Reindeer/Caribou
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 2.3)
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Artiodactyla Family: Cervidae Subfamily: Odocoileinae Genus: Rangifer C.H. Smith, 1827 Species: R. tarandus
Binomial name
Rangifer tarandus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Reindeer map

The reindeer (Rangifer tarandus), also known as the caribou when wild in North America, is an Arctic and Subarctic-dwelling deer, widespread and numerous across the northern Holarctic Region. Caribou is a term used in North America for wild reindeer. ... Caribou--from FWS in public domain File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... The conservation status of a species is an indicator of the likelihood of that species remaining extant either in the present day or the near future. ... Image File history File links Status_iucn2. ... Least Concern (LC) is an IUCN category assigned to extant species or lower taxa which have been evaluated but do not qualify for any other category. ... The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (also known as the IUCN Red List and Red Data List), created in 1963, is the worlds most comprehensive inventory of the global conservation status of plant and animal species and can be found here. ... Scientific classification redirects here. ... For other uses, see Animal (disambiguation). ... Typical Classes Subphylum Urochordata - Tunicates Ascidiacea Thaliacea Larvacea Subphylum Cephalochordata - Lancelets Subphylum Myxini - Hagfishes Subphylum Vertebrata - Vertebrates Petromyzontida - Lampreys Placodermi (extinct) Chondrichthyes - Cartilaginous fishes Acanthodii (extinct) Actinopterygii - Ray-finned fishes Actinistia - Coelacanths Dipnoi - Lungfishes Amphibia - Amphibians Reptilia - Reptiles Aves - Birds Mammalia - Mammals Chordates (phylum Chordata) include the vertebrates, together with... Subclasses & Infraclasses Subclass †Allotheria* Subclass Prototheria Subclass Theria Infraclass †Trituberculata Infraclass Metatheria Infraclass Eutheria For the folk-rock band see The Mammals. ... Families Suidae Hippopotamidae Tayassuidae Camelidae Tragulidae Moschidae Cervidae Giraffidae Antilocapridae Bovidae The even-toed ungulates form the mammal order Artiodactyla. ... Genera About 15 in 4 subfamilies. ... See Charles Smith for other people with that name Charles Hamilton Smith (1776–1859) was a British artist, naturalist, antiquary, soldier and spy. ... Latin name redirects here. ... Carl Linnaeus, Latinized as Carolus Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as  , (May 13, 1707[1] – January 10, 1778), was a Swedish botanist, physician and zoologist[2] who laid the foundations for the modern scheme of nomenclature. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 397 pixelsFull resolution (1600 × 794 pixel, file size: 47 KB, MIME type: image/png) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Reindeer ... North American redirects here. ... For the ships, see USS Arctic, SS Arctic, MV Arctic The red line indicates the 10°C isotherm in July, sometimes used to define the Arctic region border Artificially coloured topographical map of the Arctic region The Arctic is the region around the Earths North Pole, opposite the Antarctic... The subarctic is a region in the Northern Hemisphere immediately south of the true Arctic and covering much of Canada and Siberia, the north of Scandinavia, northern Mongolia and the Chinese province of Heilongjiang. ... This article is about the ruminant animal. ...

