The Reichspräsident ("Reich President") was the The Federal Republic of Germany ( German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland) is one of the worlds leading industrialised countries, located in the heart of Europe. Due to its central location, Germany has more neighbours than any other European country: these are Denmark in the north, Poland and the Czech Republic in the... German A head of state or chief of state is the chief public representative of a nation-state, federation or commonwealth, whose role generally includes personifying the continuity and legitimacy of the state and exercising the political powers, functions and duties granted to the head of state in the countrys... head of state during the period of the 1919 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). Events January January 1 - Iolaire sinking disaster January 1 - Edsel Ford succeeds his father as head of the Ford Motor Company January 5 - Spartacist uprising - Socialist demonstrations in Berlin turn into attempted communist revolution January 9 - Spartacus revolutionary... 1919- 1933 was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). Events January January 3 - Japanese troops occupy Shanghai January 5 - Construction of the Golden Gate Bridge begins in San Francisco Bay. January 15 - Political violence has caused almost 100 deaths in Spain January 17 - US Congress... 1933 The period of German history from 1919 to 1933 is known as the Weimar Republic (Pronounced Vye-Mar, and in German it is known as the Weimarer Republik). It is named after the city of Weimar, where a national assembly convened to produce a new constitution after the German monarchy... Weimar Republic and the title was later briefly revived in 1945 was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). Events January January 5 - The Soviet Union recognizes the new pro-Soviet government of Poland. January 7 - British General Bernard Montgomery holds a press conference in which he claims credit for victory in the Battle of... 1945.

The The Weimar constitution was the document that governed the short-lived Weimar Republic (1919-1933) of Germany. Following the end of WWI, a German National Assembly gathered in the town of Weimar, in the state of Thuringia, in January of 1919 to write a constitution for the Reich. The fundamentals... Weimar constitution created a The semi-presidential system is a system of government that features both a prime minister and a president who are active participants in the day to day functioning of government. It differs from the parliamentary system in that it has a president who is not a ceremonial figurehead and it... semi-presidential system in which power was divided between the president, a cabinet and a parliament. The Reichspräsident was directly elected under universal adult suffrage for a seven year term. It was intended that the president would rule in conjunction with the The term Reichstag (in English: Imperial Diet) is a composition of German Reich (Empire) and tag (which does not mean day here, but is a derivate of the verb tagen, which means assembling for debate). The Latin term, a direct translation, was curia imperialis. (Still today, the parliaments on the... Reichstag (legislature) and that his emergency powers would be exercised only in extraordinary circumstances, but the political instability of the Weimar period, and a paralysing factionalism in the legislature, meant that the Reichspräsident came to occupy a position of considerable power, capable of legislating by decree and appointing and dismissing governments at will.

The office was abolished by the Nazi government in 1934 was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). Events January-April January 1 - Alcatraz becomes a federal prison. January 7 - First Flash Gordon comic strip is published. January 10 - Execution of Marinus van der Lubbe January 24 - Einstein visits White House January 26 - The... 1934 and replaced by a new position of Führer und Reichskanzler (" Führer (often written Fuehrer or Fuhrer in English when umlauts are not used) is a proper noun meaning leader or guide in the German language. The IPA transcription of the standard German pronunciation is , but in English it is usually pronounced . Historic title Führer was a... Führer and Reich Chancellor"). It was later revived in the last days of the Nazi Germany, or the Third Reich, commonly refers to Germany in the years 1933–1945, when it was under the firm control of the totalitarian and fascist ideology of the Nazi Party, with the Führer Adolf Hitler as dictator. The Third Reich is an Anglicization of the German... Third Reich when Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz. Karl Dönitz ( September 16, 1891– December 24, 1980; pronounced dœnǐts) was a naval leader in Germany during World War II. Despite never joining the Nazi Party, Dönitz attained the high rank of Grand Admiral (Gro... Karl Dönitz briefly became Reichspräsident in May, 1945. The modern office of The Federal President (German: Bundespräsident) is Germanys head of state. The president is elected by a specially convened body called the Federal Convention (Bundesversammlung) to serve a five year term. In accordance with Germanys parliamentary system of government the presidency is limited by a mixture of law... Federal President, established in 1949 is a common year starting on Saturday. Events January January 4 - RMS Caronia of the Cunard Line departs Southampton for New York on her maiden voyage January 4 - February 22 - Series of winter storms in Nebraska, Wyoming, South Dakota, Utah, Colorado and Nevada - winds of up to 72 mph... 1949, is the successor to the office of Reichspräsident

