Reginald Grenier (died 1202; also Reynald or Renaud) was Lord of Sidon and an important noble in the late-12th century crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem. Events August 1 - Arthur of Brittany captured in Mirebeau, north of Poitiers Beginning of the Fourth Crusade. ... The Lordship of Sidon was one of the four major seigneuries of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, according to the 13th-century writer John of Ibelin. ... (11th century - 12th century - 13th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 12th century was that century which lasted from 1101 to 1200. ... This article is about the medieval crusades. ... Official language Latin, French, Italian, and other western languages; Greek and Arabic also widely spoken Capital Jerusalem, later Acre Constitution Various laws, so-called Assizes of Jerusalem The Kingdom of Jerusalem was a Christian kingdom established in the Levant in 1099 by the First Crusade. ...

Rise to notoriety

Reginald was the son of Gerard of Sidon and Agnes of Buris, and a great-grandson of Eustace Grenier. He first rose to prominence in the Kingdom in 1170, when he married Agnes of Courtenay, who had been married three times before: firstly to Reginald of Marash, who left her a widow; secondly to Amalric, Count of Jaffa and Ascalon and future King of Jerusalem, with whom she had two children, Baldwin and Sibylla, and thirdly to Hugh of Ibelin. Her marriage to Amalric was annulled in 1163 when it was discovered that the two were related within the prohibited degrees of consanguinity. It is possible that Agnes and Reginald of Sidon were also related within the prohibited degrees and that their marriage was annulled as well, but this may be based on a misinterpretation of William of Tyre; William says Gerard discovered the relationship between “the two aforementioned people”, but these could be either Agnes and Amalric or Agnes and Reginald. Since Gerard was related to both Agnes and Amalric, Reginald was therefore related to Agnes as well, but whether or not their marriage was annulled is unknown. Eustace Grenier (also Garnier, Granarius or Grenarius) (died June 15, 1123) was an important crusader lord, and constable of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. ... Events December 29: Assassination of Thomas Beckett, Archbishop of Canterbury, in Canterbury cathedral Eleanor of Aquitaine leaves the court of Henry II because of a string of infidelities. ... Agnes of Courtenay (c. ... Amalric I (also Amaury or Aimery) (1136 – July 11, 1174) was King of Jerusalem 1162–1174, and Count of Jaffa and Ascalon before his accession. ... The double County of Jaffa and Ascalon was one of the four major seigneuries of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, according to 13th-century commentator John of Ibelin. ... This is a list of Kings of Jerusalem, from 1099 to 1291, as well as claimants to the title up to the present day. ... Baldwin IV (1161 – 1185), called the Leper or the Leprous, the son of Amalric I of Jerusalem and his first wife Agnes of Courtenay, was king of Jerusalem from 1174 to 1185. ... Sibylla of Jerusalem (c. ... Hugh of Ibelin (died c. ... Events Owain Gwynedd is recognized as ruler of Wales. ... William of Tyre (c. ...

If Reginald was still married to Agnes in 1174 when Amalric died and was succeeded by his leprous and underaged son Baldwin IV, Reginald would then have been the step-father of the king. A regent needed to be appointed, and Reginald was among the supporters of Raymond III of Tripoli over Miles of Plancy for this post. Events Vietnam is given the official name of Annam by China. ... This article is about the infectious disease also known as Hansens disease. ... Raymond III of Tripoli (c. ... Miles of Plancy (died 1174), also known as Milon or Milo, was a noble in the crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem. ...

Reginald was present at the Battle of Montgisard in 1177, but not at the Battle of Jacob's Ford in 1179, having arrived too late with his forces; according to William of Tyre he could have saved many of the refugees from the battle if he had continued on his way, but when he returned to Sidon, these refugees were killed in ambushes. He participated in the defense of the kingdom when Saladin invaded in 1183; this time William lists him among those "distinguished for prowess in battle." The Battle of Montgisard was fought between Saladin and the Kingdom of Jerusalem on November 25, 1177. ... Events November 25 - Baldwin IV of Jerusalem and Raynald of Chatillon defeat Saladin at the Battle of Montgisard. ... The Battle of Jacobs Ford was fought in 1179 between the Kingdom of Jerusalem and the forces of Saladin. ... Events Third Council of the Lateran condemned Waldensians and Cathars as heretics, institutes a reformation of clerical life, and creates the first ghettos for Jews Afonso I is recognized as the true King of Portugal by Portugal the protection of the Catholic Church against the Castillian monarchy Philip II is... William of Tyre (c. ... Sidon, Zidon or Saida, (Arabic صيدا Ṣaydā is the third-largest city in Lebanon. ... This article is about the Muslim general; for the British armoured vehicle named after him, see Alvis Saladin. ... Events Three-year old Emperor Go-Toba ascends to the throne of Japan after the forced abdication of his brother Antoku during the Genpei War William of Tyre excommunicated by the newly appointed Heraclius of Jerusalem, firmly ending their struggle for power Andronicus I Comnenus becomes the Byzantine emperor Births...