Distribution and habitat

Large male Reindeer

The reindeer is widespread and numerous in the northern Holarctic Region. Originally it was found in Scandinavia, Eastern Europe, Russia, Mongolia and northern China north of the 50th latitude. In North America it was found in Alaska, Canada and the northern States from Washington to Maine. In the 19th century it was apparently still present in southern Idaho. It also occurred naturally on Sakhalin, Greenland and probably even in historical time in Scotland and Ireland. During the late Pleistocene reindeer were found as far south as Nevada and Tennessee in North America and Spain in Europe.^[1][2] Today wild reindeer have disappeared from many areas within this large historical range, especially from the southern parts where it vanished almost everywhere. Large populations of wild reindeer are still found in Siberia, Greenland, Alaska and Canada. Domesticated reindeer are mostly found in northern Scandinavia, Russia and Iceland (where they were introduced by humans in the 18th century). The last wild reindeer in Europe are found in portions of southern Norway.^{[citation needed]} The southern boundary of the species' natural range is approximately at 62° north latitude. For other uses, see Scandinavia (disambiguation). ... This article is about the geographical term. ... For other uses, see Alaska (disambiguation). ... For the capital city of the United States, see Washington, D.C.. For other uses, see Washington (disambiguation). ... Official language(s) None (English and French de facto) Capital Augusta Largest city Portland Area  Ranked 39th  - Total 33,414 sq mi (86,542 km²)  - Width 210 miles (338 km)  - Length 320 miles (515 km)  - % water 13. ... -1... Sakhalin (Russian: , IPA: ; Japanese: 樺太 ) or サハリン )); Chinese: 庫頁; also Saghalien, is a large elongated island in the North Pacific, lying between 45°50 and 54°24 N. It is part of Russia and is its largest island, administered as part of Sakhalin Oblast. ... This article is about the country. ... The Pleistocene epoch (IPA: ) on the geologic timescale is the period from 1,808,000 to 11,550 years BP. The Pleistocene epoch had been intended to cover the worlds recent period of repeated glaciations. ... This article is about the U.S. State of Nevada. ... This article is about the U.S. state of Tennessee. ... Dogs and sheep were among the first animals to be domesticated. ... (17th century - 18th century - 19th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 18th century refers to the century that lasted from 1701 through 1800. ... This article is about the geographical term. ...

Southern-most reindeer: a South Georgian reindeer with velvet covered horns.

A few reindeer from Norway were introduced to the South Atlantic island of South Georgia in the beginning of the 20th century. Today there are two distinct herds still thriving there, permanently separated by glaciers. Their total numbers are no more than a few thousand. (The flag and the coat of arms of the territory contain an image of a reindeer.) Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 662 × 600 pixel Image in higher resolution (1410 × 1277 pixel, file size: 431 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) A wild reindeer with velvet covered antlers. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 662 × 600 pixel Image in higher resolution (1410 × 1277 pixel, file size: 431 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) A wild reindeer with velvet covered antlers. ... Motto Leo Terram Propriam Protegat(Latin) Let the Lion protect his own land or May the Lion protect his own land Anthem God Save the Queen Capital Grytviken (King Edward Point) Official languages English Government British overseas territory  -  Head of State Queen Elizabeth II  -  Commissioner Alan Huckle Area  -  Total 3... (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999 in the... Perito Moreno Glacier Patagonia Argentina Aletsch Glacier, Switzerland Icebergs breaking off glaciers at Cape York, Greenland This article is about the geological formation. ... For other uses, see Flag (disambiguation). ... A modern coat of arms is derived from the medi val practice of painting designs onto the shield and outer clothing of knights to enable them to be identified in battle, and later in tournaments. ...

Around 4.000 reindeers have been introduced into the French subantarctic archipelago of Kerguelen islands. This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

Biology and behavior

Reindeer antlers grow again each year under a layer of fur called velvet. This reindeer is currently losing the velvet layer on one of its antlers.

Image File history File links Download high resolution version (725x1158, 238 KB) Reindeer loosing velvet: Reindeer antlers grow again each year under a layer of fur called velvet. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (725x1158, 238 KB) Reindeer loosing velvet: Reindeer antlers grow again each year under a layer of fur called velvet. ...

Anatomy

The weight of a female varies between 60 and 170 kg (130 and 370 lb). In some subspecies of reindeer, the male is slightly larger; in others, the male can weigh up to 300 kg (660 lb). Both sexes grow antlers,^[3] which (in the Scandinavian variety) for old males fall off in December, for young males in the early spring, and for females, summer. The antlers typically have two separate groups of points (see image), a lower and upper. Domesticated reindeer are shorter-legged and heavier than their wild counterparts. Kg redirects here. ... Look up pound in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... For the Poet Laureate of Milwaukee, see Antler (Poet). ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ...

