NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Reparative therapy

Reparative therapy (also called conversion therapy and sexual reorientation therapy) refers to methods aimed at changing gay, lesbian, and bisexual people's sexual orientations to heterosexual, or at eliminating or diminishing same-sex desires and behaviors. Many techniques have been tried, including behavior modification, aversion therapy, psychoanalysis, prayer, and religious counseling.^[1] Reparative therapy is closely associated with the "ex-gay" movement, which is more explicitly religious.^[2] Ex-gay groups tend to focus primarily on avoiding same-sex sexual activity, and secondarily (or sometimes not at all) on changing the underlying orientation.^[3] This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Queer studies is the study of issues relating to sexual orientation and gender identity. ... Image File history File links Gay_flag. ... Gender in common usage refers to the sexual distinction between male and female. ... Homosexuality refers to sexual interaction and / or romantic attraction between individuals of the same sex. ... â€œBisexualâ€ redirects here. ... A transgender person in New York Citys Gay Pride Parade Transgender (IPA: , from trans (Latin) and gender (English) ) is a general term applied to a variety of individuals, behaviors, and groups involving tendencies that diverge from the normative gender role (woman or man) commonly, but not always, assigned at... LGBT history refers to the history of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender cultures around the world, dating back to the first recorded instances of same-sex love and sexuality within ancient civilizations. ... LGBT rights Around the world Â· By country History Â· Groups Â· Activists Declaration of Montreal Same-sex relationships Marriage Â· Adoption Opposition Â· Discrimination Violence This box: This timeline of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) history details notable events in the Common Era West. ... Gay Liberation (or Gay Lib) is the name used to describe the radical lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgendered movement of the late 1960s and early to mid 1970s in North America, Western Europe, and Australia and New Zealand. ... LGBT rights Around the world By country History Â· Groups Â· Activists Declaration of Montreal Same-sex relationships Marriage Â· Adoption Opposition Â· Discrimination Violence This box: LGBT social movements share related goals of social acceptance of homosexuality, bisexuality, or transgenderism. ... This is a timeline of AIDS, including some discussion of early AIDS cases (especially those before 1980). ... Christopher Street Parade Sexuality and gender identity-based cultures concern the culture, knowledge, and references shared by members of sexual minorities or transgendered people by virtue of their membership in those minorities or their state of being transgendered. ... The idea of a gay community is complex reflecting the diverse nature of the individuals who make up that community. ... Gay pride or LGBT pride refers to a world wide movement and philosophy asserting that lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender individuals should be proud of their sexual orientation and gender identity. ... For other uses, see Coming out (disambiguation). ... Gay slang in linguistics refers to a form of English slang used predominantly among LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender) people. ... A gay village (also gay ghetto or gayborhood) is usually an urban geographic location with generally recognized boundaries where a large number of gay, lesbian, transgender, and bisexual people live. ... The tone or style of this article or section may not be appropriate for Wikipedia. ... The word queer has traditionally meant strange or unusual, but it is also currently often used in reference to lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, intersex, and asexual communities. ... Questioning is a term that can refer to a person who is questioning his or her sexual identity or sexual orientation. ... World laws on homosexuality Legality of same-sex unions in the US. Legality of same-sex unions in Europe. ... International recognition Civil unions and domestic partnerships Recognized in some regions Unregistered co-habitation Recognition debated Civil unions legal, same-sex marriage debated See also Same-sex marriage Civil union Registered partnership Domestic partnership Timeline of same-sex marriage Listings by country This box: Same-sex marriage is a term... As unregistered cohabitation Recognised in some regions Recognised prior to legalisation of same-sex marriage Netherlands (nationwide) (1998) Spain (12 of 17 communities) (1998) South Africa (nationwide) (1999) Belgium (nationwide) (2000) Canada (QC, NS and MB) (2001) Recognition debated See also Same-sex marriage Registered partnership Domestic partnership Common-law... LGBT adoption refers to the adoption of children by lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgendered people. ... sodomy law is a law that defines certain sexual acts as sex crimes. ... LGBT rights Around the world Â· By country History Â· Groups Â· Activists Declaration of Montreal Same-sex relationships Marriage Â· Adoption Opposition Â· Persecution Violence This box: The militaries of the world have a variety of responses to homosexual and bisexual orientations. ... A Jewish cemetery in France after being defaced by Neo-Nazis. ... This list indexes the articles on LGBT rights in each country and significant non-country region (e. ... GAY can mean: Gay, a term referring to homosexual men or women The IATA code for Gaya Airport Category: ... A lesbian is a woman who is romantically and sexually attracted only to other women. ... In human sexuality, bisexuality describes a man or woman having a sexual orientation to persons of either or both sexes (a man or woman who sexually likes both sexes; people who are sexually and/or romantically attracted to both males and females). ... Heterosexuality is a sexual orientation characterized by esthetic attraction, romantic love or sexual desire exclusively for members of the opposite sex or gender, contrasted with homosexuality and distinguished from bisexuality and asexuality. ... Homosexuality refers to sexual interaction and / or romantic attraction between individuals of the same sex. ... This article is about the behaviorist technique. ... Aversion therapy is a form of psychiatric or psychological treatment in which the patient is exposed to a stimulus while simultaneously being subjected to some form of discomfort. ... Psychoanalysis is a family of psychological theories and methods based on the work of Sigmund Freud. ... Mary Magdalene in prayer. ... The ex-gay or exodus movement claims that homosexuals can become heterosexual or otherwise leave homosexuality behind through counselling, prayer, and other therapies if they choose to do so. ...

The medical and scientific consensus in the United States is that reparative therapy is not effective at changing sexual orientation and is potentially harmful.^[2]^[4] No mainstream U.S. medical organization endorses reparative therapy and some have expressed concerns over some of the ethics and assumptions surrounding its practice.^[5] The mainstream view is that sexual orientation cannot be changed by therapy,^[6] that attempts to do so may be damaging to the person's well-being,^[2]^[7] and that "the positions espoused by NARTH and Focus on the Family create an environment in which prejudice and discrimination can flourish."^[8] The National Association for Research & Therapy of Homosexuality (NARTH), formerly the National Association for Research and Treatment of Homosexuality, is a non-profit organization describing itself as dedicated to affirming a complementary, male-female model of gender and sexuality. The organization is part of the movement to better understand the... The graphic identity of Focus on the Family is intended to recall old time traditional values. ...

Since the 1990s, reparative therapy and "ex-gays" have appeared in the news with relative frequency.^{[citation needed]} Reparative therapists characterize the movement as offering the possibility of a choice to gay men and women who are unhappy with their sexuality.^[9] LGBT rights supporters characterize the phenomenon as "the Christian Right repackag[ing] its anti-gay campaign in kinder, gentler terms. Instead of simply denouncing homosexuals as morally and socially corrupt, the Christian Right has now shifted to a strategy of emphasizing... the ex-gay movement. Behind this mask of compassion, however, the goal, remains the same: to roll back legal protections for lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people..."^[10] For the band, see 1990s (band). ... LGBT rights Around the world By country History Â· Groups Â· Activists Declaration of Montreal Same-sex relationships Marriage Â· Adoption Opposition Â· Discrimination Violence This box: LGBT social movements share related goals of social acceptance of homosexuality, bisexuality, or transgenderism. ...

History and doctrine

The first attempts to classify homosexuality as a disease were made by the fledgling European sexologist movement in the late nineteenth century. In 1886 noted sexologist Richard von Krafft-Ebing listed homosexuality along with 200 other case studies of deviant sexual practices in his definitive work, Psychopathia Sexualis. Krafft-Ebing, however, proposed that homosexuality was caused by either congenital (during birth) inversion or an acquired inversion. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (557x758, 383 KB) Summary Photograph of Charles Socarides from the cover of one of his books. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (557x758, 383 KB) Summary Photograph of Charles Socarides from the cover of one of his books. ... Sexology is the systematic study of human sexuality. ... Richard Freiherr von Krafft-Ebing (August 4, 1840–December 22, 1902), German psychiatrist, wrote Psychopathia Sexualis (1886), a famous study of sexual perversity, and remains well-known for his coinage of the term sadism. ...