List of Reich Presidents

Interim

• Hans Luther (10 March 1885–11 May 1962) was a German politician and former Chancellor of Germany. Luther started in politics in 1907 by becoming the town councillor in Magdeburg. He continued on becoming secretary of the German Städtetag in 1913 and then mayor of Essen in 1918... Hans Luther (DVP) was acting Reichspräsident from (Redirected from 28th February) February 28 is the 59th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. There are 306 days remaining, 307 in leap years. Events 364 - Valentinian I is elevated as Roman Emperor. 1258 - Hulagu Khan sacks Baghdad 1700 - February 28 is followed by March 1 in Sweden... 28th February to (Redirected from 12th March) March 12 is the 71st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (72nd in Leap years). There are 294 days remaining. Events up to 19th century 515 BC - Construction is completed on the Temple in Jerusalem. 1664 - New Jersey becomes a colony of Britain. 1894... 12th March, 1925.
• Walter Simons was acting Reichspräsident from (Redirected from 12th March) March 12 is the 71st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (72nd in Leap years). There are 294 days remaining. Events up to 19th century 515 BC - Construction is completed on the Temple in Jerusalem. 1664 - New Jersey becomes a colony of Britain. 1894... 12th March to (Redirected from 12th May) May 12 is the 132nd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (133rd in leap years). There are 233 days remaining. Events 1100-1899 1191 - Richard I of England marries Berengaria of Navarre. 1264 - The Battle of Lewes, between King Henry III of England and... 12th May, 1925.

Election

The The Weimar constitution was the document that governed the short-lived Weimar Republic (1919-1933) of Germany. Following the end of WWI, a German National Assembly gathered in the town of Weimar, in the state of Thuringia, in January of 1919 to write a constitution for the Reich. The fundamentals... Weimar constitution required that the Reichspräsident was directly elected by universal adult suffrage for a term of seven years, and could be re-elected. This is in contrast to the modern Federal President who is indirectly elected, by a Categories: Stub ... Federal Convention, for a five year term. Nonetheless, during the Weimar Republic only two direct presidential elections actually occurred. The first Reich President, This is not the same Friedrich Ebert who was briefly the GDRs head of state, but rather his father. For the son, see Friedrich Ebert (GDR) Friedrich Ebert (February 4, 1871–February 28, 1925) was a German politician (SPD), who served as the 9th Chancellor of Germany and... Friedrich Ebert, was indirectly elected by the National Assembly in 1919 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). Events January January 1 - Iolaire sinking disaster January 1 - Edsel Ford succeeds his father as head of the Ford Motor Company January 5 - Spartacist uprising - Socialist demonstrations in Berlin turn into attempted communist revolution January 9 - Spartacus revolutionary... 1919. The two direct elections were the election of Paul von Hindenburg President of Germany Paul von Hindenburg (full name Paul Ludwig Hans Anton von Beneckendorff und von Hindenburg) ( October 2, 1847– August 2, 1934) was a German Field Marshal and statesman. An important figure during World War I, he also served as President of Germany from 1925... Paul von Hindenburg in Events January-May January 3 - Benito Mussolini announces he is taking dictatorial powers over Italy. January 5 - Nellie Tayloe Ross becomes the first female governor in the United States. January 21 - Albania declares itself a republic January 30 - Government of Turkey throws Patriarch Constantine VI out of Istanbul February 1... 1925, and his re-election in 1932 is a leap year starting on a Friday. Events January-February January 3 - British arrest and intern Mohandas Gandhi and Vallabhbhai Patel January 8 - In Britain the Archbishop of Canterbury forbids church remarriage of divorcees January 12 - Hattie W. Caraway becomes the first woman elected to the United States... 1932. When Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz. Karl Dönitz ( September 16, 1891– December 24, 1980; pronounced dœnǐts) was a naval leader in Germany during World War II. Despite never joining the Nazi Party, Dönitz attained the high rank of Grand Admiral (Gro... Karl Dönitz briefly became Reichspräsident in 1945 it was because the title was bestowed upon him in For other people with the surname Hitler, see Hitler (disambiguation). Adolf Hitler ( 20 April 1889 in Braunau am Inn, Austria-Hungary – 30 April 1945 in Berlin, Germany) was leader of the National Socialist German Workers Party (more widely known as the Nazi Party) and Führer und Reichskanzler... Adolf Hitler's will. The two presidential elections of the Weimar period were the:

