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A refinery is composed of a group of chemical engineering unit processes and unit operations used for refining certain materials or converting raw material into products of value. Chemical engineering is the branch of engineering that deals with the application of physical science (e. ...
Unit processing is the basic processing in chemical engineering. ...
Ore Extraction unit operations at Quincy Mine, Hancock, MI ca. ...
Refining is the process of purification of a substance, usually used of a natural resource that is almost in a usable form, but which is more useful in its pure form. ...
material is the substance or matter from which something is or can be made, or also items needed for doing or creating something. ...
Types of refineries The various types of refineries include: - Oil refinery: Converts petroleum crude oil into high-octane motor fuel (gasoline/petrol), diesel oil, liquefied petroleum gases (LPG), jet aircraft fuel, kerosene, heating fuel oils, lubricating oils, asphalt and petroleum coke.
- Sugar refinery: Converts sugar cane and sugar beets into crystallized sugar and sugar syrups.
- Natural gas processing plant: Purifies and converts raw natural gas into residential, commercial and industrial fuel gas, and also recovers natural gas liquids (NGL)such as ethane, propane, butanes and pentanes.
- Salt refinery: Cleans salt (NaCl), produced by the solar evaporation of sea water, followed by washing and re-crystallization.
- Various metal refineries such as alumina, copper, gold, lead, nickel, silver, uranium, and zinc.
View of Shell Oil Refinery in Martinez, California. ...
Pumpjack pumping an oil well near Sarnia, Ontario Petroleum (from Greek petra – rock and elaion – oil or Latin oleum – oil ) or crude oil is a thick, dark brown or greenish liquid. ...
A gas station pump offering five different octane ratings. ...
Petrol redirects here. ...
Diesel fuel is a specific distillate fraction of fuel oil that is used in a diesel engine invented by German engineer Rudolf Diesel, and perfected by Charles F. Kettering. ...
45 kg LPG cylinders Liquefied petroleum gas (also called LPG, LP Gas, or autogas) is a mixture of hydrocarbon gases used as a fuel in heating appliances and vehicles, and increasingly replacing chlorofluorocarbons as an aerosol propellant and a refrigerant to reduce damage to the ozone layer. ...
Kerosene or kerosine, also called paraffin oil or paraffin in British usage (not to be confused with the waxy solid also called paraffin wax or just paraffin) is a flammable hydrocarbon liquid. ...
An oil tanker taking on bunker fuel. ...
Mineral oil or liquid petrolatum is a by-product in the distillation of petroleum to produce gasoline. ...
Asphalt is a sticky, black and highly viscous liquid or semi-solid that is present in most crude petroleums and in some natural deposits. ...
Petroleum coke (often abbreviated pet coke) is a carbonaceous solid derived from oil refinery cracking processes. ...
Species Saccharum arundinaceum Saccharum bengalense Saccharum edule Saccharum officinarum Saccharum procerum Saccharum ravennae Saccharum robustum Saccharum sinense Saccharum spontaneum Sugarcane or Sugar cane (Saccharum) is a genus of 6 to 37 species (depending on taxonomic interpretation) of tall perennial grasses (family Poaceae, tribe Andropogoneae), native to warm temperate to tropical...
This article is about sugar as food and as an important and widely traded commodity. ...
A natural gas processing plant Natural gas processing plants are used to purify the raw natural gas extracted from underground gas fields and brought up to the surface by gas wells. ...
Natural gas liquids are the liquids that, combined with methane, form natural gas. ...
This article is about a chemical compound. ...
Propane is a three-carbon alkane, normally a gas, but compressible to a liquid that is transportable. ...
Butane, also called n-butane, is the unbranched alkane with four carbon atoms, CH3CH2CH2CH3. ...
Pentane (also known as amyl hydride or skellysolve) is an alkane hydrocarbon with the chemical formula CH3(CH2)3CH3. ...
The city of Newark highlighted within Alameda County Newark is a city in Alameda County, California, United States. ...
Sodium chloride, also known as common salt, table salt, or halite, is a chemical compound with formula NaCl. ...
R-phrases 36 S-phrases none Flash point Non-flammable Related Compounds Other anions NaF, NaBr, NaI Other cations LiCl, KCl, RbCl, CsCl, MgCl2, CaCl2 Related salts Sodium acetate Supplementary data page Structure and properties n, εr, etc. ...
Frost crystallization on a shrub. ...
Aluminium oxide (or aluminum oxide) (Al2O3) is a chemical compound of aluminium and oxygen. ...