Reindeer have specialized noses featuring nasal turbinate bones that dramatically increase the surface area within the nostrils. Incoming cold air is warmed by the animal's body heat before entering the lungs, and water is condensed from the expired air and captured before the deer's breath is exhaled, used to moisten dry incoming air and possibly absorbed into the blood through the mucous membranes. In anatomy, a turbinate (or nasal concha) is a long, narrow and curled bone shelf (shaped like an elongated sea-shell) which protrudes into the breathing passage of the nose. ... A nostril is one of the two channels of the nose, from the point where they bifurcate to the external opening. ... Thermoregulation is the ability of an organism to keep its body temperature within certain boundaries, even when temperature surrounding is very different. ... The mucous membranes (or mucosae; singular: mucosa) are linings of mostly endodermal origin, covered in epithelium, and are involved in absorption and secretion. ...

Reindeer hooves adapt to the season: in the summer, when the tundra is soft and wet, the footpads become spongy and provide extra traction. In the winter, the pads shrink and tighten, exposing the rim of the hoof which cuts into the ice and crusted snow to keep the animal from slipping. This also enables them to dig down (an activity known as "cratering")^[4][5] through the snow to their favorite food, a lichen known as reindeer moss. The knees of many species of reindeer are adapted to produce a clicking sound as they walk. This is to alert other members of their herd of their presence, especially in blizzard conditions. Rear hooves of a horse Rear hoof of a giraffe A hoof (plural: hooves) is the foot of an ungulate, all of which walk more or less on their toes and have toes with a horny (keratin) covering. ... This article is about water ice. ... For other uses, see Snow (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Lichen (disambiguation). ... Reindeer moss (c. ...

The reindeer coat has two layers of fur, a dense woolly undercoat and longer-haired overcoat consisting of hollow, air-filled hairs. For other uses, see Fur (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Wool (disambiguation). ...

Diet

Reindeer are ruminants, having a four-chambered stomach. They mainly eat lichens in winter, especially reindeer moss. However, they also eat the leaves of willows and birches, as well as sedges and grasses. There is some evidence to suggest that on occasion they will also feed on lemmings^[6], arctic char, and bird eggs^[7] It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Ruminantia. ... For other uses, see Lichen (disambiguation). ... Binomial name Cladonia rangiferina, also known as Reindeer lichen (c. ... Species About 350, including: Salix acutifolia - Violet Willow Salix alaxensis - Alaska Willow Salix alba - White Willow Salix alpina - Alpine Willow Salix amygdaloides - Peachleaf Willow Salix arbuscula - Mountain Willow Salix arbusculoides - Littletree Willow Salix arctica - Arctic Willow Salix atrocinerea Salix aurita - Eared Willow Salix babylonica - Peking Willow Salix bakko Salix barrattiana... Species Many species; see text and classification Birch is the name of any tree of the genus Betula, in the family Betulaceae, closely related to the beech/oak family, Fagaceae. ... Genera See text The Family Cyperaceae, or the Sedge family, is a taxon of monocot flowering plants that superficially resemble grasses or rushes. ... For other uses, see Grass (disambiguation). ... This article is about the rodent. ... Binomial name Linnaeus, 1758 Arctic char or Arctic charr () is both a freshwater and saltwater fish in the Salmonidae family, native to Arctic, sub-Arctic and alpine lakes and coastal waters. ...

Herd of Barren-ground Caribou on the Thelon River

Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1599x1069, 337 KB) Summary Photo taken July 1978, on Thelon River (above the Hanbury junction) by Cameron Hayne (i. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1599x1069, 337 KB) Summary Photo taken July 1978, on Thelon River (above the Hanbury junction) by Cameron Hayne (i. ... The Thelon River stretches nine hundred kilometers across northern Canada. ...

Reproduction

Mating occurs from late September or October to early November. Males battle for access to females. Two males will lock each other’s antlers together and try to push each other away. The most dominant males can collect as many as 15-20 females to mate with. A male will stop eating during this time and lose much of its body reserves. Calves may be born the following May or June. By 45 days the calves are able to graze and forage but continue suckling until the following fall and become independent from their mothers.

Migration

The reindeer travels the furthest of any terrestrial mammal. The caribou of North America can run at speeds up to 80 km/h (50 mph) and can travel as much as 5,000 km (3,100 mi) a year. Migrations can number in the thousands. The most extensive migrations occur in spring and fall. During fall migrations, the groups become smaller and the reindeer begin to mate. During the winter, reindeer travel to forested areas to forage under the snow. By spring, groups leave their winter grounds to go to the calving grounds. A reindeer can swim easily and quickly; migrating herds will not hesitate to swim across a large lake or broad river. Kilometres per hour (American spelling: kilometers per hour) is a unit of both speed (scalar) and velocity (vector). ... Miles per hour is a unit of speed, expressing the number of international miles covered per hour. ... “km” redirects here. ... “Miles” redirects here. ...