• German presidential election, 1925
• German presidential election, 1932

During the Weimar period the law provided that the office of Reichspräsident was open to all German citizens who had reached 35 years of age. The direct election of the president occurred under a form of the Runoff voting is a voting system used in single-seat elections. It is used widely around the world, including in elections for the President of France and Finland, and especially in a political partys primary elections, in which it selects candidates to present to the public. When restricted to... two round system. If no candidate received the support of an absolute majority of votes cast (i.e. more than half) in a first round of voting, a second vote was held at a later date. In this round the candidate who received the support of a A plurality (or relative majority) is the largest share of something, which may or may not be a majority. For example, if an election had three candidates, who received 40%, 25%, and 35% of the vote, the candidate with 40% would have a plurality, but not a majority. Plurality is... plurality of voters was deemed elected. A group could also nominate a substitute candidate in the second round, in place of the candidate it had supported in the first.

The Reich President could not be a member of the The term Reichstag (in English: Imperial Diet) is a composition of German Reich (Empire) and tag (which does not mean day here, but is a derivate of the verb tagen, which means assembling for debate). The Latin term, a direct translation, was curia imperialis. (Still today, the parliaments on the... Reichstag (parliament) at the same time. The constitution required that on taking office the president swore the following oath (although the inclusion of additional religious language was permitted):

I swear to devote my energy to the welfare of the German people, to increase its prosperity, to prevent damage, to hold up the Reich constitution and its laws, to consciously honour my duties and to exercise justice to every individual.

Duties and functions

• Appointment of the Goverment: The The head of government in Germany has traditionally been called Kanzler (Chancellor). The name of the office today is Bundeskanzler (Federal Chancellor); from 1871 to 1945, it was Reichskanzler (Imperial Chancellor). During the period of the North German Confederation from 1867 until the German unification in 1871, Bundeskanzler was also... Reichskanzler ("Reich Chancellor") and his Alternate meanings in cabinet (disambiguation) A Cabinet is a body of high-ranking members of government, typically representing the executive branch. It can also sometimes be referred to as the Council of Ministers or the Executive Council. In some countries, particularly those with parliamentary systems, the cabinet collectively decides the... cabinet were appointed and dismissed by the Reichspräsident. No vote of confirmation was required in the Reichstag before the members of the cabinet could assume office, but any member of the cabinet was obliged to resign if the body passed a motion of no confidence in him. The president could appoint and dismiss the chancellor at will, but all other cabinet members could, save in the event of a no confidence motion, only be appointed or dismissed at the chancellor's request.
• Dissolution of the Reichstag: The Reichspräsident had the right to dissolve the Reichstag at any time, in which case a general election had to occur within sixty days. Theoretically, he was not permitted to do so more than once for the same "reason", but this limitation had little significance in practice.
• Promulgation of the law: The Reichspräsident was responsible for signing bills into law. The president was constitutionally obliged to sign every law passed in accordance with the correct procedure but could insist that a bill first be submitted to the electorate in a A referendum (plural: referendums or referenda) or plebiscite is a direct vote in which an entire electorate is asked to either accept or reject a particular proposal. This may be the adoption of a new constitution, a constitutional amendment, a law, the recall of an elected official or simply a... referendum. Such a referendum could, however, only overide the decision of the Reichstag if a majority of eligible voters participated.
• Foreign relations: Under the constitution the Reichspräsident was entitled to represent the nation in its foreign affairs, to accredit and receive ambassadors and to conclude treaties in the name of the state. However approval of the Reichstag was required to declare war, conclude peace or to conclude any treaty that related to German laws.
• Commander-in-chief: The Reichspräsident held "supreme command" of the armed forces.
• Amnesties: The president had the right to confer amnesties.