In 1896 Sigmund Freud published his ideas on psychoanalysis. Dealing as it did with sexual urges, psychoanalysis was frequently used in the treatment of homosexuality, and much discussion of psychoanalysis was devoted to the issue of homosexuality as a paraphilia, or sexual disorder. For example, psychoanalysts theorized that castration anxiety was the basis for male homosexuality. Researchers attempted to use a variety of therapies to "cure" homosexuality, including aversion therapy, nausea producing drugs, castration, electric shock, brain surgery, and breast amputations.^[11] Sigmund Freud (IPA: ), born Sigismund Schlomo Freud (May 6, 1856 â€“ September 23, 1939), was an Austrian neurologist and psychiatrist who founded the psychoanalytic school of psychology. ... Psychoanalysis is a family of psychological theories and methods based on the work of Sigmund Freud. ... Look up paraphilia in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Castration anxiety is an idea put forth by Sigmund Freud in his writings on the Oedipus complex; it posits a deep-seated fear or anxiety in boys and men said to originate during the genital stage of sexual development. ... Aversion therapy is a form of psychiatric or psychological treatment in which the patient is exposed to a stimulus while simultaneously being subjected to some form of discomfort. ... Castration (also referred as: gelding, neutering, orchiectomy, orchidectomy, and oophorectomy) is any action, surgical, chemical, or otherwise, by which a male loses the functions of the testes or a female loses the functions of the ovaries. ... Sign warning of possible electric shock hazard An electric shock can occur upon contact of a human or animal body with any source of voltage high enough to cause sufficient current flow through the muscles or nerves. ... Neurosurgery is the surgical discipline focused on treating the central and peripheral nervous system. ...

In his work Sexual Inversion Havelock Ellis proposed that homosexuality was the product of a combination of upbringing and biological factors. Various other theories were proposed by sexologists classifying homosexuality as a physical disease, a "third sex," or a psychological aberration. Most concluded that homosexuality was a curable condition. ^{[citation needed]} Henry Havelock Ellis (February 2, 1859 - July 8, 1939), known as Havelock Ellis, was a British doctor, sexual psychologist and social reformer. ...

Scientific research into sexual orientation began in earnest in the 1950s. At that time, LGBT people largely remained in the closet and homosexuality was listed as a mental disorder in the APA's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. In 1957, Evelyn Hooker published her influential^[12] paper "The Adjustment of the Male Overt Homosexual," where she found that "homosexuals were not inherently abnormal and that there was no difference between homosexual and heterosexual men in terms of pathology."^[13] This does not cite any references or sources. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... The expression being in the closet has been used to describe keeping secret ones sexual behavior or orientation, most commonly homosexuality or bisexuality, but also including transgender and transsexual people, paedophiles, and pederasts. ... Due to the epidemic of medical errors, readers are cautioned to be aware that the American Psychiatric Association isnt immune to this. ... The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual published by the American Psychiatric Association The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is a handbook for mental health professionals that lists different categories of mental disorder and the criteria for diagnosing them, according to the publishing organization the American Psychiatric Association. ... See also: Other events of 1957 List of years in science . ... Evelyn Hooker (September 2, 1907 - November 18, 1996), United States psychologist most notable for her 1957 paper The Adjustment of the Male Overt Homosexual in which she administered psychological tests to groups of homosexual and heterosexual people and asked experts, based on those tests alone, to select the homosexuals. ...

In 1968, Charles Socarides (1922-2005), who became a central figure in the reparative therapy movement, developed a psychoanalytic theory which interpreted same-sex desires as an illness arising from a conflict between the id and the ego. The conflict usually arose from an early age in "a female-dominated environment wherein the father was absent, weak, detached or sadistic."^[14] See also: Other events of 1968 List of years in science . ... Charles W. Socarides, M.D. Charles W. Socarides (January 24, 1922 - December 25, 2005), was born in Brockton, Massachusetts. ... Psychoanalysis is the revelation of unconscious relations, in a systematic way through an associative process. ... The ego is not sharply separated from the id; its lower portion merges into it. ...

In 1969, the Stonewall riots gave birth to the gay rights movement and increased the visibility of LGBT people. In 1973 the APA declassified homosexuality as a mental disorder, in 1974 the ABA endorsed the Model Penal Code, including its decriminalization of consensual adult homosexual acts, and in 1992 the WHO removed homosexuality from its list of mental illnesses. Against this backdrop of increased visibility and understanding, opposition movements arose taking the view that homosexuality is in fact a mental disorder and is changeable.^[2] Old (and today largely unused) conversion techniques included electroconvulsive therapy,^[15] administration of Metrazol to induce convulsions,^[16] and nausea-inducing drugs.^{[citation needed]} Also: 1969 (Stargate SG-1) episode. ... LGBT rights Around the world By country History Â· Groups Â· Activists Declaration of Montreal Same-sex relationships Marriage Â· Adoption Opposition Â· Discrimination Violence This box: The Stonewall riots were a series of violent conflicts between New York City police officers and groups of gay and transgender people that began during the early... LGBT rights Around the world By country History Â· Groups Â· Activists Declaration of Montreal Same-sex relationships Marriage Â· Adoption Opposition Â· Discrimination Violence This box: LGBT social movements share related goals of social acceptance of homosexuality, bisexuality, or transgenderism. ... See also: Other events of 1973 List of years in science . ... Year 1974 (MCMLXXIV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar) of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. ... American Bar Associations Washington, DC office The American Bar Association (ABA) is a voluntary bar association of lawyers and law students, which is not specific to any jurisdiction in the United States. ... The Model Penal Code (MPC) is a statutory text which was developed by the American Law Institute (ALI) in 1962. ... See also: Other events of 1981 List of years in science . ... The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) that acts as a coordinating authority on international public health. ... Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), also known as electroshock, is a controversial psychiatric treatment in which seizures are induced with electricity. ... Metrazol is the commercial trademark of pentetrazol, pentamethylenetetrazol, or pentylenetetrazol (PTZ), a drug used as a circulatory and respiratory stimulant (another commercial name is Cardiazol). ...

Starting in 1976, Exodus International began referring people to religious ministries that attempted to change their subjects' sexual orientations. The Exodus ministries begin from the Christian perspective that same-sex relations are a sin.^[17] They believe that same-sex attraction is caused by environmental factors including an absent or distant same-sex parent, over-involvement with an opposite-sex parent, sexual abuse, early exposure to pornography or sexual language, bad experiences with gender-specific activities, isolation from same-sex peers, or name-calling from a young age; they call subjects "strugglers."^[17] Today Exodus is the most visible ex-gay organization, occasionally taking out full-page newspaper ads or renting billboards. See also: Other events of 1976 List of years in science . ... Exodus International is the largest Christian referral and information ministry in the ex-gay movement, promoting the message of Freedom from homosexuality through the power of Jesus Christ. ...

The label reparative originates from 1983 when Elizabeth Moberly, a research psychologist, coined the term reparative drive to refer to male homosexuality itself, interpreting same-sex male desires as attempts to repair for a lacked connection between father and son during childhood.^[18]^[19] She encouraged same-sex bonding with both mentors and peer relationships as a way of stopping same-sex sexual attraction.^[19] See also: Other events of 1983 List of years in science . ... Elizabeth Moberly, Ph. ...

In a 1991 book Joseph Nicolosi argued "[e]ach one of us, man and woman alike, is driven by the power of romantic love. These infatuations gain their power from the unconscious drive to become a complete human being. In heterosexuals, it is the drive to bring together the male-female polarity through the longing for the other-than me. But in homosexuals, it is the attempt to fulfill a deficit in wholeness of one’s original gender."^[20] This book has been criticized as "a religious treatise on homosexuality thinly disguised as a scientific document. In the new religious cum scientific paradigm, mental health is defined as conformity to traditional values and norms."^[21] See also: Other events of 1991 List of years in science . ... Joseph Nicolosi, Ph. ...

In 1992, Nicolosi, Socarides, and Benjamin Kaufman founded NARTH, currently the most prominent reparative therapy organization. See also: Other events of 1992 List of years in science . ... The National Association for Research & Therapy of Homosexuality (NARTH), formerly the National Association for Research and Treatment of Homosexuality, is a non-profit organization describing itself as dedicated to affirming a complementary, male-female model of gender and sexuality. The organization is part of the movement to better understand the...