Internal disputes in the Kingdom

By this time Baldwin IV was ruling on his own, without the need for Raymond III as regent, although Agnes still had considerable influence over her son. This caused the kingdom to develop two factions, one a "court party" led by Agnes and other members of the royal family and generally supported by newcomers to the kingdom, and the other a "nobles' party" of the long-established nobility of the kingdom, including Raymond III and the Ibelin family. Agnes had married her daughter Sibylla to one of the newcomers, Guy of Lusignan, and he was appointed regent in 1183 during Saladin's invasion, although the nobles' party was extremely hostile towards him. Raymond and the other nobles, therefore, had Baldwin V, the young son of Sibylla and her first husband William of Montferrat, crowned as co-king in 1183, in an attempt to prevent Sibylla and Guy from succeeding as king and queen. Reginald supported this and was present at the coronation. Ibelin was a castle in the crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem in the 12th century (at modern Yavne, 31. ... Guy of Lusignan (c. ... Baldwin V (1177 – 1186) was the son of Sibylla of Jerusalem and her first husband, William of Montferrat. ... William of Montferrat (early 1140s-1177), also called William Longsword (but not related to the other men of the same name), was the eldest son of William V, Marquess of Montferrat and Judith of Babenberg. ...

Agnes died around 1184, and Baldwin IV soon after in 1185. Baldwin V, with Raymond III as regent, lasted as king for less than a year before he too died in 1186. Reginald was already shifting his support to the nobles' party before Agnes' death, and now supported them more fully, although the nobles could not prevent Sibylla and Guy from succeeding to the throne after Baldwin V's death. Events Abbeville receives its commercial charter. ... Events April 25 - Genpei War - Naval battle of Dan-no-ura leads to Minamoto victory in Japan Templars settle in London and begin the building of New Temple Church End of the Heian Period and beginning of the Kamakura period in Japan. ... Events John the Chanter becomes Bishop of Exeter. ...

Battle of Hattin and the Third Crusade

The dispute between Guy and Raymond threatened the security of the Kingdom, as Guy planned to besiege Raymond's fief of Tiberias, which itself had allied with Saladin. Balian of Ibelin, another of Raymond's supporters, instead suggested that Guy send an embassy to Raymond in Tripoli, hoping the two could be reconciled before Guy made a foolish attack on Saladin's larger army. Reginald accompanied Balian, Gerard of Ridefort (Grand Master of the Knights Templar), Roger des Moulins (Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller), and Joscius (Archbishop of Tyre) to Tripoli. On May 1, the Templars and Hospitallers were defeated by Saladin's son al-Afdal at the Battle of Cresson; Balian had stopped at his fief of Nablus and Reginald had stopped at his castle at Beaufort, and the two were not present for the fighting. Raymond heard news of the defeat, met the embassy at Tiberias, and accompanied them back to Jerusalem. Balian of Ibelin (c. ... Tripoli (Arabic طرابلس Trablus, academically transliterated Ṭarābulus) is the second-largest city in Lebanon. ... Gerard of Ridefort (died October 1, 1189) was Grand Master of the Knights Templar from 1184 until his death. ... The Seal of the Knights — the two riders have been interpreted as a sign of poverty or the duality of monk/soldier. ... Roger de Moulins was Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller from 1177 to his death in 1187. ... The Knights Hospitaller (also known by such names as Knights of Rhodes, Knights of Malta, Cavaliers of Malta, & Order of St John of Jerusalem) is a tradition which began as a Benedictine nursing Order founded in Jerusalem, following the First Crusade, ca. ... The Archbishop of Tyre was one of the major suffragans of the Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem during the crusades. ... May 1 is the 121st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (122nd in leap years). ... The Battle of Cresson was a small battle fought on May 1, 1187, at the springs of Cresson, or Ain Gozeh, near Nazareth. ... Nāblus (sometimes Nābulus; Arabic: نابلس â–¶(?); pronounced Naablus) ( Hebrew: שכם â–¶(?); pronounced Shkhem ); 32°13′ N 35°16′ E) is a major Palestinian city in the West Bank and, with a population of over 100,000, is one of the largest Palestinian population centers in the Middle East. ...

The subsequent invasion of the Kingdom by Saladin was met by Guy, Raymond, and the crusader army at the Battle of Hattin. The battle was a crushing defeat for the crusaders; Reginald was in the rearguard with Balian and Joscelin III of Edessa, his former brother-in-law, and escaped with them; according to later western chronicles of the Third Crusade, they were cowards and trampled their own men in the rush, but more likely they were simply trying to break the Muslim encirclement of the crusader army. This did not work, and Reginald and Balian fled to Tyre, where Reginald took command of the city. He was in the process of negotiating its surrender to Saladin when Conrad of Montferrat arrived. Saladin had given Reginald banners to be hung from the city's towers, but Reginald was afraid of retaliation from the citizens if Saladin himself was not present. Conrad threw the banners away and expelled Reginald, who returned to Beaufort (Sidon having also been captured in the aftermath of Hattin). The Battle of Hattin took place on Saturday, July 4, 1187, between the crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem and the forces of the Ayyubid dynasty under Saladin. ... Joscelin III of Edessa (d. ... The Third Crusade (1189–1192) was an attempt by European leaders to reconquer the Holy Land from Saladin. ... For a wheel tyre, see the article under the US English spelling of the word, tire. ... Conrad of Montferrat (c. ...