Copper has played a significant part in the history of mankind, which has used the easily accessible uncompounded metal for nearly 10,000 years. ...
GOLD refers to one of the following: GOLD (IEEE) is an IEEE program designed to garner more student members at the university level (Graduates of the Last Decade). ...
This article is about the metal. ...
For other uses, see Nickel (disambiguation). ...
This article is about the chemical element. ...
General Name, symbol, number uranium, U, 92 Chemical series actinides Group, period, block n/a, 7, f Appearance silvery gray metallic; corrodes to a spalling black oxide coat in air Standard atomic weight 238. ...
General Name, symbol, number zinc, Zn, 30 Chemical series transition metals Group, period, block 12, 4, d Appearance bluish pale gray Standard atomic weight 65. ...
Image File history File links Refinery. ...
Image File history File links Refinery. ...
A typical oil refinery -
The image below is a schematic flow diagram of a typical oil refinery that depicts the various unit processes and the flow of intermediate product streams that occurs between the inlet crude oil feedstock and the final end products. The diagram depicts only one of the literally hundreds of different oil refinery configurations. It does not include any of the usual refinery facilities providing utilities such as steam, cooling water, and electric power as well as storage tanks for crude oil feedstock and for intermediate products and end products.[1][2][3][4] View of Shell Oil Refinery in Martinez, California. ...
We dont have an article called Process flow diagram Start this article Search for Process flow diagram in. ...
Look up unit in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
 Schematic flow diagram of a typical oil refinery Image File history File links Size of this preview: 496 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (584 × 706 pixel, file size: 31 KB, MIME type: image/png) I drew this flow diagram of a typical refinery using Microsofts Paint program. ...
A typical natural gas processing plant
 A natural gas processing plant -
The image below is a schematic block flow diagram of a typical natural gas processing plant. It shows the various unit processes used to convert raw natural gas into sales gas pipelined to the end user markets. Image File history File links NaturalGasProcessingPlant. ...
Image File history File links NaturalGasProcessingPlant. ...
A natural gas processing plant Natural gas processing plants are used to purify the raw natural gas extracted from underground gas fields and brought up to the surface by gas wells. ...
We dont have an article called Process flow diagram Start this article Search for Process flow diagram in. ...
The block flow diagram also shows how processing of the raw natural gas yields byproduct sulfur, byproduct ethane, and natural gas liquids (NGL) propane, butanes and natural gasoline (denoted as pentanes +).[5][6][7][8][9]
 Schematic flow diagram of a typical natural gas processing plant Image File history File links NatGasProcessing. ...
Typical refining of sugar
 Harvested sugar cane ready for processing. -
Most of the sugar produced worldwide is derived either from sugarcane or sugar beets. However, the sugar produced from sugarcane is at least twice the amount produced by sugar beets. For that reason, this section on the refining of sugar deals with sugar produced from sugarcane. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2304x1712, 1298 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Sugar Sugarcane Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to...
Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2304x1712, 1298 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Sugar Sugarcane Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to...
Species Saccharum arundinaceum Saccharum bengalense Saccharum edule Saccharum officinarum Saccharum procerum Saccharum ravennae Saccharum robustum Saccharum sinense Saccharum spontaneum Sugarcane or Sugar cane (Saccharum) is a genus of 6 to 37 species (depending on taxonomic interpretation) of tall perennial grasses (family Poaceae, tribe Andropogoneae), native to warm temperate to tropical...
Species Saccharum arundinaceum Saccharum bengalense Saccharum edule Saccharum officinarum Saccharum procerum Saccharum ravennae Saccharum robustum Saccharum sinense Saccharum spontaneum Sugarcane or Sugar cane (Saccharum) is a genus of 6 to 37 species (depending on taxonomic interpretation) of tall perennial grasses (family Poaceae, tribe Andropogoneae), native to warm temperate to tropical...
Two sugar beets - the one on the left has been cultivated to be smoother than the traditional beet, so that it traps less soil. ...