Reindeer and humans

Hunting

See also: Reindeer hunting in Greenland

Reindeer hunting by humans has a very long history and caribou/wild reindeer "may well be the species of single greatest importance in the entire anthropological literature on hunting."^[8] A large male Alaskan Reindeer. ...

Humans started hunting reindeer in the Mesolithic and Neolithic periods and humans are today the main predator in many areas. Norway and Greenland have unbroken traditions of hunting wild reindeer from the ice age until the present day. In the non-forested mountains of central Norway, such as Jotunheimen, it is still possible to find remains of stone built trapping pits, guiding fences and bow rests, built especially for hunting reindeer. These can, with some certainty, be dated to the Migration Period although it is not unlikely that they have been in use since the Stone Age. The Mesolithic (Greek mesos=middle and lithos=stone or the Middle Stone Age[1]) was a period in the development of human technology between the Paleolithic and Neolithic periods of the Stone Age. ... An array of Neolithic artifacts, including bracelets, axe heads, chisels, and polishing tools. ... Variations in CO2, temperature and dust from the Vostok ice core over the last 400 000 years For the animated movie, see Ice Age (movie). ... View from Knutshøi towards central Jotunheimen Jotunheimen is a mountain range in southern Norway covering an area of roughly 3,500 km². It is part of the long Scandinavian Mountains range. ... Trapping pits are deep pits dug into the ground, or built from stone, in order to trap animals. ... Human migration denotes any movement of groups of people from one locality to another, rather than of individual wanderers. ... Stone Age fishing hook. ...

In absence of other great predators in significant populations, hunting is today a necessary means to control stocks to prevent overgrazing and eventually mass death from starvation. Norway is now preparing to apply for nomination as a World Heritage Site for areas with traces and traditions of reindeer hunting in Central Sørlandet (Southern Norway). // In the dictionary and agriculture, overgrazing is when plants are exposed to grazing for too long, or without sufficient recovery periods. ... A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a specific site (such as a forest, mountain, lake, desert, monument, building, complex, or city) that has been nominated and confirmed for inclusion on the list maintained by the international World Heritage Programme administered by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, composed of 21 State... Sørlandet is the geographical region (landsdel) of the Skagerrak coast of southern Norway. ...

Wild caribou are still hunted in North America and Greenland. In the traditional lifestyle of the Inuit people, Northern First Nations people, Alaska Natives, and the Kalaallit of Greenland, the caribou is an important source of food, clothing, shelter and tools. For other uses, see Inuit (disambiguation). ... First Nations is a term of ethnicity that refers to the indigenous peoples in what is now Canada who are neither Inuit nor Métis people. ... Alaska Natives are indigenous peoples of the Americas native to the state of Alaska within the United States. ... Kalaallit is the Greenlandic term for the population living in Greenland. ...

Reindeer husbandry

Milking reindeer in the 19th century

Reindeer have been herded for centuries by several Arctic and Subarctic people including the Sami and the Nenets. They are raised for their meat, hides, antlers and, to a lessening extent, for milk and transportation. Reindeer are not considered fully domesticated, as they generally roam free on pasture grounds. In traditional nomadic herding reindeer herders migrate with their herds between coast and inland areas according to an annual migration route, and herds are keenly tended. However, reindeer have never been bred in captivity, though they were tamed for milking as well as for use as draught animals or beasts of burden. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1120x826, 275 KB) Reindeer milking, Kven, Western Finnmark, late 1800 - From Norge i det nittende aarhundre 1900 File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Reindeer Kven ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1120x826, 275 KB) Reindeer milking, Kven, Western Finnmark, late 1800 - From Norge i det nittende aarhundre 1900 File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Reindeer Kven ... A man herding goats in Tunisia Herding is the act of bringing individual animals together into a group, maintaining the group and moving the group from place to place—or any combination of those. ... The Sami people (also Sámi, Saami, Lapps, sometimes also Laplanders) are the indigenous people of Sápmi, which today encompasses parts of northern Sweden, Norway, Finland and the Kola Peninsula of Russia. ... The Nenets people (Russian name: Ненцы - Nentsy (plural)) are an indigenous people in Russia. ... A working animal is an animal that is kept by humans and trained to perform tasks. ...