The shadow of Freud and the psychoanalytic basis of Moberly's, Nicolosi's, and Socarides' theories have helped earn psychoanalysis "its present mythic status as an implacable foe of lesbian and gay identities."^[21] This status continues even though many psychoanalysts have repudiated the anti-gay bias within the field and both the American Psychoanalytic Association (APsaP) and the American Academy of Psychoanalysis have issued non-discrimination statements.^[21] The APsaP has spoken against NARTH specifically, stating "that organization does not adhere to our policy of nondiscrimination and... their activities are demeaning to our members who are gay and lesbian."^[22] The American Psychoanalytic Association is an organization of psychoanalysts within the United States. ... The American Psychoanalytic Association is an organization of psychoanalysts within the United States. ...

Today, the movement tends to characterize itself as offering the possibility of a choice for gay men and women who are unsatisfied with their sexual orientation. There is often an emphasis on minimizing and not acting on same-sex attractions, rather than eliminating them outright.^[23] Some religious conservatives support this movement, both ideologically and financially. John Paulk, formerly of Focus on the Family, said "As the church, we must continue to speak out boldly against the radical homosexual agenda while we minister to those who are trapped in this lifestyle... it is compassionate to warn about the dangers of homosexuality in order to spare individuals the heartache and grief of that behavior. At the same time, we must always remember that many turn to homosexuality precisely because they have experienced rejection from the people closest to them. The church must not compound that rejection, but rather be an oasis of grace, healing and hope."^[24] John Paulk (b. ... The graphic identity of Focus on the Family is intended to recall old time traditional values. ...

Techniques

Techniques used by reparative therapists and ex-gay groups roughly fall into three categories, depending on the practitioner's theoretical view of sexual orientation: (1) behavior modification techniques, (2) psychoanalytic techniques, and (3) religious techniques. Reparative therapy (also called conversion therapy and sexual reorientation therapy) refers to methods aimed at changing gay, lesbian, and bisexual peoples sexual orientations to heterosexual, or at eliminating or diminishing same-sex desires and behaviors. ...

Behavior modification

Practitioners who view same-sex orientations as resulting from learned behavior may adopt behavioral modification techniques.^[25] These may include masturbatory reconditioning, visualization, and social skills training.^[25] The most radical involve aversion therapy such as electroconvulsive therapy.^[26] Documented cases include electric shocks being administered to patients' genitalia, "sometimes paired with disturbing images, including a bowl of feces and pictures of Kaposi's Sarcoma lesions." Aversion therapy is a form of psychiatric or psychological treatment in which the patient is exposed to a stimulus while simultaneously being subjected to some form of discomfort. ... Aversion therapy is a form of psychiatric or psychological treatment in which the patient is exposed to a stimulus while simultaneously being subjected to some form of discomfort. ... Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), also known as electroshock, is a controversial psychiatric treatment in which seizures are induced with electricity. ...

In 1966, psychologist Martin E.P. Seligman reported that using aversion therapy to change sexual orientation "worked surprisingly well," with up to 50% of men subjected to such therapy not acting on their homosexual urges.^[27] These results produced what Seligman described as "a great burst of enthusiasm about changing homosexuality [that] swept over the therapeutic community" after the results were reported in 1966.^[27] However, Seligman notes that the findings were later demonstrated to be flawed: most of the treated men who did stop having sex with men were actually bisexual. Among men who were primarily gay, aversion therapy was far less successful.^[27] Martin E.P. Seligman is an American psychologist and writer. ... Aversion therapy is a form of psychiatric or psychological treatment in which the patient is exposed to a stimulus while simultaneously being subjected to some form of discomfort. ... In human sexuality, bisexuality describes a man or woman having a sexual orientation to persons of either or both sexes (a man or woman who sexually likes both sexes; people who are sexually and/or romantically attracted to both males and females). ...

In another case therapists used plethysmography, which uses electric sensors attached to a person's genitals to measure sexual arousal, was used, in conjunction with shock therapy, to electrically shock the patient's penis when he became sexually aroused by same-sex images. One residential adolescents treatment center used sedation, isolation, physical restraints, hypnosis, and "hold therapy," in which a girl was held down while staff members screamed at her until she admitted that she was hurting her family by being a lesbian.^[28] A plethysmograph is an instrument for measuring changes in volume within an organ or whole body (usually resulting from fluctuations in the amount of blood or air it contains). ...

Governments have used these methods as well. In 1952, the British government subjected Alan Turing to these techniques after he was arrested for having sex with a man. In the 1970s and 1980s, the South African Defense Force administered it to people who were suspected of being gay. As recently as 1992, the Phoenix Memorial Hospital was using these methods on children as young as 10.^[29] Aversion therapy is no longer sanctioned by the APA as an appropriate treatment for homosexuality.^[30] In India, where homosexuality is illegal, these methods are still used.^[31] Alan Mathison Turing, OBE, FRS (23 June 1912 â€“ 7 June 1954) was an English mathematician, logician, and cryptographer. ... Military branches: South African National Defence Force or SANDF (includes Army, Navy, Air Force, and Medical Service), South African Police Service (SAPS) Military manpower - military age: 18 years of age Military manpower - availability: males age 15-49: 11,924,500 (2004 est. ... See also: Other events of 1992 List of years in science . ... World laws on homosexuality Legality of same-sex unions in the US. Legality of same-sex unions in Europe. ...

Psychoanalysis

Nicolosi and Socarides are the lead representatives of the view that same-sex desires are a form of arrested psychosexual development, resulting from "an incomplete bond and resultant identification with the same-sex parent, which is then symbolically repaired in psychotherapy."^[25] Their corresponding psychoanalysis-based intervention plans involve conditioning a man to a traditional masculine gender role. He should "(1) participate in sports activities, (2) avoid activities considered of interest to homosexuals, such art museums, opera, symphonies, (3) avoid women unless it is for romantic contact, (4) increase time spent with heterosexual men in order to learn to mimic heterosexual male ways of walking, talking, and interacting with other heterosexual men, (5) Attend church and join a men’s church group, (6) attend reparative therapy group to discuss progress, or slips back into homosexuality, (7) become more assertive with women through flirting and dating, (8) begin heterosexual dating, (9) engage in heterosexual intercourse, (10) enter into heterosexual marriage, and (11) father children."^[32] Nicolosi has stated that, in all cases, if a father and son have a normal relationship, the son will not be gay.^[33] Psychoanalysis is a family of psychological theories and methods based on the work of Sigmund Freud. ...

Religious techniques

Some ex-gay organizations specialize in the tenets of a specific religion, while others try to encompass a more general spirituality. Although most ex-gay organizations were started by American evangelical Christians, there are now ex-gay organizations for Catholics, Mormons, Jews and Muslims and in other parts of the world. "[T]his modality is thought to be one of the most common for individuals seeking to change their sexual orientation."^[25] The relationship between religion and homosexuality varies greatly across time and place, within and between different religions and sects, and regarding different forms of homosexuality and bisexuality. ... Evangelicalism, in a strictly lexical, but rarely used sense, refers to all things that are implied in belief that Jesus is the savior. ... The term Mormon is a colloquial name, most-often used to refer to members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). ... A Muslim is a believer in or follower of Islam. ...

Practical applications

The actual practices used by organizations and their members often fall into a cross section of these categories. For instance, Love in Action hosts workshops on "child development, gender roles, and personal sexuality," one-on-one Biblical guidance, "a structured environment help[ing] establish new routines and healthy patterns of behavior", "challenging written assignments and interactive projects," "family involvement to improve communication... and to facilitate marital reconciliation," and "hiking, camping, canoeing, and rafting."^[34] ^[35] The ex-gay or exodus movement claims that homosexuals can become heterosexual or otherwise leave homosexuality behind through counselling, prayer, and other therapies if they choose to do so. ...

Likewise, Exodus International members recommend, for example, that a subject who finds him or herself attracted to someone of the same sex should "immediately look around for someone of the opposite sex... and start searching for the beauty in that person"; a subject should disentangle sexual desire from the desire for affection or affirmation; and a subject should repent and confess his or her sins.^[36] Other reported techniques include having the men play basketball and football, and having the women learn how to manicure their fingernails and wear makeup.^[37] In another, therapists placed the two genders together in a "misogyny training course" and had the women apologize to the men for the feminist movement because it had "created so many unattractive women that, of course, gay men would turn away from them."^[37] Exodus International is the largest Christian referral and information ministry in the ex-gay movement, promoting the message of Freedom from homosexuality through the power of Jesus Christ. ...