Emergency powers

The Weimar constitution granted the president sweeping powers in the event of a crisis. Article 48 empowered the president, if "public order and security [were] seriously disturbed or endangered" to "take all necessary steps to re-establish law and order". These permissable steps included the use of armed force and the suspension of many of the civil rights otherwise guaranteed by the constitution.

The Reichstag had to be informed immediately of any measures taken under Article 48 and had the right to reverse any such measures. Even so, during the Weimar period the article was used to effectively by-pass parliament. Furthermore, although the article was intended for use only in an extraordinary emergency the article was invoked many times, even before 1933 was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). Events January January 3 - Japanese troops occupy Shanghai January 5 - Construction of the Golden Gate Bridge begins in San Francisco Bay. January 15 - Political violence has caused almost 100 deaths in Spain January 17 - US Congress... 1933. An additional special power conferred on the Reichspräsident by the constitution was authority to use armed force to oblige a state government to cooperate if it failed to meet its obligations under the constitution or under federal law.

Powers in practice

The Weimar constitution created a system in which, theoretically, the cabinet was answerable to both the president and the legislature. In particular, the fact that the president could appoint the cabinet, while the Reichstag had only a power of dismissal, created a high cabinet turn-over as ministers were appointed by the president only to be dismissed by the Reichstag shortly afterwards. Ebert and Hindenburg (initially) both attempted to appoint cabinets that enjoyed the confidence of the Reichstag. However, from 1930 is a common year starting on Wednesday. Events January-February January 6 - The first diesel-engine automobile trip is completed (Indianapolis, Indiana, to New York City). January 27 - Miguel Primo de Rivera resigns January 30 - General Damaso Berenquer becomes the new prime minister of Spain February 18 - While studying... 1930 onwards Hindenburg ruled by means of three Präsidialkabinetten or "presidential cabinets", which did not enjoy a majority in the Reichstag.

During the 1920s and '30s Hindenburg was able to use his power of dissolution to by-pass the Reichstag both with respect to presidential decrees and, eventually, the appointment of the cabinet. If the Reichstag threatened to censure his ministers or revoke one of his decrees he could simply dissolve the Reichstag, either pre-emptively or after it had acted, and be left able to govern without its interference for a maximum of ninety days until elections were held and the body reconvened. This use of the power of dissolution to effectively legislate by decree became known as the mechanism of Präsidialregierungen.

Removal and succession

The Weimar constitution did not provide for a vice presidency. If the president died or left office prematurely a successor would be elected. During a temporary vacancy, or in the event that the Reichspräsident was "unavailable", the powers and functions of the presidency passed to the chancellor. This mechanism was exploited by For other people with the surname Hitler, see Hitler (disambiguation). Adolf Hitler ( 20 April 1889 in Braunau am Inn, Austria-Hungary – 30 April 1945 in Berlin, Germany) was leader of the National Socialist German Workers Party (more widely known as the Nazi Party) and Führer und Reichskanzler... Adolf Hitler following the death of Hindenburg. As chancellor, the powers of the Reichspräsident devolved on Hitler, who merged the two offices by creating the position of Führer und Reichskanzler ("Führer and Reich Chancellor").

The provisions of the Weimar constitution for the impeachment or deposition of the president are similar to those found in the The Constitution of Austria or sterreichisches Bundes-Verfassungsgesetz (B-VG) is one of the chartas governing political life in the Republic of Austria. In spite of its name, the Constitution of Austria is not a comprehensive specification of the procedural and ideological framework of Austrian politics but merely forms the... Constitution of Austria. The Weimar constitution provided that the Reichspräsident could be removed from office prematurely by a referendum initiated by the Reichstag. To require such a referendum the Reichstag had to pass a motion supported by at least two-thirds of votes cast in the chamber. If such a proposal to depose the president was rejected by voters the president would be deemed to have been re-elected and the Reichstag would be automatically dissolved.

