Relocation is a process of moving people or business to a different place. Relocation services are the services focused on full relocation of families or business. Employee relocation, also known as corporate relocation, includes the transfer of an employee and any family members by a company from one work location to another. A corporate move can include domestic residential services where an employee moves within a country or state as well as international relocation services which include planning for (diplomats, managers etc.) working abroad. An agency providing relocation services directs and manages the process of relocation including arranging necessary documents (visa, long-term stay permissions), finding a new house (accommodation), finding a school for children (education), finding a job for the partner or "trailing spouse" (work) and arranging a teacher for the family (language teaching). Wall Street, Manhattan is the location of the New York Stock Exchange and is often used as a symbol for the world of business. ... This page is about negotiations; for the board game, see Diplomacy (game). ... Look up Agency in Wiktionary, the free dictionary In philosophy, law, and other fields, agency is the status of an agent. ... An entry visa valid in all Schengen treaty countries issued by France Visas for Laos, Thailand, and Sri Lanka A visa (short for the Latin carta visa, lit. ... People who travel and stay away from home for more than a day need lodging mainly for sleeping. ... Students in Rome, Italy. ...

Business relocation includes founding a new company based in a new country (governmental permissions, official documents etc.), renting a new officespace, and hiring workers. Generally, office moving will involved the set-up of the furnitures, cubicles, and office equipment.

Some corporate relocation firms charge fees to the company and pass it on to the employees, some do not.

Cost of international relocations for employers

Dating back to the Dutch East India Company, sending an employee to work in another country (a "global assignment" in current HR jargon) has carried considerable costs while theoretically opening the potential for financial returns for the employer. However, companies contemplating increased expatriate placements, within their home countries (inbound) or overseas in host countries, are frequently pennywise and pound-foolish with respect to real vs perceived costs. Dutch colonial possessions, with the Dutch East India Company possessions marked in a paler green, surrounding the Indian Ocean plus Saint Helena in the mid-Atlantic. ... Human resources has at least two meanings depending on context. ...

Perceived relocation costs are easier to identify and therefore receive the most critical attention. Real costs are the sum of all direct and indirect expenses *associated with the transfer. Compounding this challenge is the current state of many corporate finance systems, which are not designed to track relocation or assignment management cost data. Relocation cuts across many areas, including travel, transportation, human resources and payroll.

With tax equalisation, housing allowance, cost-of-living adjustment and other benefits, the typical expatriate compensation package is two to three times the home-country base salary. For example, an expatriate with a €100,000 annual salary will cost the employer €200,000-300,000 per year. Shorter term assignments have lower costs, especially when they avoid taxation thresholds, so the recent trend has been more short-term assignments and extended business trips. The savings pendulum will swing the other way, however, if expatriate employees are not given enough time to accomplish their assignment’s specified business objectives, whereby the position becomes a "revolving desk" lacking in continuity or operational momentum.

Additionally, companies with global ambitions have historically moved their employees (domestically) using several decentralised relocation departments, and they often face serious financial and regulatory risks unless they refit or re-educate organisation structures for cross-national transfers.

Different types of expatriate employers

As stated above, the average cost of a single global assignment is typically two or three times the employee’s annual salary. Much of the value or return an employer can expect from expensive global assignments comes from the networks the expatriates develop and the opportunity to exchange skills and knowledge both in and outside the workplace. As the table below illustrates, different types of corporations have different reasons for exporting or importing their talent.

There are three reasons why a company might give an employee a global assignment: filling functional needs, developing the employee for upper management, and developing the company itself. Anne Wil-Harzig of the University of Melbourne further categorises these employees as ‘bears, bumblebees and spiders.’ Those playing the role of bears are the long arm of headquarters control. The bumblebees transfer (cross-pollinate) their corporate culture. Wil-Harzig’s spiders weave the informal communication networks so important in connecting far-flung branches, subsidiaries and all strategic partners. The Old Quad Building, formerly Old Law The University of Melbourne, located in Melbourne, Victoria, is the second oldest university in Australia, after the University of Sydney. ... Organizational learning is an area of knowledge within organizational theory that studies models and theories about the way an organization learns and adapts. ... Organizational (Company / Corporate) culture comprises the attitudes, values, beliefs, norms and customs of an organization. ... In business, a subsidiary is a company controlled by another company or corporation. ... A strategic partnership is an alliance between two parties (frequently one corporation that provides engineering, manufacturing or product development services, and one smaller, entrepreneurial firm or inventor) to create a specialized new product. ...