Lecturer Richard Cohen, whose television appearances have sparked controversy, holds male patients in his lap with the patient curled into the fetal position. He also advocates bioenergetics methods involving slamming a pillow with a tennis racket while shouting "Mom! Why did you do that to me?"^[38] Image File history File linksMetadata Cohensholding. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Cohensholding. ... Paula Zahn (born February 24, 1956 in Omaha, Nebraska) is an American newscaster, most recently the host of Paula Zahn NOW on CNN. On 24 July 2007, she resigned from CNN. The last broadcast of Paula Zahn Now on CNN aired August 2, 2007. ... The Cable News Network, commonly known as CNN, is a major cable television network founded in 1980 by Ted Turner. ... Cohen hugging a gay male patient as part of his holding technique for changing sexual orientation. ... Cohen hugging a gay male patient as part of his holding technique for changing sexual orientation. ... Bioenergetics, loosely defined, is the study of energy investment and flow through living systems. ...

New Age therapies are also employed by reparative therapists, including EMDR, buddha therapy, and chiropractic adjustments.^[39] Some have tried "beauty therapy," during which butch lesbians are given "a beautiful and professionally coiffured hairstyle, taught to use cosmetics, and taught to wear the most elegant feminine styles to bring out the charm and beauty in their bodies."^[40] New Age describes a broad movement characterized by alternative approaches to traditional Western culture. ... Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing , also known by its abreviation EMDR, claims to relieve the symptoms of Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other mental health problems using originally only movements of the eyes similar to those which occur naturally in REM sleep. ... Chiropractic (from Greek chiros and praktikos meaning done by hand) is a health care profession whose purpose is to diagnose and treat mechanical disorders of the spine and musculoskeletal system with the intention of affecting the nervous system and improving health. ...

Distinguishing between the reparative therapy and ex-gay movements

The reparative therapy movement is different from the ex-gay movement, but the two are closely linked and there is no consistent distinction drawn between them in the literature. Very roughly, reparative therapists tend to use secular approaches to changing sexual orientation while ex-gay organizations focus on using religion to help members not act on their same-sex desires, or sometimes to diminish or eliminate the desires.^[2] Ex-gay organizations such as Exodus International often consider reparative therapy to be a useful tool, but not a necessary one.^[41] Exodus International is the largest Christian referral and information ministry in the ex-gay movement, promoting the message of Freedom from homosexuality through the power of Jesus Christ. ...

For some ex-gay groups, merely choosing not to act on one's same-sex desires counts as a "success"^[42] whereas reparative therapists tend to understand success in terms of actually reducing or eliminating those desires. For example, some ex-gays in opposite-sex marriages acknowledge that their sexual attractions remain primarily homosexual, but seek to make their marriages work regardless.^[43] The mere act of adopting the label "ex-gay" is seen as a narrative device whereby "individuals us[e] language as the primary tool to not only express identity but also create and transform it."^[3] Ex-gays try to analogize this to the coming out process.^[3] To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... For other uses, see Coming out (disambiguation). ...

Christian right political and social advocacy groups, such as Focus on the Family, the Family Research Council, PFOX, and the American Family Association are associated with both reparative therapy and ex-gay groups. Topics in Christianity Movements Â· Denominations Â· Other religions Ecumenism Â· Preaching Â· Prayer Music Â· Liturgy Â· Calendar Symbols Â· Art Â· Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul Â· Church Fathers Constantine Â· Athanasius Â· Augustine Anselm Â· Aquinas Â· Palamas Â· Luther Calvin Â· Wesley Arius Â· Marcion of Sinope Archbishop of Canterbury Â· Catholic Pope Coptic Pope Â· Ecumenical Patriarch Christianity Portal This box: The term... The graphic identity of Focus on the Family is intended to recall old time traditional values. ... The Family Research Council (FRC) is a Christian conservative non-profit lobbying organization, formed in the United States by James Dobson in 1981 and incorporated 1983. ... Parents and Friends of Ex-Gays and Gays (PFOX) is a non-profit organization providing outreach, education, and public awareness in support of the ex-gay community. ... The American Family Association (AFA) is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization that promotes conservative Christian values. ...

Mainstream medical view on changing sexual orientation

The medical and scientific consensus is that reparative therapy is not effective at changing sexual orientation and that it is potentially harmful.^[2]^[4] No mainstream medical organization endorses reparative therapy and many have expressed concerns over some of the ethics and motivations surrounding its practice. The mainstream view is that sexual orientation cannot be changed by therapy, and that attempts to do so may be damaging to the person's well-being.^[2] Sexuality researchers are often interested in homosexuality because there is evidence from twin studies that there is a biological involvement in its determination. ... This is the main article for the Category:Sexual orientation and medicine and Category:LGBT physicians. ... Homosexuality and psychology have a closely intertwined history. ...

Mainstream health organizations critical of reparative therapy include the American Medical Association^[44], American Psychiatric Association, the American Psychological Association, the American Counseling Association, the National Association of Social Workers, the American Academy of Pediatrics, the American Association of School Administrators, the American Federation of Teachers, the National Association of School Psychologists, the American Academy of Physician Assistants, and the National Education Association.^[2]^[45]^[46] The ethics guidelines of these organizations discourage, and sometimes prohibit, its practice.^[47] The American Psychiatric Association opposes any treatment that is "based upon the assumption that homosexuality per se is a mental disorder or based upon the a priori assumption that the patient should change his/her sexual homosexual orientation."^[48] A survey of the American Psychological Association rated reparative therapy as "certainly discredited", along with topics like "crystal healing" and "dolphin-assisted therapy".^[49] The American Medical Association (AMA) is the largest association of medical doctors in the United States. ... Due to the epidemic of medical errors, readers are cautioned to be aware that the American Psychiatric Association isnt immune to this. ... The American Psychological Association (APA) is a professional organization representing psychology in the US. It has around 150,000 members and an annual budget of around $70m. ... The American Counseling Association (ACA) is a non-profit, professional organization that is dedicated to the counseling profession. ... The National Association of Social Workers, or NASW is the largest organization of professional social workers in the United States. ... The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) is an organization of pediatricians, physicians trained to deal with the medical care of infants, children, and adolescents. ... The American Federation of Teachers or AFT is an American labor union founded in 1916 which represents teachers; paraprofessionals and school-related personnel; local, state and federal employees; higher education faculty and staff; and nurses and other healthcare professionals. ... The National Association of School Psychologists represents and supports school psychologists. ... The National Education Association (NEA) is the largest labor union in the United States, representing many of the countrys teachers along with other school personnel. ... Due to the epidemic of medical errors, readers are cautioned to be aware that the American Psychiatric Association isnt immune to this. ... The American Psychological Association (APA) is a professional organization representing psychology in the US. It has around 150,000 members and an annual budget of around $70m. ...

Dr. Jack Drescher, former chairman of the Committee on Gay, Lesbian and Bisexual Issues of the American Psychiatric Association, said:"There's not a debate in the profession on this issue... This is like creationism. You create the impression to the public as if there was a debate in the profession, which there is not."^[50] The APA has created a task force to revisit its policy on reparative therapy, with an official statement expected in 2008. Anderson, the director of the APA’s lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender concerns office, said the task force may or may not rewrite the policy, and they are sure to consider religious influences. Ex-gay advocates claim that the task force is biased against ex-gays, and commentators expect the new policy to take a stronger position against reparative therapy.^[51]^[52] The American Psychological Association (APA) is a professional organization representing psychology in the US. It has around 150,000 members and an annual budget of around $70m. ...

The World Health Organization lists ego-dystonic sexual orientation in the ICD-10, which it defines as occurring where "[t]he gender identity or sexual preference (heterosexual, homosexual, bisexual, or prepubertal) is not in doubt, but the individual wishes it were different because of associated psychological and behavioural disorders, and may seek treatment in order to change it."^[53] It notes that "[s]exual orientation by itself is not to be regarded as a disorder."^[53] The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) that acts as a coordinating authority on international public health. ... Egodystonic sexual orientation is an egodystonic condition. ... The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) is a detailed description of known diseases and injuries. ...