The use of caribou as semi-domesticated livestock in Alaska was introduced in the late 1800s by Sheldon Jackson as a means of providing a livelihood for Native peoples there. A regular mail run in Wales, Alaska used a sleigh drawn by caribou. In Alaska, caribou herders use satellite telemetry to track their herds, using online maps and databases to chart the herd's progress. Sheldon Jackson was an early missionary and political leader in Alaska during the late 1880s and early 1900s. ... The term indigenous peoples has no universal, standard or fixed definition, but can be used about any ethnic group who inhabit the geographic region with which they have the earliest historical connection. ... Wales is a city located in Nome Census Area, Alaska. ... This article is about artificial satellites. ...

Economy

The reindeer has (or has had) an important economic role for all circumpolar peoples, including the Saami, Nenets, Khants, Evenks, Yukaghirs, Chukchi and Koryaks in Eurasia. It is believed that domestication started between Bronze Age-Iron Age. Siberian deer-owners also use the reindeer to ride on. (Siberian reindeer are larger than their Scandinavian relatives.) For breeders, a single owner may own hundreds or even thousands of animals. The numbers of Russian herders have been drastically reduced since the fall of the Soviet Union. The fur and meat is sold, which is an important source of income. Reindeer were introduced into Alaska near the end of the 19th century; they interbreed with native caribou subspecies there. Reindeer herders on the Seward Peninsula have experienced significant losses to their herds from animals (such as wolves) following the wild caribou during their migrations. Main article: indigenous peoples This is a selected list of the worlds indigenous peoples. ... Khanty (obsolete: Ostyaks) are an endangered indigenous people calling themself Khanti, Khande, Kantek (Khanty), living in the Khanty-Mansi autonomous district, a region historically known as Yugra in Russian Federation, together with Mansi peoples. ... The Evenks or Evenki (obsolete: Tungus or Tunguz, autonym: Эвэнки, Evenki) are a nomadic Tungusic people of Northern Asia. ... The Yukaghir, or Yukagirs (Russian: ; self-designation: одул (odul), деткиль (detkil)) are a people in East Siberia, living in the basin of the Kolyma River. ... Chukchi, or Chukchee (Russian: чукчи (plural), chukcha, чукча (singular)) are an indigenous people inhabiting the Russian Far East on the shores of the Arctic Ocean and Bering Sea. ... See also: Koryakia Autonomous District Koryaks, a Mongoloid people of northeastern Siberia, inhabiting the coastlands of the Bering Sea to the south of the Anadyr basin and the country to the immediate north of the Kamchatka Peninsula, the southernmost limit of their range being Tigilsk. ... The Bronze Age is a period in a civilizations development when the most advanced metalworking has developed the techniques of smelting copper from natural outcroppings and alloys it to cast bronze. ... Iron Age Axe found on Gotland This article is about the archaeological period known as the Iron Age, for the mythological Iron Age see Iron Age (mythology). ... This article is about Siberia as a whole. ... The Seward Peninsula is a large peninsula in western Alaska. ...

Reindeer meat is popular in the Scandinavian countries. Reindeer meatballs are sold canned. Sautéed reindeer is the best-known dish in Lapland. In Alaska, reindeer sausage is sold locally to supermarkets and grocery stores. For other uses, see Meatball (disambiguation). ... Sautéed reindeer (poronkäristys in Finnish) is the perhaps best known traditional meal from Lapland, especially in Finland. ... This article is about the prepared meat. ... For a large scale grocery store, see supermarket. ...

Reindeer antler is powdered and sold as an aphrodisiac, nutritional or medicinal supplement to Asian markets. This article is about agents which increase sexual desire. ...

A company from Wales (UK) is also making paper from the cellulose fibres recovered from the dung of reindeer - which they call Reindeer Poo PaperTM.