The Reichstag also had authority to impeach the president before the Supreme Court. However it could only do this on a charge of willfully violating German law; furthermore the move had to be supported by a two-thirds majority of votes cast, at a meeting with a This article deals with the legal definition of quorum. For the biological meaning, see quorum sensing. For the religious meaning, see Quorum (Mormonism). In law, a quorum is the minimum number of members of a deliberative body necessary to conduct the business of that group. By default, this is a... quorum of two-thirds of the total number of members.

History

The Reichspräsident was established as a kind of Ersatzkaiser, that is, a substitute for the powerful monarch who had reigned in Germany until 1919. The new president's role was therefore informed, at least in part, by that played by the Kaiser is a German title meaning emperor, derived from the Roman title of Caesar, as is the Slavic title of Czar. The Holy Roman Emperors (962 - 1806) (the First German Reich) called themselves Kaiser; they saw their rule as a continuation of that of the Roman Emperors and so used... Kaiser under the system of A constitutional monarchy is a form of government established under a constitutional system which acknowledges a hereditary or elected monarch as head of state. Modern constitutional monarchies usually implement the concept of trias politica, and have the monarch as the (symbolic) head of the executive branch. Where a monarch holds... constitutional monarchy being replaced. Hugo Preuss, the writer of the Weimar constitution, is said to have accepted the advice of Maximilian Weber (April 21, 1864 – June 14, 1920) was a German political economist and sociologist who is considered the founder of the modern study of sociology and public administration. His major works deal with sociology of religion and government, but he also wrote much in the field of economics... Max Weber as to the term of office and powers of the presidency, and the method by which the president would be elected. The structure of the relationship between the Reichspräsident and Reichstag is said to have been suggested by Robert Redslop, who believed that The French Republic or France ( French: République française or France) is a country whose metropolitan territory is located in western Europe, and which is further made up of a collection of overseas islands and territories located in other continents. France is a democracy organised as a... France's The French Third Republic, (in French, Troisième Republique, sometimes written as IIIème Republique) (1870/75-1940/46), was the governing body of France between the Second French Empire and the Fourth Republic. It was a republican parliamentary democracy that was created on September 4, 1870 following the collapse... Third Republic had been brought down by a too powerful legislature.

On (Redirected from 11th February) February 11 is the 42nd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. There are 323 days remaining, 324 in leap years. Events 660 BC - Traditional founding date of Japan by Emperor Jimmu Tenno. 731 - Gregory II ends his reign as Pope. 824 - Paschal I ends... 11th February, 1919 the National Assembly elected Freidrich Ebert of the The Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD – Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands) is the second oldest political party of Germany still in existence and also one of the oldest and largest in the world, celebrating its 140th anniversary in 2003. Rooted in the workers movement, it is left-of-center and... Social Democratic Party (SPD) as the first Reich President by 379 votes to 277. While in office he used emergency decrees on a number of occasions, including to suppress the The word Putsch literally means a thrust or blow. In political terms a putsch is an attempt to seize power. The Kapp Putsch - or more accurately the Kapp-Lüttwitz Putsch - was an extreme right-wing attempt to overthrow the Weimar Republic which resulted directly from the imposition of The... Kapp Putsch in 1920 is a leap year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar) Events January January 7 - Forces of Russian White admiral Kolchak surrender in Krasnoyarsk. January 9 - Britain announces it will build 1,000,000 homes for war veterans. January 10 - League of Nations holds its first meeting... 1920. His term came to an abrupt end with his death in 1925. In the election that followed Hindenburg was eventually settled on as the candidate of the political right, while the ' The Weimar Coalition is the name given to the coalition of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD), the German Democratic Party (DDP), and the Catholic Centre Party, who together had a large majority of the delegates to the Constituent Assembly which met at Weimar in 1919, and were the... Weimar coalition' united behind Wilhelm Marx (January 15, 1863–August 5, 1946) was a German Catholic politician and a member of the Centre Party. He served as Chancellor of Germany from 1923 to 1925 and again from 1926 to 1928, and was the Centre Partys (and, in the second round, the entire... Wilhelm Marx of The factual accuracy of this article is Germany during the Kaiserreich and the Weimar Republic. Founded in 1870 to protect Catholic minority rights in the new Germany, the party gained strength in the 1870s in reaction against Bismarcks Kulturkampf, or cultural struggle against the Catholic Church. In addition to... Zentrum (the 'Catholic Centre Party'). Many on the right hoped that once in office Hindenburg would destroy Weimar democracy from the inside but in the years that followed his election Hindenburg never attempted to overthrow the Weimar constitution outright.