In China, the Chinese Psychiatric Association removed homosexuality from its list of psychiatric disorders in the 2001 edition of the Chinese Classification and Diagnostic Criteria of Mental Disorders, although it retained a classification of ego-dystonic homosexuality,^[54] the treatment of which can include therapy meant to change a patient's orientation to heterosexual, but that is rare in China. Japan's psychiatric body removed homosexuality from its list of psychiatric disorders in 1995.^[55] Not all national professional psychiatric associations have done likewise, and homosexuality remains classified as a disorder in some countries, "opening the possibility of forced incarceration and forced treatment, including shock therapy and other forms of 'aversion therapy.'"^[56] The American Psychiatric Association dropped ego-dystonic homosexuality from the DSM-IV in 1987 and opposes the diagnosis of either homosexuality or ego-dystonic homosexuality as any type of disorder.^[57] The Chinese Classification and Diagnostic Criteria of Mental Disorders (CCDCMD), published by the Chinese Psychiatric Association, is the handbook used most often in diagnosing mental disorders in China. ... Egodystonic sexual orientation is an egodystonic condition. ... Due to the epidemic of medical errors, readers are cautioned to be aware that the American Psychiatric Association isnt immune to this. ... The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, published by the American Psychiatric Association, is the handbook used most often in diagnosing mental disorders in the United States and other countries. ...

Mainstream gay rights organizations and some religious organizations accept the mainstream health view and oppose reparative therapies, including the National Gay and Lesbian Task Force, The Interfaith Alliance, New Ways Ministries and People for the American Way. The National Gay and Lesbian Task Force (NGLTF) is an organization working for the civil rights of gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender people in the United States. ... The Interfaith Alliance (TIA) is a organization of approximately 150,000 people whose goal is to: Promote democratic values, Defend religious liberty, Challenge hatred and religious bigotry, and Reinvigorate informed civic participation. ... New Ways Ministry is an organisation providing positive ministry and support to gay and lesbian Catholics in the United States of America. ... People For the American Way (PFAW) is a liberal, self described progressive advocacy organization in the United States. ...

Evidence cited by reparative therapists and ex-gays

The American Psychiatric Association stated that these success stories are anecdotal, and that "there are no scientifically rigorous outcome studies to determine either the actual efficacy or harm of "reparative" treatments."^[48] It called for more scientific research to determine the risks and benefits involved, and until such research is available, recommended that "ethical practitioners refrain from attempts to change individuals' sexual orientation."^[48] Major medical organizations and others do not accept the anecdotal evidence offered by reparative therapists and ex-gay groups for reasons including:^[59]^[60] Due to the epidemic of medical errors, readers are cautioned to be aware that the American Psychiatric Association isnt immune to this. ...

With respect to the last point, one commentator argues that the reason for the focus on gay men is more political than medical. He argues that conservative and rigidly defined gender roles are the core value system used by reparative therapists, and that male sexuality, with its emphasis on masculine and patriarchal hierarchies, is seen as more important and valuable than female sexuality.^[61] It has been suggested that Mass wire media be merged into this article or section. ... The term science by press conference describes a public relations strategy for publicizing results of research in the media. ... Social desirability bias is the inclination to present oneself in a manner that will be viewed favourably by others. ...

Peer-reviewed research

A 2002 peer-reviewed study found that 88% of participants failed to achieve a sustained change in their sexual behavior and 3% reported changing their orientation to heterosexual. The remainder reported either losing all sexual drive or attempting to remain celibate, with no change in attraction. Many of the participants who failed felt a sense of shame and had gone through reparative therapy programs for many years. Of the 8 respondents (out of a sample of 202) who reported a change in sexual orientation, 7 were employed in paid or unpaid roles as ex-gay counselors or group leaders, something which has led many to question whether even this small "success" rate is in fact reliable.^[29] See also: Other events of 2002 List of years in science . ...

In 2001, Dr. Robert Spitzer, who was involved in the APA's declassification of homosexuality as a mental disorder, presented a paper on reparative therapy at the APA annual convention. He reported that 66% of the men and 44% of the women he sampled had achieved "good heterosexual functioning" through interventions.^[62] This paper was widely reported by proponents of reparative therapy as evidence of success of the therapy. See also: Other events of 2001 List of years in science . ... Dr. Robert L. Spitzer is a Professor of Psychiatry at Columbia University. ...

The APA immediately issued an official disavowal of the paper, noting that it had not been peer-reviewed and bluntly stating that "There is no published scientific evidence supporting the efficacy of reparative therapy as a treatment to change one's sexual orientation."^[59] Two years later, Spitzer published the paper in the Archives of Sexual Behavior. The publication decision sparked controversy and one sponsoring member resigned in protest. The paper has been criticized on various grounds, including using non-random sampling and poor criteria for "success". Critics argue that it relied upon samples selected by reparative therapists themselves (86 participants were handpicked by ex-gay organizations), that proper random samplings were not used, that small samplings were used, that the subjects appeared to be ex-gay advocates who may have been biased in favor of reparative therapies, that 60% of the subjects had previously reported being bisexual, and that no follow-up study had been carried out to acertain long-term conversion.^[63]^[59] Archives of Sexual Behavior is an academic sexology journal and the official publication of the International Academy of Sex Research. ...

Spitzer himself played down the results of his own paper; upon being asked about the 200 patient sample after 16 months, and the percentage of people who might succeed, Spitzer said that it took almost a year and a half to only find 200 willing individuals, and therefore, the number of gay people who could successfully become heterosexual was likely to be "pretty low". He also conceded that the study's participants were "unusually religious."

Potential harms

The American Psychiatric Association has stated that "anecdotal reports of 'cures' are counterbalanced by anecdotal claims of psychological harm." It further states that there are no scientifically rigorous outcome studies to determine the actual harm of reparative treatments.^[48] However, they have also stated that the "potential risks of 'reparative therapy' are great, including depression, anxiety, and self-destructive behavior, since therapist alignment with societal prejudices against homosexuality may reinforce self-hatred already experienced by a patient."^[48]^[4] Due to the epidemic of medical errors, readers are cautioned to be aware that the American Psychiatric Association isnt immune to this. ... Anecdotal evidence is an informal account of evidence in the form of an anecdote, or hearsay. ...

Mainstream medical bodies state that reparative therapy can be harmful because it may exploit guilt and anxiety, thereby damaging self-esteem and leading to depression and even suicide.^[50] Participants are at increased risk for guilt, depression, anxiety, confusion, self-blame, suicidal gestures, unprotected anal intercourse with untested partners, and heavy substance abuse.^[64] Michael Bussee, founder of Exodus International, reports that "One man slashed his genitals with a razor and poured Drano on his wounds," and that another man impulsively underwent an incomplete sex-change operation because he believed his sexual desires might receive divine approval were he biologically a woman.^[65] Psychology Today states: Cover of April 2004 issue of Psychology Today. ...

Beyond harms caused to individual people, there is a broad concern in the mental health community that the advancement of reparative therapy itself causes social harm by disseminating inaccurate views about sexual orientation and the ability of LGB people to lead happy, healthy lives.^[2] The APA warns that the reparative therapy and ex-gay movements "create an environment in which prejudice and discrimination can flourish."^[8] A commentator summarizes: "To attempt to 'cure' is to reinforce bigotry."^[67] The American Psychological Association (APA) is a professional organization representing psychology in the US. It has around 150,000 members and an annual budget of around $70m. ...

Ethics guidelines

The ethics guidelines of the American Psychiatric Association and the American Counseling Association recommend that ethical practitioners avoid using reparative therapy or referring clients to people who do use it.^[7]^[48] The American Psychological Association opposes practicing reparative therapy, but its ethics guidelines do not explicitly prohibit it; rather, they caution that any psychologist attempting to change someone's sexual orientation must, among other things, eliminate the effects of biases about sexual orientation on one's practice and avoiding making deceptive claims about the scientific basis for reparative therapy.^[68] NARTH, a reparative therapy organization, "advises its members to provide psychological care in a professional, ethical manner which is consistent with the codes of ethics of the national mental health organizations and state licensing boards."^[69] Due to the epidemic of medical errors, readers are cautioned to be aware that the American Psychiatric Association isnt immune to this. ... The American Counseling Association (ACA) is a non-profit, professional organization that is dedicated to the counseling profession. ... The American Psychological Association (APA) is a professional organization representing psychology in the US. It has around 150,000 members and an annual budget of around $70m. ... The National Association for Research and Therapy of Homosexuality (NARTH) is a non-profit organization dedicated to affirming a complementary, male-female model of gender and sexuality. NARTH is a proponent of the idea that it is possible alter ones sexual preferences or sexual orientation, that homosexuality is a...

