rules in mixed martial arts bouts are enforced by a referee who can give warnings and disqualifications should the rules be broken. The referee is also in charge of stopping fights when a fighter "cannot intelligently defend himself" in order to prevent him from incurring further damage, as well as making sure that submissions are released following a tapout and to pull fighters off an unconscious opponent. The referee is advised by a doctor and assistant referee who sit ringside. For the fighting styles that combine different arts, see hybrid martial arts. ...
Submissions are often done in grappling by tapping the opponent with the hand. ...
Roller derby The game of roller derby is governed by a team of up to seven referees, several of whom are also on skates. Under the Women's Flat Track Derby Association (WFTDA) rules, there may also be off-skate derby referees. The team is comprised of a head referee, who oversees the running of the entire game and has final say in any disputes; two jammer referees who follow the two point-scoring players known as jammers, alternating the team they are scoring each period; and up to four pack referees who follow the main pack of skaters and issue and enforce penalties for fouls or infringements of the rules. Only the team captains may engage in discussions with the referees over calls made. Referees are also responsible for ensuring the skaters are correctly wearing all regulation safety equipment. For the skate brand of the same name, see Roller Derby (brand). ...
Rowing In a regatta an umpire is the on-the-water official appointed to enforce the rules of racing and to ensure safety. The umpire starts the race from a launch and follows it to its end, enuring that crews follow their proper course. If no infringements occur, the result is decided by a judge or judges on the waterside who determine the finish order of the crews. A regatta is a boat race or series of boat races. ...
Rugby Both codes of rugby football are controlled by an onfield referee assisted by two touch judges, and often a video referee during televised games. With non-televised games in rugby league, the referee has 2 touch judges and 2 in-goal judges to assist. The referee and the touch judges cannot be contradicted by any player, but captains may discuss calls with them. In some rugby league competitions, most notably Australia's National Rugby League, public criticism of officials by players or coaching staff can result in fines being levied against the offending club. For other uses, see Rugby (disambiguation). ...
The touch judge is an official who monitors the touch-line in a game of Rugby football and raise a flag if the ball goes into touch. ...
A video referee, also known as the instant replay official, television match official or third umpire, is a sports official called upon to help adjudicate a sports match using television footage. ...
Rugby league football is a full-contact team sport played with a prolate spheroid-shaped ball by two teams of thirteen on a rectangular grass field. ...
Rugby league football is a full-contact team sport played with a prolate spheroid-shaped ball by two teams of thirteen on a rectangular grass field. ...
The National Rugby League (NRL) is the top league of professional rugby league football clubs in Australasia. ...
Touch football Touch football/touch rugby (commonly known as "touch") has a unique refereeing concept. As in most team sports, there is an on-field referee and referees on each of the two sideline. However, in touch football, the referees may interchange, similar to players, at appropriate times. Appropriate times may include when the play has moved close enough to the sideline for the referees to swap without the interrupting the play. This may occur during a set of six or during a change of possession. Other times that referees may interchange include after the awarding of touchdowns and penalties. Touch (with a capital T)is a field game also known as Touch Football (particularly in Australia) and Touch Rugby in other countries. ...
Touch is also one of the few remaining sports where referees wear metal badges on their chests to represent their official level within their governing organisation. In Australia, the highest referee level is 6, the lowest being 1. In New Zealand, the highest level is 4, the lowest being 1. Prior to level 1, there is an elementary level beginners. In Europe, the highest level is 5, the lowest being 1.
Sailing In a match race and team race, an umpire is the on-the-water official appointed to directly enforce the racing rules of sailing (as opposed to fleet racing, where an off-the-water protest committee hears complaints from competitors). A match race is a regatta for two sailing boats, racing each other around a course. ...
Sumo -
Main articles: Gyōji and Shimpan A sumo match is overseen by a referee (gyōji) in the ring and five umpires (shimpan) seated around the ring. All dress in traditional Japanese clothing, with higher-ranked referees wearing elaborate silk outfits. The referee oversees the pre-match rituals and the bout itself, including ruling on the winner of the bout and the winning technique used. If one of the umpires disagrees, then all the umpires confer to determine the winner of the bout. Sumo match (Ozeki Kaio vs. ...
Shimpan (審判) are the umpires of a professional sumo bout. ...
For other uses, see Sumo (disambiguation). ...
Tradition holds that if one of the two top ranked gyōji has his decision overturned, he is expected to tender his resignation, although the Chairman of the Japan Sumo Association usually rejects the resignation. The Japan Sumo Association (日本相撲å”会 or Nihon Sumo Kyokai) is the body who operate and control professional sumo wrestling in Japan. ...
Tennis -
Main article: Official (Tennis) In tennis an umpire is an on-court official, while a referee is an off-court official.
Volleyball A volleyball match is presided over by a first referee, who observes action from a stand, providing a clear view of action above the net and looking down into the court. The second referee, who assists the first referee, is at floor level on the opposite side of the net—and in front of the scorers' table. (In United States high school competition, the officials are called the referee and umpire, respectively.) For the ball used in this sport, see Volleyball (ball). ...
Amateur wrestling The international styles of amateur wrestling use a three-official system in which a referee conducts the action in the center of the mat while a judge and a mat chairman remain seated and evaluate the action from their stationary vantage points. FILA Greatest Wrestler of 20th Century (Greco-Roman) Alexander Karelin throws Olympian Jeff Blatnick with his Karelin Lift. Amateur wrestling is the most widespread form of sport wrestling. ...
Collegiate wrestling uses a single referee in the center of the mat, or a head referee and an assistant. This article is about collegiate wrestling. ...
Professional wrestling -
Professional wrestling referees render decisions like tap outs and pinfalls. They also communicate with wrestlers about the progress of the matches. A professional wrestling referee is the official figure that makes sure that wrestling matches move smoothly in an attempt to maintain kayfabe. ...
Attire Referees typically wear clothing to distinguish themselves from the players. Such uniforms may be distinctive, and some traditional uniforms have come to be symbolically associated with the position (even if newer, alternative uniforms are increasingly used). Notable examples include the traditional black uniform worn by association football referees, or the vertical black and white stripes worn by referees in many North American sports.
See also Look up timekeeper in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
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