In 1189, Reginald entered into negotiations with Saladin for the surrender of Beaufort. He offered to retire to Damascus and convert to Islam, but it was all a ruse: he was only wasting time in order to allow the defenses of the castle to be strengthened. Upon returning to the castle he ordered its guards to stand down in Arabic, but in French told them to continue their resistance. According to the chronicle of Ernoul, Saladin tortured Reginald outside the castle until the garrison surrendered, although in reality it does not seem to have surrendered at this time; Reginald was imprisoned in Damascus, and the castle eventually fell on April 22, 1190, in return for his release. Events January 21 - Philip II of France and Richard I of England begin to assemble troops to wage the Third Crusade September 3- Richard I of England is crowned as king of England. ... Damascus by night, pictured from Jabal Qasioun; the green spots are minarets Damascus (Arabic officially دمشق Dimashq, colloquially ash-Sham الشام) is the capital city of Syria. ... Islām is described as a dīn, meaning way of life and/or guidance. Six articles of belief There are six basic beliefs shared by all Muslims: 1. ... The Arabic language (; , less formally, ) is the largest member of the Semitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family (classification: South Central Semitic) and is closely related to Hebrew and Aramaic. ... Ernoul is the name generally given to the author of a chronicle of the late 12th century dealing with the fall of the crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem. ... April 22 is the 112th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (113th in leap years). ... Events March 16 - Massacre and mass-suicide of the Jews of York, England prompted by Crusaders and Richard Malebys kill 150-500 Jews in Cliffords Tower June 10 - Third Crusade: Frederick I Barbarossa drowned in the Saleph River while leading an army to Jerusalem. ...

Reginald then became one of Richard the Lionheart's advisors during the Third Crusade. He supported the annulment of the marriage of Humphrey IV of Toron and Isabella of Jerusalem, so that Isabella could be married off to Conrad of Montferrat; the anonymous author of the Itinerarium Peregrinorum et Gesta Regis Ricardi calls Reginald a member of a "council of consummate iniquity" for supporting this act. He helped negotiate peace between Richard and Saladin in 1192, and when Conrad was elected king he acted as an ambassador to Saladin on behalf of him as well. Sidon was recovered from Saladin in 1197. Richard I (September 8, 1157 – April 6, 1199) was King of England from 1189 to 1199. ... The Third Crusade (1189–1192) was an attempt by European leaders to reconquer the Holy Land from Saladin. ... Humphrey IV of Toron (c. ... Isabella of Jerusalem (c. ... This page meets Wikipedias criteria for speedy deletion. ... Events Amalric II succeeds Henry II of Champagne as king of Jerusalem. ...

Personal life

Reginald was reputed to have been quite ugly. Like a number of the other native barons of the Kingdom, he spoke Arabic and was fond of Arabic literature. He was friends with Saladin's brother al-Adil and went hunting with him during the negotiations at the end of the Third Crusade. This did not endear him to western chroniclers: they had great contempt for native barons such as Reginald, who had fled Hattin and befriended their Muslim conquerors. Arabic literature refers to all forms of literature written by Arabs or related to Arab culture. ... Abu-Bakr Malik Al-Adil I (also known as Saphadin) (1145-1218) was an Ayyubid-Egyptian general and ruler. ...

After the death of Agnes, he married Helvis of Ibelin, daughter of Balian and Maria Comnena. With Helvis he was the father of Agnes, Balian and Euphemia. Balian of Sidon married Margaret of Brienne, and succeeded Reginald in Sidon in 1202. After Reginald's death, Helvis married Guy of Montfort. Maria Comnena (c. ...

Sources

• William of Tyre, A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea. E. A. Babcock and A. C. Krey, trans. Columbia University Press, 1943.
• De Expugnatione Terrae Sanctae per Saladinum, translated by James A. Brundage, in The Crusades: A Documentary Survey. Marquette University Press, 1962.
• Chronicle of the Third Crusade, a Translation of Itinerarium Peregrinorum et Gesta Regis Ricardi, translated by Helen J. Nicholson. Ashgate, 1997.
• Peter W. Edbury, The Conquest of Jerusalem and the Third Crusade: Sources in Translation. Ashgate, 1996.
• Lignages d'Outremer, trans. Marie-Adélaïde Nielen, Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres, 1993.
• Steven Runciman, A History of the Crusades, vol. II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem. Cambridge University Press, 1952.
• Bernard Hamilton, "Women in the Crusader States: The Queens of Jerusalem", in Medieval Women, edited by Derek Baker. Ecclesiatical History Society, 1978
• Bernard Hamilton, The Leper King and his Heirs: Baldwin IV and the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem. Cambridge University Press, 2000.