Caribou have been a major source of subsistence for Canadian Inuit. For other uses, see Inuit (disambiguation). ...

In History

The first written description of reindeer is in Julius Caesar's Commentarii de Bello Gallico (chapter 6.26) from the 1st century BC. Here, it is described: For other uses, see Julius Caesar (disambiguation). ... Commentarii de Bello Gallico (literally Commentaries on the Gallic War in Latin) is an account written by Julius Caesar (in the third person) about his nine years of war in Gaul. ... (2nd millennium BC - 1st millennium BC - 1st millennium) The 1st century BC started on January 1, 100 BC and ended on December 31, 1 BC. An alternative name for this century is the last century BC. The AD/BC notation does not use a year zero. ...

There is an ox shaped like a stag. In the middle of its forehead a single horn grows between its ears, taller and straighter than the animal horns with which we are familiar. At the top this horn spreads out like the palm of a hand or the branches of a tree. The females are of the same form as the males, and their horns are the same shape and size.

Local names

The name Caribou comes, through French, from Mi'kmaq qalipu, meaning "snow-shoveler", referring to its habit of pawing through the snow for food.^[9] In Inuktitut the caribou is known by the name tuttuk (Labrador dialect). The Mikmaq language (also spelled Míkmaq, Migmaq, and Micmac) is an Eastern Algonquian language spoken by around 7,300 Mikmaq in Canada, and another 1,200 in United States, out of a total ethnic Mikmaq population of roughly 20,000. ... Inuktitut (Inuktitut syllabics: (fonts required), literally like the Inuit) is the name of the varieties of Inuit language spoken in Canada. ...

Subspecies

• Arctic reindeer (R. tarandus eogroenlandicus), an extinct subspecies found until 1900 in eastern Greenland.
• Barren-ground Caribou (R. tarandus groenlandicus), found in Nunavut and the Northwest Territories of Canada and in western Greenland.
• Finnish Forest Reindeer (R. tarandus fennicus), found in the wild in only two areas of the Fennoscandia peninsula of Northern Europe, in Finnish/Russian Karelia, and a small population in central south Finland. The Karelia population reaches far into Russia, however, so far that it remains an open question whether reindeer further to the east are R. t. fennicus as well.
• Mountain/Wild Reindeer (R. tarandus tarandus), found in the Arctic tundra of Eurasia, including the Fennoscandia peninsula of Northern Europe.
• Peary Caribou (R. tarandus pearyi), found in the northern islands of the Nunavut and the Northwest Territories of Canada.
• Porcupine caribou or Grant's Caribou (R. tarandus granti) which are found in Alaska, the Yukon and the Northwest Territories of Canada.
• Queen Charlotte Islands caribou (R. tarandus dawsoni) is an extinct subspecies that had once lived in Graham Island, British Columbia, Canada.
• Svalbard Reindeer (R. tarandus platyrhynchus), found on the Svalbard islands of Norway, is the smallest subspecies of reindeer.
• Woodland Caribou (R. tarandus caribou), or forest caribou, once found in the North American taiga (boreal forest) from Alaska to Newfoundland and Labrador and as far south as New England and Washington. Woodland Caribou have disappeared from most of their original southern range and are considered "threatened" where they remain, with the notable exception of the Migratory Woodland Caribou of northern Quebec and Labrador, Canada. The name of the Cariboo district of central British Columbia relates to their once-large numbers there, but they have almost vanished from that area in the last century. A herd is protected in the Caribou Mountains in Alberta.