In March 1930 Hindenburg appointed Heinrich Brüning to head the first "presidential cabinet", which did not enjoy the support of the Reichstag. In July Hindenburg adopted the national budget by decree and, when the Reichstag reversed this act, he dissolved the legislature. The years that followed would see an explosion of legislation by decree, where previously this power had been used only occasionally.

In March 1932 Hindenburg, although suffering from the onset of Dementia (from Latin demens) is progressive decline in cognitive function due to damage or disease in the brain beyond what might be expected from normal aging. Particularly affected areas may be memory, attention, language and problem solving, although particularly in the later stages of the condition, affected persons may be... senility, decided to stand for re-election. Adolf Hitler was his major opponent but Hindenburg won the election by a substantial margin. In June he replaced Brüning as chancellor with Franz von Papen (October 29, 1879–May 2, 1969) was a German politician and diplomat from the Catholic Center Party. Born to a wealthy Catholic family in Westphalia, Papen served as a soldier on the Turkish front in World War I. Returning to Germany, he entered politics, joining the... Franz von Papen and again dissolved the Reichstag, before it could adopt a vote of no confidence. After reconvening it was again dissolved in September.

After briefly appointing Kurt von Schleicher (4 April 1882–30 June 1934) was a German general and the last Chancellor of Germany during the era of the Weimar Republic. He was born in Brandenburg, the son of a Prussian officer and a shipowners daughter. He entered the German Army in 1900... General Kurt von Schleicher as chancellor in December, Hindenburg responded to growing civil unrest and Nazi activism by appointing Hitler as chancellor in January is the first month of the year in the Gregorian Calendar and one of seven Gregorian months with the length of 31 days. January begins (astrologically) with the sun in the sign of Capricorn and ends in the sign of Aquarius. Astronomically speaking, the sun begins in the constellation... January, 1933. A parliamentary dissolution followed after which Hitler's government, with the aid of another party, were able to command the support of a majority in the Reichstag. On (Redirected from 23rd March) March 23 is the 82nd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (83rd in Leap years). There are 283 days remaining. Events up to 19th century 752 - Stephen II becomes Pope. 1568 - Peace of Longjumeau ends the Second War of Religion in France. Again Catherine... 23rd March the Reichstag adopted the The Enabling Act (in German: Ermächtigungsgesetz) was passed by the Reichstag on March 23, 1933. It was the second major step after the Reichstag Fire Decree through which the Nazis legally established Nazi Germany by giving the Chancellor (then Adolf Hitler) dictatorial powers over Germany. The full name of... Enabling Act, which effectively brought an end to the Weimar constitution. From this point onwards almost all political authority was exercised by Hitler. Hitler's government issued a law providing that upon Hindenburg's death the office of Reichspräsident would be abolished and replaced with the new position of Führer und Reichskanzler ("Fuhrer and Reich Chancellor"), occupied by Hitler as supreme leader.