Moreover, recent advances in IT still cannot replace the importance of face-to-face contact with clients and competitors alike, according to Dr. Jonathan Beaverstock of the UK’s Loughborough University. Beaverstock accurately predicted that expatriation will become more frequent, short-term and project-based. A multinational corporation (MNC) or multinational enterprise (MNE) or transnational corporation (TNC) or multinational organization (MNO) is a corporation/enterprise that manages production establishments or delivers services in at least two countries. ... Unilever (Euronext: UNA, LSE: ULVR, NYSE: UN) is an Anglo-Dutch company that owns many of the worlds consumer product brands in foods, beverages, cleaning agents and personal care products. ... Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. (Royal Philips Electronics N.V.), usually known as Philips, (Euronext: PHIA, NYSE: PHG) is one of the largest electronics companies in the world. ... Automakers or automobile manufacturers are companies that design and manufacture automobiles. ... A keiretsu lit. ... Logo for the Panasonic brand Matsushita Electric Industrial Co. ... Siemens has the following uses: Siemens is a German family name carried by generations of the telecommunications industrialists, including Werner von Siemens, Sir William Siemens, Wilhelm von Siemens and Peter von Siemens Siemens AG is a German electrical and telecommunications company, founded as a telegraph equipment manufacturer by Werner von... Loughborough University is a higher education institution based in Loughborough, Leicestershire, England. ...

Addressing relocation programme cost drivers

Any strategic assessment of a corporate relocation policy’s cost drivers begins near the top with a self-recognition of how the company financially accounts for all relocation costs (‘real’), and where those costs are allotted. Applied tactically, a cost recognition function assembles all information on the cost of a transfer, in one place, for case-by-case review and approval.

Relocation cuts across many areas (both organisational and geographic), including travel, transportation, human resources and payroll. Corporate finance systems are usually not designed to track this seemingly unrelated cost data in concert. As a consequence, the decision-maker for any given transfer will be weighing its business value using incomplete (‘perceived’) cost figures.

The employer’s case-by-case recognition of relocation costs means understanding the total cost of any given global assignment before it is originated. Then the finance and HR departments must track and report actual costs to budgets. This represents the smallest category of relocation cost drivers, but the way this ‘inexpensive’ work is carried out can reverberate, multiplying the size of the other, much larger, cost drivers.

During the relocation process, the people managing the relocations (internal or outsourced) must track, report and especially manage exceptions to the relocation policy. Tracking and reporting exceptions will usually reduce an employer’s overall relocation spend by 7 to 9 percent.

Responding to a 2005 Survey of global assignment management practices commissioned by a US-based third-party relocation management company, 31 percent of surveyed employers indicated that they track exceptions on a per-assignment basis for budgetary purposes, 23 percent track exception on an overall basis in order to identify policy components that need review, and 39 percent do not track the cost or type of exceptions granted. (Seven percent were not able to answer the question.)

Internal delivery costs and outsourced supplier service fees

The second smallest relocation cost driver is the process of carrying out the relocation programme, whether it is internal payroll and administrative costs or fees paid to a relocation management service provider.

Depending on the size and organisation of a company, different departments, such as finance or human resources, may administer the relocation programme. Some may lack any formal programmes while others have highly structured processes. Moreover, different operating units (who do not always communicate with each other properly) may administer different aspects of the programme.

Some may manage and execute all of their relocation processes in-house while others find value in co-sourcing or outsourcing them. This is done usually for the purposes of saving time, focusing internal resources on inherent company workforce strengths, or for providing better service to each transferee by assigning him or her with a highly responsive ‘single point of contact.’

Hiring an external service provider is sometimes generalised as an all-or-none proposition, connoting a process is conducted solely outside of the client organisation. Yet most outsourcing arrangements are actually a mix of internal handling and outsourcing activities.

Of the companies participating in the 2005 Survey of Global Assignment Management Practices, 43 percent indicated that they either outsource or co-source some assignment management services (staffing 1:58 assignees, 7 percent declined to answer).

Employers that intend to continue providing all assignment management services internally may consider centralising the internal relocation delivery groups. Among the survey participants who fit this category, 49 percent indicated that they deliver services in-house from a centralised group (staffing 1:31 assignees) and 26 percent deliver service in-house and decentralised by business unit (staffing 1:21 assignees), while 13 percent reported a combination of centralised and decentralised in-house assignment management services decentralised by region (staffing 1:18 assignees), and 12 percent reported a similar combination decentralised by business unit (staffing 1:12 assignees).