Rangifer.net has a map of subspecies ranges. For other uses, see Extinction (disambiguation). ... This article is about the zoological term. ... Binomial name Rangifer tarandus groenlandicus (Linnaeus, 1758) Barren-ground Caribou (Rangifer tarandus groenlandicus) are a subspecies of caribou that are found mainly in the Canadian territories Nunavut and the Northwest Territories and western Greenland. ... For the Canadian federal electoral district, see Nunavut (electoral district). ... This article or section contains information that has not been verified and thus might not be reliable. ... Northern Europe Northern Europe is the northern part of the European continent. ... Map showing the parts Karelia is traditionally divided into. ... Binomial name Rangifer tarandus pearyi The Peary Caribou (Rangifer tarandus pearyi) is a caribou subspecies found in the high Arctic islands of Canadas Nunavut and Northwest territories. ... The Porcupine caribou herd (Rangifer tarandus) lives in northern Alaska. ... This article is about the Canadian territory. ... For the former United States territory, see Northwest Territory. ... The Queen Charlotte Islands Caribou (Rangifer tarandus dawsoni) is an extinct animal that had once lived in Graham Island, British Columbia, Canada. ... In biology and ecology, extinction is the ceasing of existence of a species or group of species. ... Graham Island is the largest of the Queen Charlotte Islands (aka Haida Gwaii, (land of the Haida) lying off the coast of British Columbia, Canada. ... The migratory woodland caribou (in French, caribou des bois, in Latin, Rangifer tarandus caribou) of Northern Quebec and Labrador live in two wild herds, the Leaf herd with 628,000 individuals and the George River herd with 385,000 individuals. ... For other uses, see Taiga (disambiguation). ... This article is about the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. ... This article is about the region in the United States of America. ... For the capital city of the United States, see Washington, D.C.. For other uses, see Washington (disambiguation). ... The threatened categories (IUCN Red List) Threatened species are any species (including animals, plants, fungi, insects, bugs, etc. ... This article is about the Canadian province. ... Labrador (also Coast of Labrador) is a region of Atlantic Canada. ... The Cariboo is a region of British Columbia along a plateau stretching from the Fraser Canyon to the Cariboo Mountains. ... Motto: Splendor sine occasu (Latin: Splendour without diminishment) Capital Victoria Largest city Vancouver Official languages English (de facto) Government Lieutenant-Governor Steven Point Premier Gordon Campbell (BC Liberal) Federal representation in Canadian Parliament House seats 36 Senate seats 6 Confederation July 20, 1871 (6th province) Area  Ranked 5th Total 944... Location of Caribou Mountains in Alberta Caribou Mountains are a mountain range surrounding an elavated plateau in northern Alberta, Canada. ... For other uses, see Alberta (disambiguation). ...

Reindeer in Christmas

Santa Claus's reindeer

Main article: Santa Claus's reindeer

Two Scottish reindeer relax after pulling Santa's sleigh, at the switching on of Christmas lights

Santa Claus's sleigh is pulled by flying reindeer. These were first named in the 1823 poem A Visit from St. Nicholas, where they are called Dasher, Dancer, Prancer, Vixen, Comet, Cupid, Dunder and Blixem. Dunder was later changed to Donder and — in other works — Donner (in German, "thunder"), and Blixem was later changed to Blitzen (German for "lightning"). Some consider Rudolph as part of the group as well, though he was not part of the original named work referenced previously. Rudolph was added to the story by Robert L. May in 1939 as "Rudolph, the Red-Nosed Reindeer." Two of the Scottish reindeer that pulled Santa’s sleigh at the switching on of Yate Christmas lights for 2004. ... Two of the Scottish reindeer that pulled Santa’s sleigh at the switching on of Yate Christmas lights for 2004. ... A typical depiction of Santa Claus. ... Cover of a 1912 edition of the poem, illustrated by Jessie Willcox Smith. ... Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer is a popular Christmas story that has been told in numerous forms including songs and theatrical and television films. ...

Miscellaneous

• The caribou is the official national animal of Isle de Beaulieu.
• The Canadian quarter features a depiction of a Caribou on one face.
• Several Norwegian municipalities have one or more reindeer depicted in their coat-of-arms: Eidfjord, Porsanger, Rendalen, Tromsø, Vadsø and Vågå.
• The historic province of Västerbotten in Sweden has a reindeer in its coat-of-arms. The present Västerbotten County has very different borders and uses the reindeer combined with other symbols in its coat-of-arms. The city of Piteå also has a reindeer.
• The Caribou is the official provincial animal of Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada.
• Caribou is a city in northern Maine.
• There is a chain of coffee stores in North America called Caribou Coffee.