Some commentators, recommending a hard stand against the practice, have found reparative therapy inconsistent with a psychologist's ethical duties because "it is more ethical to let a client continue to struggle honestly with her or his identity than to collude, even peripherally, with a practice that is discriminatory, oppressive, and ultimately ineffective in its own stated ends."^[70] They argue that clients who request it do so out of social pressure and internalized homophobia, pointing to evidence that rates of depression, anxiety, alcohol and drug abuse and suicidal feelings are roughly doubled in those who undergo reparative therapy.^[64]

Self-determination argument

Reparative therapists focus on patient self-determination when discussing whether reparative therapy should be available. Mark Yarhouse, of Pat Robertson's Regent University, wrote: "[p]sychologists have an ethical responsibility to allow individuals to pursue treatment aimed at curbing experiences of same-sex attraction or modifying same-sex behaviors, not only because it affirms the client's rights to dignity, autonomy, and agency, as persons presumed capable of freely choosing among treatment modalities and behavior, but also because it demonstrates regard for diversity."^[71] Yarhouse and Throckmorton, of the private Christian school Grove City College, argue that the procedure should be available out of respect for a patient’s values system and because they find evidence that it can be effective.^[9] Douglas Haldeman, who considers reparative therapy to be pseudoscientific,^[72] similarly argues for a client's right to access to reparative therapy if requested from a fully informed position: "we must respect the choices of all who seek to live life in accordance with their own identities; and if there are those who seek to resolve the conflict between sexual orientation and spirituality with conversion therapy, they must not be discouraged."^[25] Marion Gordon Pat Robertson (born March 22, 1930) is a televangelist from the United States. ... Regent University is an accredited institution of higher education with a curriculum based on Christian principles. ... Grove City College is a very selective, private liberal arts college in Grove City, Pennsylvania, with a population of about 2,500 undergraduate students. ...

The American Psychological Association's code of conduct states: "Psychologists respect the dignity and worth of all people, and the rights of individuals to privacy, confidentiality, and self-determination," but also: "Psychologists are aware that special safeguards may be necessary to protect the rights and welfare of persons or communities whose vulnerabilities impair autonomous decision making."^[73] Gerald Koocher, president of the APA, stated: "In a full multifaceted therapeutic relationship, the therapist has every duty to respond to patient choice and to help patients achieve their goals.... BUT... [First, t]herapists must determine whether patients understand that their motives may arise purely from the social pressures of a homophobic environment.... [and second, p]atients must understand that [treatments to modify sexual orientation] lack a validated scientific foundation and may prove psychologically harmful."^[74] The American Psychological Association (APA) is a professional organization representing psychology in the US. It has around 150,000 members and an annual budget of around $70m. ... The American Psychological Association (APA) is a professional organization representing psychology in the US. It has around 150,000 members and an annual budget of around $70m. ...

Chuck Bright wrote that refusing to endorse a procedure that "has been deemed unethical and potentially harmful by most medical and nearly every professional psychotherapy regulating body cannot be justifiably identified as prohibiting client self-determination."^[32]

Ethics guidelines with respect to ex-gay groups

"Unlike many organizations and individuals who offer counseling and mental health treatment services, the majority of ex-gay programs market themselves as religious ministries and are therefore not governed or overseen by professional associations, licensing boards, state departments of health or other bureaucracies."^[75] The applicability of professional ethics guidelines to ex-gay organizations is, thus, unclear.

Reasons why people seek to change sexual orientation

Some people are unhappy with their sexuality for a variety reasons, including religious or personal beliefs, the desire for a traditional family, shame, rejection (actual or feared), or a general dissatisfaction with the contemporary gay lifestyle.^[76]

Psychology Today states: "Just who tries to change? Not the average gay man or woman. Would-be converts, say psychologists, typically come from deeply authoritarian backgrounds where homosexuality is branded immoral or a sin, while others are married and cannot reconcile their family commitments with their erotic desires."^[66] Cover of April 2004 issue of Psychology Today. ...

The American Psychological Association states that harassment and abuse, as well as pressure from family, peers, and religious groups ignorant about and prejudiced against homosexuality, may cause high levels of emotional stress for lesbians, gays, and bisexuals. These pressures may lead people to feel forced into attempting to change their sexual orientation.^[68] Other researchers have found that social pressure plays a key role in a person's desire to change his or her sexuality.^[64]^[77] In one extreme case, an Exodus member attempted to recruit lesbians by going to lesbian bars or hangouts posing as a lesbian, flirting with women, exchanging phone numbers, and eventually having sex with women for the purpose of getting close to lesbians to convert them to heterosexuality.^[78] The American Psychological Association (APA) is a professional organization representing psychology in the US. It has around 150,000 members and an annual budget of around $70m. ... A lesbian is a woman who is romantically and sexually attracted only to other women. ... GAY can mean: Gay, a term referring to homosexual men or women The IATA code for Gaya Airport Category: ... â€œBisexualâ€ redirects here. ... Peer pressure comprises a set of group dynamics whereby a group in which one feels comfortable may override personal habits, individual moral inhibitions or idiosyncratic desires to impose a group norm of attitudes and/or behaviors. ...

One reparative therapist argued that there is also social pressure not to enter reparative therapy.^[79]

Malleability of sexual orientation

United States Surgeon General David Satcher issued a 2001 report urging tolerance for gays and lesbians and maintaining that "there is no valid scientific evidence that sexual orientation can be changed." Mainstream health organizations state that: "Sexual orientation develops across a person's lifetime - different people realize at different points in their lives that they are heterosexual, gay, lesbian, or bisexual."^[2] The American Psychological Association has stated that homosexuality "is not changeable."^[6] US Public Health Service US Public Health Service Collar Device US Public Health Service Cap Device The Surgeon General of the United States is the head of the United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps (PHSCC) and thus the leading spokesperson on matters of public health in the U.S... David Satcher David Satcher (b. ... See also: Other events of 2001 List of years in science . ... The American Psychological Association (APA) is a professional organization representing psychology in the US. It has around 150,000 members and an annual budget of around $70m. ...

In 1985, Fritz Klein presented his theory that sexual orientation is a "dynamic, multi-variable process" - dynamic in that it may change over time, and multi-variable in that it is composed of various elements, both sexual and non-sexual.^[80] A report from the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health states: "For some people, sexual orientation is continuous and fixed throughout their lives. For others, sexual orientation may be fluid and change over time."^[81] This article is about the sex researcher; for other people named Fritz Klein, see Fritz Klein (disambiguation). ... The Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, ARF Site The Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH) is a consortium of mental health clinics at several sites in Toronto, Ontario. ...

Reparative therapists do not believe sexual orientation can be changed instantly and completely, but instead believe that they can bring about a gradual change to heterosexuality. Nicolosi explains that when a man changes orientation, he "doesn't immediately walk down a street and get a sexual charge from looking at a woman. But he will begin to notice women. He will begin to feel a desire to get married and have a family." Nicolosi admits a successful client may still have same-sex attractions, but adds "that sexual desire is greatly diminished."^[66]

Some in the ex-gay community believe that sexual orientation cannot be completely changed,^[82] but others in the camp disagree.^[83]

Clinton Anderson, director of the APA Lesbian, Gay and Bisexual Concerns Office, said: "I don't think that anyone disagrees with the idea that people can change because we know that straight people become gays and lesbians.... the issue is whether therapy changes sexual orientation, which is what many of these people claim."^[84]

Reaction by reparative therapists

Reparative therapists generally respond to the mainstream medical view with three main points. First, they argue that the mainstream medical view (from the 1973 declassification of homosexuality as a mental disorder to the current opposition to reparative therapy) is the result of political beliefs and lobbying.^[85] Second, they argue that there is evidence that reparative therapy does work.^[9] Third, they argue that people should be able to determine their own therapeutic goals (see self-determination argument, supra). Reparative therapy (also called conversion therapy and sexual reorientation therapy) refers to methods aimed at changing gay, lesbian, and bisexual peoples sexual orientations to heterosexual, or at eliminating or diminishing same-sex desires and behaviors. ...