Measuring (and revising) the relocation benefits

The second largest relocation cost driver is the nature of the relocation benefits themselves, also known as ‘policy design.’ The entire relocation benefit policy ought to be reviewed once every two years by all stakeholders. This process normally involves benchmarking the policy against those of competitors or companies in similar industries. Relocation associations such as Worldwide ERC provide a forum for this type of process and most relocation providers offer policy creation and review as part of their service. Worldwide ERC is a relocation services industry trade group that has been known historically as the Employee Relocation Council. ...

Between these reviews, while a policy is in place, the employer controls costs by judiciously enforcing it. Some companies can do this with ease, while some may face employee morale or internal political issues. For this reason, outsourced service providers enjoy a natural advantage for enforcing policies. When confronted with unreasonable requests from a transferee (who may be a very senior or well-connected executive), the outsourced provider can play the dispassionate gatekeeper and ensure that policies are consistently applied and that the programme is equitable for all employees.

Underlying supplier costs

The cost of removals, home finding, language training, immigration and other services or processes comprise the largest and most tangible part of the global assignment cost pyramid. These costs also tend to be the least flexible —– unless the ‘flexing’ is upward, given the housing and transport sectors. There are two reliable methods for managing these costs. One is to react tactically and reduce the number of suppliers to gain volume price reductions. The second is to think strategically in the way costs are allocated and choose suppliers of these services who demonstrate the best overall value, not necessarily the lowest prices. That ‘overall value’ is not normally expressed down here in the base of the pyramid, but rather how the suppliers can interact or comply with the work being done in the upper tiers.

Length of assignment: cost impacts

Shorter assignments tend to cost less, but a number of cost items remain constant regardless of length of stay since they are typically incurred at the beginning and end of the assignment:

• Transfer bonus or allowance
• Cultural training
• Language lessons
• Spousal assistance
• Home finding
• Travel to destination
• Air shipment of household goods
• Surface shipment (delivery to destination residence)

While these costs will not necessarily increase for longer assignments, they may achieve muchless ROI when applied against shorter assignments. Longer assignments may help amortise the costs listed above, but they also carry larger time-sensitive costs:

• Salary
• Goods & services allowance
• Property management at origin
• Housing expense
• Home leave or return trips
• Dependent education
• Tax preparation
• Taxes

The employee’s salary would be less relevant to the calculation if he or she could have been performing a similar function for the same business unit without transferring. A salary is a form of periodic payment from an employer to an employee, which is specified in an employment contract. ... The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ...

Sources for cost section

• 'Buying Expatriate Relocation services: Real vs. Perceived Costs,' Matt Spinolo, CRP, Primacy Relocation LLC, 2005 (passages reproduced with the expressed consent of author)
• Survey of Global Assignment Management Practices (Primacy Relocation, 2005)
• Economic & Social Research Council, Transnational Communities Programme
• 'Managing Across Borders: The Transnational Solution,' Christopher A. Bartlett and Sumantra Ghoshal.

See also

• EuRA- (European Relocation Association) - Association of Destination Service Providers, Relocation Management Companies, and Affiliated Service Providers to the relocation industry in Europe and worldwide
• Worldwide ERC (Employee Relocation Council)
• Moving Guides - A listing of moving services guides and tips.
• Moving Companies - Guide and directory of US Based Moving & Relocation companies.
• Moving Articles - Articles and Guides for People Moving

Worldwide ERC is a relocation services industry trade group that has been known historically as the Employee Relocation Council. ...

External links: major employee relocation management services (RMS) companies

• Cartus, subsidiary of the Realogy Corporation, the former Cendant Corporation Real Estate Services Division
• Prudential Relocation, a subsidiary of Prudential Financial, Inc.
• SIRVA Relocation, a subsidiary of SIRVA, Inc., which is also the holding company for Allied and North American Van Lines
• Primacy Relocation, independent global RMS with SBUs in the Americas, EMEA and Asia Pacific
• Weichert Relocation Resources, a subsidiary of Weichert Affiliated Companies (real estate, financial services, insurance)
• GMAC (General Motors Acceptance Corporation's Global Relocation Services subsidiary)
• Crown Relocations, operating unit of Hong Kong-based Crown Worldwide
• Royal LePage Relocation Services, subsidiary of Toronto-based Brookfield Asset Management
• Sterling Corporate Relocation, subsidiary of UK-based removal service Sterling International Group, Ltd.
• Proway Ltd, Hong Kong RMS, affiliate of Landscope Real Estate Services Ltd
• Sante Fe Relocation Services (Asia), a subsidiary of Copenhagen-based East Asiatic Company Ltd. A/S