The quarter is a Canadian coin, valued at 25 cents or one-fourth of a Canadian dollar. ... Eidfjord is a municipality in the county of Hordaland, Norway. ... Image:NO 2020 Porsanger Porsángu Porsanki. ... County Hedmark District Østerdalen Municipality NO-0432 Administrative centre Bergset Mayor (2003) Erling Myhre (Sp) Official language form BokmÃ¥l Area  - Total  - Land  - Percentage Ranked 11 3,180 km² 3,061 km² 0. ... County District Municipality NO-1902 Administrative centre Tromsø Mayor (2004) Herman Kristoffersen (Ap) Official language form Neutral Area  - Total  - Land  - Percentage Ranked 18 2,566 km² 2,519 km² 0. ... County Finnmark District Municipality NO-2003 Administrative centre Vadsø Mayor (2003) Hauk Johnsen (Ap) Official language form BokmÃ¥l Area  - Total  - Land  - Percentage Ranked 77 1,258 km² 1,234 km² 0. ... County Oppland District Gudbrandsdalen Municipality NO-0515 Administrative centre VÃ¥gÃ¥ Mayor (2003) Rune Øygard (Ap) Official language form Nynorsk Area  - Total  - Land  - Percentage Ranked 68 1,330 km² 1,253 km² 0. ... Västerbotten is the name of a geographical region in Sweden and Finland which can refer to: Westrobothnia, or Västerbotten - a historical Province of the Swedish Realm Laponia, or Lappland - a historical Province of the Swedish Realm Part of Västerbotten County, or Västerbottens län - a current... Västerbotten County, or Västerbottens län is a county or län in the north of Sweden. ... PiteÃ¥ Municipality (or Pite in the local dialect) is a Municipality in southern Norrbotten County in northernmost Sweden, where the city PiteÃ¥ is seat with a population of 22,500. ... Trucks outside a starch factory in Caribou, Aroostook County, Maine, October 1940 Caribou is a city in Aroostook County, Maine, United States. ... Official language(s) None (English and French de facto) Capital Augusta Largest city Portland Area  Ranked 39th  - Total 33,414 sq mi (86,542 km²)  - Width 210 miles (338 km)  - Length 320 miles (515 km)  - % water 13. ... Caribou Coffee is a specialty coffee retailer, the second largest in the U.S.[4] Caribou sells gourmet coffees, teas, and bakery goods in over 464 coffeehouses in 18 states. ...

References

• Deer Specialist Group (1996). Rangifer tarandus. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. Retrieved on 10 May 2006.
• Reindeer Roundup! A K-12 Educator's Guide to Reindeer in Alaska. 2004. Carrie Bucki with Greg Finstad and Tammy A. Smith. Reindeer Research Program, University of Alaska Fairbanks.

For other uses, see Lichen (disambiguation). ... The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (also known as the IUCN Red List and Red Data List), created in 1963, is the worlds most comprehensive inventory of the global conservation status of plant and animal species and can be found here. ... The World Conservation Union or International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) is an international organization dedicated to natural resource conservation. ... The University of Alaska Fairbanks, located in Fairbanks, Alaska, USA, is the second largest campus of the University of Alaska System, and is abbreviated as UAF. UAF is a land-grant, sea-grant, and space-grant institution, as well as participating in the sun-grant program through Oregon State University. ...

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Rangifer tarandus

Wikispecies has information related to:

Rangifer tarandus

• 1935 Reindeer Herding in the Northwest Territories
• Reindeers.info - Articles and information about Reindeer
• General information on Caribou and Reindeer
• Human Role in Reindeer/Caribou Systems
• Wild reindeer areas in Norway
• Reindeer Studies in South Georgia and Norway
• Reindeer hunting as World Heritage - a ten thousand year-long tradition
• Adaptations To Life In The Arctic - Instructional slide-show, University of Alaska
• Villreinen magazine (Norwegian for Wild Reindeer)

Caribou-specific links (North America) Image File history File links Wikispecies-logo. ... Wikispecies is a wiki-based online project supported by the Wikimedia Foundation that aims to create a comprehensive free content catalogue of all species (including animalia, plantae, fungi, bacteria, archaea, and protista). ...

• Mammal Fact Sheets: Caribou
• Frequently Asked Questions about Caribou from the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge
• Caribou and You - Campaign by CPAWS to protect the Woodland caribou, a species at risk in Canada.
• Newfoundland Five-Year Caribou Strategy Seeks to Address Declining Populations