Robert Perloff, former president of the American Psychological Association, in 2001 at age 80 charged that APA is "too politically correct, too bureaucratic, too obeisant to special interests." He stated that APA’s view of conversion therapy is "all wrong. First, the data are not fully in yet. Second, if the client wants a change, listen to the client. Third, you're barring research."^[86] Robert Perloff (born February 3, 1921 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) is an American psychology and business administration professor emeritus. ... The American Psychological Association (APA) is a professional organization representing psychology in the US. It has around 150,000 members and an annual budget of around $70m. ...

Controversies, criticisms, and scandals

Reparative therapy/ex-gays as a means to shape the LGBT rights debate

Social conservatives sometimes use possibility of conversion therapy to argue against LGBT rights legislation and LGBT acceptance in general. The argument is that if sexual orientation is changeable, then remaining gay or lesbian is a mere choice and therefore does not warrant the legal protections and social acceptance afforded to others who are protected on the basis of age, race, gender, disability, etc.^[87] This pattern of reasoning has seen some results: for example, LGBT students at religious universities have been expelled because they refused to be "cured."^[29] Social conservatism is a belief in traditional morality and social mores and the desire to preserve these in present day society, often through civil law or regulation. ... LGBT social movements is a collective term for a number of movements that share related goals of social acceptance of homosexuality and/or gender variance. ...

Some gay rights supporters argue that "the Christian Right has seized the political opportunity offered by the ex-gay movement to repackage its anti-gay campaign in kinder, gentler terms. Instead of simply denouncing homosexuals as morally and socially corrupt, the Christian Right has now shifted to a strategy of emphasizing personal salvation for homosexuals — through the ex-gay movement. Behind this mask of compassion, however, the goal, remains the same: to roll back legal protections for lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people..."^[10] Health organizations hold that conversion attempts are caused by, and reinforce, negative attitudes and mistaken beliefs about homosexuality.^[2]

Scandals involving minors

One of the most controversial aspects of reparative therapy has been the focus on gay teenagers, including occasions where teenagers have been forcibly treated in ex-gay camps. A 2006 report outlined evidence that ex-gay and reparative therapy groups are increasingly focusing on children.^[75] Several legal researchers have responded to these events by arguing that parents who force their children into aggressive reparative therapy programs are committing child abuse under various state statutes.^[88]^[89] Child abuse is the physical, sexual, or emotional maltreatment or neglect of children by parents, guardians, or others. ...

People who "relapsed"

The ex-gay or exodus movement claims that homosexuals can become heterosexual or otherwise leave homosexuality behind through counselling, prayer, and other therapies if they choose to do so. ... Many so-called Ex-gays acknowledge later on that they are gay. ... Image File history File links 00sep29Paulk. ... Image File history File links 00sep29Paulk. ... John Paulk (b. ... Wayne Besen is a gay rights advocate in the United States. ... See also: Other events of 1979 List of years in science . ... Exodus International is the largest Christian referral and information ministry in the ex-gay movement, promoting the message of Freedom from homosexuality through the power of Jesus Christ. ... See also: Other events of 1986 List of years in science . ... See also: Other events of 1987 List of years in science . ... See also: Other events of 1995 List of years in science . ... The Denver Post is a daily newspaper published in Denver, Colorado. ... Phone sex refers to sexually explicit conversation between two or more persons via telephone, especially when at least one of the participants masturbates or engages in sexual fantasy. ... John Paulk (b. ... The graphic identity of Focus on the Family is intended to recall old time traditional values. ... Exodus International is the largest Christian referral and information ministry in the ex-gay movement, promoting the message of Freedom from homosexuality through the power of Jesus Christ. ... Year 2000 (MM) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full 2000 Gregorian calendar). ... for the Welsh footballer see Michael Johnston (footballer) Michael Johnston with mother Frances Johnston in a 1998 commercial sponsored by Coral Ridge Ministries Michael Johnston is an American man who is notable for identifying as ex-gay. ... Species Human immunodeficiency virus 1 Human immunodeficiency virus 2 Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a retrovirus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS, a condition in humans in which the immune system begins to fail, leading to life-threatening opportunistic infections). ... The American Family Association (AFA) is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization that promotes conservative Christian values. ... Species Human immunodeficiency virus 1 Human immunodeficiency virus 2 Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a retrovirus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS, a condition in humans in which the immune system begins to fail, leading to life-threatening opportunistic infections). ...

Financial motivations

Opponents argue that many reparative therapists may become involved for personal financial gain.^[101] It has also been noted that the organizations that sponsor ex-gay ministries, like Focus on the Family, use anti-gay political campaigns to generate funds but provide relatively few resources to their reparative therapy wings.^[99]

Terminology

The practice is alternatively called "conversion therapy."^[75] Those outside the movement may reject the label "reparative," as it presupposes that same-sex attraction is something which can or should be repaired.

Reparative therapy and ex-gays in popular culture

Reparative therapy and the ex-gay phenomenon occasionally appear in popular culture, usually in a satirical or skeptical context. In 1999, Lions Gate Entertainment released But I'm a Cheerleader, a black comedy about a high school cheerleader who is sent to an ex-gay camp. In the 2004 comedy film Saved!, one character is a gay high school student sent by his parents to a camp to turn him straight. A 2007 South Park episode Cartman Sucks satirized and criticized reparative therapy and ex-gay camps. The year 1999 in film involved some significant events. ... Lions Gate redirects here, for other meanings see Lions Gate (disambiguation)â€Ž. Lions Gate Entertainment Corporation, (usually renderred as Lionsgate), (NYSE: LGF) is an American entertainment company which originated in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada and now is headquartered in Santa Monica, California. ... But Im a Cheerleader is a 1999 satire film directed by Jamie Babbit about a high school cheerleader, Megan Bloomfield (Natasha Lyonne), who is sent to a reparative therapy camp. ... It has been suggested that this article be split into articles entitled Black comedy and List of black comedies, accessible from a disambiguation page. ... The year 2004 in film involved some significant events. ... Saved! is a 2004 teen comedy film involving elements of religious satire written by Brian Dannelly and Michael Urban, and directed by Dannelly. ... The year 2007 in television involves some significant events. ... This article is about the TV series. ... Cartman Sucks is episode 1102 of Comedy Centrals South Park and the second episode of the shows 11th season. ...

Reparative therapy was derided on Penn and Teller's television show Bullshit!.^[102] Reparative therapist Richard Cohen was satirically interviewed by Jason Jones in a segment for the March 19, 2007 episode of The Daily Show. Albeit not in relation to homosexuality, aversion therapy and its moral implications were explored in the 1962 novels One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest and A Clockwork Orange. Penn (left) & Teller Penn and Teller are a two-man magic and comedy team, comprised of Penn Jillette and Teller. ... Bullshit! (also known as Penn & Teller: Bullshit!) is an American, Emmy-nominated documentary television series, running since 2003 on the premium cable channel Showtime. ... Cohen hugging a gay male patient as part of his holding technique for changing sexual orientation. ... Jason Jones (born in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada) is a Canadian comedian known best for his work on The Daily Show with Jon Stewart. ... The year 2007 in television involves some significant events. ... The Daily Show (currently The Daily Show with Jon Stewart) is a Peabody and Emmy Award-winning American satirical television program produced by and airing on Comedy Central. ... Year 1962 (MCMLXII) was a common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1962 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... One Flew Over the Cuckooâ€™s Nest can refer to: One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest (novel), a 1962 fiction novel by Ken Kesey One Attempted to Fly Over the Cuckoos Nest But Didnt Give Himself Enough Clearing Room, (film), a 1975 film adaptation of the novel One... Clockwork Orange redirects here. ...

