A reference work is a compendium of information, usually of a specific type, compiled for ease of reference. That is, the information is intended to be quickly found when needed.
The writing style used in these works is informative; the authors avoid use of the first person, and emphasize facts. Indexes are commonly provided in many types of reference work. Most are updated as needed, typically with a new edition each year.
In libraries, these works are typically not allowed to be checked out.
In semantics, reference is generally construed as the relation between nouns or pronouns and objects that are named by them.
In computer science, references are datatypes which refer to an object elsewhere in memory, and are used to construct a wide variety of data structures such as linked lists.
A reference may also be a text (not necessarily a reference text) that has been used in the creation of a piece of work such as an essay, report, or oration.
When there is no friction and a force acts on a body, the work done by the force is equal to the increase of the kinetic and potential energy of the body, since all the energy expended by the agency exerting the force must be gained by the body.
The efficiency of a machine, which is defined as the ratio of the work output to the work input, is always less than one, since some of the input is invariably wasted in overcoming friction.
Some of the units used to measure work are the foot-pound, the erg, and the joule.
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