Milling The refining of sugarcane into sugar has traditionally been done in two stages. The first stage is the production of a raw sugar by the milling of freshly harvested sugarcane, usually done locally in the sugarcane-producing regions. In a sugar mill, sugarcane is washed, chopped, and shredded by revolving knives. The shredded cane is mixed with water and crushed. The juices (containing 10-15 percent sucrose) are collected and mixed with lime to adjust its pH to 7 which arrests sucrose's decay into glucose and fructose, and precipitates out some impurities. The lime and other suspended solids are settled out, and the clarified juice is concentrated in a multiple-effect evaporator to make a syrup with about 60 weight percent sucrose. The syrup is further concentrated under vacuum until it becomes supersaturated, and then seeded with crystalline sugar. Upon cooling, sugar crystallizes out of the syrup. Centrifuginging then separates the sugar from the remaining liquid (molasses). Raw sugar has a yellow to brown color. To produce a white sugar, sulfur dioxide is bubbled through the cane juice before evaporation so as to bleach color-forming impurities into colourless ones. Sugar bleached white by this means is called mill white, plantation white, and crystal sugar. It is the form of sugar most often consumed in the sugarcane-producing countries. Flash point N/A Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) Infobox disclaimer and references Sucrose (common name: table sugar, also called saccharose) is a disaccharide (glucose + fructose) with the molecular formula C12H22O11. ...
This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...
For other uses, see PH (disambiguation). ...
Glucose (Glc), a monosaccharide (or simple sugar), is an important carbohydrate in biology. ...
Fructose (or levulose) is a simple sugar (monosaccharide) found in many foods and is one of the three most important blood sugars along with glucose and galactose. ...
In chemical engineering, a multiple-effect evaporator is an apparatus for efficiently using the heat of steam to evaporate water. ...
Look up Vacuum in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
In physics, the term supersaturation or oversaturation refers to a solution that contains more of the dissolved material than could be dissolved by the solvent under existing circumstances. ...
Crystal (disambiguation) Insulin crystals A crystal is a solid in which the constituent atoms, molecules, or ions are packed in a regularly ordered, repeating pattern extending in all three spatial dimensions. ...
This article is about the scientific device. ...
Sulfur dioxide (or Sulphur dioxide) has the chemical formula SO2. ...
The fibrous solids, called bagasse, remaining after the crushing of the shredded sugarcane, are burned for fuel which makes a sugar mill more than self-sufficient in energy. Any surplus bagasse can be used for animal feed, in paper manufacture, or burned to generate electricity for the local power grid.
Refining The second stage is the processing is done in sugar refineries, often located in heavy sugar-consuming regions such as North America, Europe, and Japan, to produce refined white sugar that is more than 99 percent pure sucrose. In such refineries, raw sugar is further purified. It is first mixed with heavy syrup and centrifuged to wash away the outer coating of the raw sugar crystals, which is less pure than the crystal interior. The remaining sugar is then dissolved to make a syrup (about 70 percent by weight solids) which is clarified by the addition of phosphoric acid and calcium hydroxide that combine to precipitate calcium phosphate. The calcium phosphate particles entrap some impurities and absorb others, and then float to the top of the tank, where they are skimmed off. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2592x1386, 1122 KB) View across the Mississippi River from Algiers, Louisiana to Arabi with Domino Sugar Factory shown. ...
Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2592x1386, 1122 KB) View across the Mississippi River from Algiers, Louisiana to Arabi with Domino Sugar Factory shown. ...
North America North America is a continent[1] in the Earths northern hemisphere and (chiefly) western hemisphere. ...
For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ...
Flash point N/A Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) Infobox disclaimer and references Sucrose (common name: table sugar, also called saccharose) is a disaccharide (glucose + fructose) with the molecular formula C12H22O11. ...
This article is about orthophosphoric acid. ...
It has been suggested that Portlandite be merged into this article or section. ...
Calcium phosphate is the name given to a family of minerals containing calcium ions (Ca2+) together with orthophosphates (PO43-), metaphosphates or pyrophosphates (P2O74-) and occasionally hydrogen or hydroxide ions. ...
After any remaining solids are filtered out, the clarified syrup is decolorized by filtration through a bed of activated carbon. The purified syrup is then concentrated to supersaturation and repeatedly crystallized under vacuum to produce white refined sugar. As in a sugar mill, the sugar crystals are separated from the molasses by centrifuging. To produce granulated sugar, in which the individual sugar grains do not clump together, sugar must be dried. Drying is accomplished first by drying the sugar in a hot rotary dryer, and then by blowing cool air through it for several days. Activated carbon Activated carbon, also called activated charcoal or activated coal, is a general term which covers carbon material mostly derived from charcoal. ...
Magnified view of refined sugar crystals. ...
Magnified view of refined sugar crystals. ...
The equipment used in refineries Refineries utilize a great many different types of physical equipment such as: Centrifugation is a process that involves the use of the centrifugal force for the separation of mixtures. ...
A gas compressor is a mechanical device that increases the pressure of a gas by reducing its volume. ...
Image 1: Natural draft wet cooling towers at Didcot Power Station, UK Cooling towers are evaporative coolers used for cooling water or other working medium to near the ambient wet-bulb air temperature. ...