Hitler committed suicide on April 30 is the 120th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (121st in leap years). There are 245 days remaining. Events 1300-1899 313 - Roman emperor Licinius unifies the entire Eastern Roman Empire under his rule. 1492 - Spain gives Christopher Columbus his commission of exploration. 1671 - Croatian ruler... 30th April, 1945, as Mushroom cloud from the nuclear explosion over Nagasaki rising 18 km (60,000 ft) into the air. August 9, 1945 World War II was a global conflict that started in 7 July 1937 in Asia and 1 September 1939 in Europe and lasted until 1945, involving the majority of the... World War II in World map showing location of Europe A satellite composite image of Europe Europe is geologically and geographically a peninsula, forming the westernmost part of Eurasia. It is conventionally considered a continent, which, in this case, is more of a cultural distinction than a geographic one. ( National Geographic, however, officially recognises... Europe drew to a close. In his "Final Political Testament" Hitler stated that Karl Dönitz was to succeed him as head of state, with the revived title of Reichspräsident and propaganda minister Joseph Goebbels Dr. Paul Joseph Goebbels (October 29, 1897 – May 1, 1945) was Adolf Hitlers Propaganda Minister (see Propagandaministerium) in Nazi Germany. He came from a Catholic family, like many of the Nazi leaders. He was a prominent figure of the regime, known for his great rhetorical skills... Joseph Goebbels was to succeed him as The head of government is the leader of the government or cabinet. In a parliamentary system, the head of government is known as a premier or prime minister. In presidential systems, the head of government may be the same person as the head of state which is usually titled president... head of government with the title of Reichskanzler. Goebbels committed suicide shortly after Hitler and within days Dönitz ordered Germany's military surrender on the May 7 is the 127th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (128th in leap years). There are 238 days remaining. Events 558 - In Constantinople, the dome of the Hagia Sophia collapses. Justinian immediately orders the dome rebuilt. 1429 - Joan of Arc leads a French attack on English bridgeheads... 7th May, which ended the war in Europe. He then appointed Count Johann Ludwig (Lutz) Schwerin von Krosigk, EK, (August 22, 1887–March 4, 1977) was a German politician. He was born in Rathmannsdorf in the Kingdom of Saxony, and studied law and political science in Halle, Lausanne and Oxford. During the first world war, he served in the Army... Ludwig von Krosigk as chancellor and the two attempted to gather together a government. However this government was not recognised by the In general, allies are people or groups that have joined an alliance and are working together to achieve some common purpose. In general English usage, those who share a common goal and whose work toward that goal is complementary may be viewed as allies for various purposes even when no... Allied powers and was dissolved when its members were captured and arrested by British forces on (Redirected from 23rd May) May 23 is the 143rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (144th in leap years). There are 222 days remaining. Events 1430 - Joan of Arc is captured by the Burgundians while leading an army to relieve Compiègne 1498 - Girolamo Savonarola is executed on... 23rd May at Statistics State: Schleswig-Holstein District: Independent city Area: 56.38 km² Population: 84,704 (Dec 31 2002) Population density: 1,502 / km² Elevation: 0-54, avg. 20 m Postal codes: 24901-24944, prev. 2390 Area code: 0461 Location: 9º26 E. long. 54º47 N. lat. Municipal code: 01 0... Flensburg. On June 5 is the 156th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (157th in leap years), with 209 days remaining. Events 1783 - The Montgolfier brothers publicly demonstrate their montgolfière ( hot air balloon). 1817 - First Great Lakes steamer, the Frontenac, is launched. 1829 - HMS Pickle captures the armed... June 5, 1945 was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). Events January January 5 - The Soviet Union recognizes the new pro-Soviet government of Poland. January 7 - British General Bernard Montgomery holds a press conference in which he claims credit for victory in the Battle of... 1945 the four occupying powers signed a document creating the The ACA headquarters The Allied Control Council or Allied Control Authority, known as the Alliierter Kontrollrat, was the name of a military occupation governing body of Germany at the end of World War II in Europe; the members were the United States, Soviet Union. France was later added with a... Allied Control Council, that did not mention the name of the previous German government. On signing the de facto government of Germany became the de jure.

References

• Chapter 4, Presidents and Assemblies, Matthew Soberg Shugart and John M. Carey, Cambridge University Press, 1992.

See also

• List of German presidents since 1919
• The Federal Republic of Germany (in German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland) is a federal representative democracy. Its political system is laid out in the 1949 constitution, the Grundgesetz (Basic Law), which remained in effect with minor amendments after 1990s German Reunification. The constitution emphasizes the protection of individual liberty in an... Politics of Germany
• The history of Germany is, in places, extremely complicated and depends much on how one defines Germany. As a nation-state, Germany did not exist until 1871. Before the 19th century, Germany can only be looked at as a cultural region where many territories, with greatly varying independence, each had... History of Germany