To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
Laboratory distillation set-up: 1: Heat source 2: Still pot 3: Still head 4: Thermometer/Boiling point temperature 5: Condenser 6: Cooling water in 7: Cooling water out 8: Distillate/receiving flask 9: Vacuum/gas inlet 10: Still receiver 11: Heat control 12: Stirrer speed control 13: Stirrer/heat plate...
Steel Pressure Vessel A pressure vessel is a closed, rigid container designed to hold gases or liquids at a pressure different from the ambient pressure. ...
Generator redirects here. ...
For other uses, see Transformer (disambiguation). ...
Electric motors of various sizes. ...
This article is about the chemical process. ...
“Vaporization†redirects here. ...
In chemistry and common usage, a filter is a device (usually a membrane or layer) that is designed to block certain objects or substances while letting others through. ...
A furnace is a device for heating air or any other fluid. ...
A gas flare at an oil refinery. ...
Audio mixing is used in sound recording, audio editing and sound systems to balance the relative volume and frequency content of a number of sound sources. ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Control theory. ...
Piping is used to convey fluids (usually liquids and gases but sometimes loose solids) from one location to another. ...
A valve is a mechanical device that regulates the flow of fluids (either gases, fluidised solids, slurries or liquids) by opening, closing, or partially obstructing various passageways. ...
A pump is a mechanical device used to move liquids or gases. ...
A steam generator is a device used to boil water to create steam. ...
A rotor of a modern steam turbine, used in a power plant A steam turbine is a mechanical device that extracts thermal energy from pressurized steam, and converts it into useful mechanical work. ...
This machine has a single-stage centrifugal compressor and turbine, a recuperator, and foil bearings. ...
// A tank is a container, usually for liquids, sometimes for gases. ...
Industrial Water Treatment can be classified into the following categories: Boiler water treatment Cooling water treatment Wastewater treatment Water treatment is used to optimise most water-based industrial processes, such as: heating, cooling, processing, cleaning, and rinsing, so that operating costs and risks are reduced. ...
See also Alumina redirects here. ...
Bagasse (sometimes spelled bagass) is the biomass remaining after sugarcane stalks are crushed to extract their juice. ...
The Bayer process is the principal industrial means of producing alumina, itself important in the Hall-Héroult process for producing aluminum. ...
The Hall-Héroult process is the major industrial process for the production of aluminium. ...
Falconbridge Limited TSX: FAL NYSE: FAL is a Toronto, Ontario-based natural resources company with operations in 18 countries, involved in the exploration, mining, processing, and marketing of metal and mineral products, including nickel, copper, cobalt, and platinum. ...
Liquefied natural gas or LNG is natural gas that has been processed to remove either valuable components e. ...
LPG might be an initialism or abbreviation for: Liquified petroleum gas Laboratoire de Planetologie, Grenoble, France Literary Press Group of Canada Landwirtschaftliche Produktionsgenossenschaft (German, obsolete/historical) Long period grating This page concerning a three-letter acronym or abbreviation is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that...
This article is about the fossil fuel. ...
View of Shell Oil Refinery in Martinez, California. ...
Pumpjack pumping an oil well near Lubbock, Texas Ignacy Åukasiewicz - inventor of the refining of kerosene from crude oil. ...
Species Saccharum arundinaceum Saccharum bengalense Saccharum edule Saccharum officinarum Saccharum procerum Saccharum ravennae Saccharum robustum Saccharum sinense Saccharum spontaneum Sugarcane or Sugar cane (Saccharum) is a genus of 6 to 37 species (depending on taxonomic interpretation) of tall perennial grasses (family Poaceae, tribe Andropogoneae), native to warm temperate to tropical...
Two sugar beets - the one on the left has been cultivated to be smoother than the traditional beet, so that it traps less soil. ...
External links
References - ^ Gary, J.H. and Handwerk, G.E. (1984). Petroleum Refining Technology and Economics, 2nd Edition, Marcel Dekker, Inc. ISBN 0-8247-7150-8.
- ^ Guide to Refining from Chevron Oil's website
- ^ Refinery flowchart from Universal Oil Products' website
- ^ An example flowchart of fractions from crude oil at a refinery
- ^ Natural Gas Processing: The Crucial Link Between Natural Gas Production and Its Transportation to Market
- ^ Example Gas Plant
- ^ From Purification to Liquefaction Gas Processing
- ^ Feed-Gas Treatment Design for the Pearl GTL Project
- ^ Benefits of integrating NGL extraction and LNG liquefaction
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