In 2006, Ted Haggard, former American evangelical preacher and leader of the National Association of Evangelicals resigned or was removed from all of his leadership positions after allegations of gay sex and drug abuse were made by Mike Jones, a former male prostitute. Initially Haggard denied even knowing Mike Jones, but as a media investigation proceeded he acknowledged that some allegations, such as his purchase of methamphetamine, were true. He later added "sexual immorality" to his list of confessions. After the scandal was publicized, Haggard entered three weeks of intensive counseling, overseen by four ministers. On February 6, 2007, one of those ministers stated that Haggard "is completely heterosexual."^[103] The minister later said he meant to say that therapy "gave Ted the tools to help to embrace his heterosexual side."^[104] 2005 religious leaders - Events of 2006 - 2006 religious leaders - Religious leaders by year See also: List of state leaders in 2006 List of international organization leaders in 2006 // Catholic churches Roman Catholic Church-Benedict XVI, Pope, Bishop of Rome (2005-present) and head of the Latin Rites. ... Ted Haggard Ted Arthur Haggard (June 27, 1956) is a former American evangelical preacher. ... Look up evangelist in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Preacher is a term the for someone who preaches sermons or gives homilies. ... The National Association of Evangelicals (NAE) is an agency dedicated to coordinating cooperative ministry for evangelical denominations of Christians in the United States. ... GAY can mean: Gay, a term referring to homosexual men or women The IATA code for Gaya Airport Category: ... Also see Alcoholism and Drug addiction. ... Michael F. â€œMikeâ€ Jones (born 7 May 1957, in Colorado) is a personal trainer and a former escort and masseur[1][2][3] who gained notoriety when he came forward with allegations that he had had a three-year affair with Ted Arthur Haggard, an American evangelical preacher and founder... Male prostitution is the sale of sexual services by a male prostitute (commonly called a hustler or rentboy; see below for other expressions) with either male or female clients. ... This article is about the psychostimulant, d-methamphetamine. ... See also: Other events of 2007 List of years in science . ...

References

^ See Reparative therapy#Techniques.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l Just the Facts About Sexual Orientation & Youth: A Primer for Principals, Educators and School Personnel. American Academy of Pediatrics, American Counseling Association, American Association of School Administrators, American Federation of Teachers, American Psychological Association, American School Health Association, Interfaith Alliance Foundation, National Association of School Psychologists, National Association of Social Workers, National Education Association (1999). Retrieved on 2007-08-28.
^ ^a ^b ^c Peebles, Amy E. (April 2003). "It’s Not Coming Out, So Then What Is It? Sexual Identity and the Ex-Gay Narrative". Texas Linguistic Forum 47: 155-164. Retrieved on 2007-08-28.
^ ^a ^b ^c H., K.. "APA Maintains Reparative Therapy Not Effective", Psychiatric News (news division of the American Psychiatric Association), 1999-01-15. Retrieved on 2007-08-28.
^ See Reparative therapy#Ethical guidelines.
^ ^a ^b Answers to Your Questions About Sexual Orientation and Homosexuality. American Psychological Association. Retrieved on 2007-08-28. “Although we can choose whether to act on our feelings, psychologists do not consider sexual orientation to be a conscious choice that can be voluntarily changed.... [homosexuality] does not require treatment and is not changeable.”
^ ^a ^b Whitman, Joy S.; Glosoff, Harriet L.; Kocet, Michael M.; Tarvydas, Vilia (2006-05-22). Ethical issues related to conversion or reparative therapy. American Counseling Association. Retrieved on 2007-08-28.
^ ^a ^b 365Gay.com Newscenter Staff. "APA Discredits 'Ex-Gay' Movement", 365Gay Newscenter, 2006-08-11. Retrieved on 2007-04-14.
^ ^a ^b ^c See generally Yarhouse, Mark A.; Throckmorton, Warren (2002). "Ethical Issues in Attempts to Ban Reorientation Therapies". Psychotherapy: Theory/Research/Practice/Training 39 (1): 66-75. DOI:10.1037//0033-3204.39.1.66. Retrieved on 2007-08-28. “One of the most frequently cited arguments in support of a client's right to choose change therapy is the freedom and self-determination of the client...”
^ ^a ^b Challenging the ex-gay myth: an information packet. Political Research Associates, National Gay and Lesbian Task Force, Equal Partners in Faith (1998). Retrieved on 2007-08-28.
^ Rudledge, 2003
^ Kirby, Michael (December 2003). "The 1973 deletion of homosexuality as a psychiatric disorder: 30 years on". Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 37 (6): 674-677. DOI:10.1111/j.1440-1614.2003.01269.x. Retrieved on 2007-08-28. “On the basis of excellent sampling and statistical methods, [Hooker] published her influential paper 'The Adjustment of the Male Overt Homosexual'...” , p. 675.
^ Hooker, Evelyn (March 1957). "The adjustment of the male overt homosexual". Journal of projective techniques 21 (1): 18-31. PMID 13417147. Retrieved on 2007-08-28.
^ Socarides, Charles (1968). The Overt Homosexual. New York: Grune & Stratton. ISBN 080890437X.
^ Thompson, George N. (1949). "Electroshock and other therapeutic considerations in sexual psychopathy". Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 109: 521. (describing electroshock therapy as used in reparative therapy), p. 531
^ Bowman, Karl M.; Eagle, Bernice (January 1953). "The Problem of Homosexuality". Journal of Social Hygiene 39 (1): 2-16. PMID 13011795. Retrieved on 2007-08-28. “Owensby claimed success in freeing psychosexual energy by metrazol convulsions in six cases...” , p. 10
^ ^a ^b A Student's Guide to Understanding Homosexuality (pdf). Exodus International (2006). Retrieved on 2007-08-28., p. 2, p. 4
^ Moberly, Elizabeth R. (1983). Psychogenesis: The Early Development of Gender Identity. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd.. ISBN 0710092717.
^ ^a ^b Moberly, Elizabeth R. (1983). Homosexuality: A new Christian ethic. Cambridge: James Clarke. ISBN 0227678508.
^ Nicolosi, Joseph (1991). Reparative Therapy of Male Homosexuality: A New Clinical Approach. Northvale, NJ: J. Aronson. ISBN 0876685459.
^ ^a ^b ^c Drescher, Jack (June 1998). "I'm Your Handyman: A History of Reparative Therapies". Journal of Homosexuality 36 (1): 19-42. DOI:10.1300/J082v36n01_02. Retrieved on 2007-08-28.
^ Crow, C.. "Irate reader's expert on gays has drawn fire from his peers", San Antonio Express-News, 2004-11-20.
^
^ Paulk, John. What Happened When Love Won Out. Focus on the Family.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Haldeman, Douglas C. (June 2002). "Gay Rights, Patient Rights: The Implications of Sexual Orientation Conversion Therapy". Professional Psychology: Research and Practice 33 (3): 260-264. DOI:10.1037//0735-7028.33.3.260. Retrieved on 2007-08-28.
^ Smith, Glenn; Bartlett, Annie; King, Michael (January 2004). "Treatments of homosexuality in Britain since the 1950s -- An oral history: the experience of patients". BMJ. DOI:10.1136/bmj.37984.442419.EE. Retrieved on 2007-08-28. “Other forms of treatment were electroconvulsive therapy, discussion of the evils of homosexuality, desensitisation of an assumed phobia of the opposite sex, hypnosis, psychodrama, and abreaction. Dating skills were sometimes taught, and occasionally men were encouraged to find a prostitute or female friend with whom to try sexual intercourse. Many described the treatments as unsophisticated and un-erotic because of the clinical setting and images used: "The whole week was totally un-erotic. I don't think I could have had an erection for any reason that week because I didn't like being there."”
^ ^a ^b ^c Seligman, Martin E.P. (1994). What You Can Change and What You Can't: The Complete Guide to Self Improvement. New York: Knopf, 156-157. ISBN 0-679-41024-4.
^ Mirken, B. Setting Them Straight, 10 Percent, June 1994, at 55-56.
^ ^a ^b ^c Shidlo, Ariel; Schroeder, Michael; Drescher, Jack (2001). Sexual Conversion Therapy: Ethical, Clinical, and Research Perspectives. New York: Haworth Medical Press. ISBN 0789019108.
^ Chenier, Elise (2004). "[www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/aversion_therapy.html Aversion Therapy]". glbtq: An Encyclopedia of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Culture. Ed. Summers, Claude J.. Chicago: glbtq, Inc.. Retrieved on 2007-08-28.
^ Chandran, Vinay (February 2006). Prayer, punishment or therapy? Being a homosexual in India. InfoChange News & Features. Retrieved on 2007-08-28. “While social attitudes are slowly changing [in India] and the anti-sodomy law is being challenged, mental health professionals in many places still offer therapy to homosexuals.”
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Bright, Chuck (December 2004). "Deconstructing Reparative Therapy: An Examination of the Processes Involved When Attempting to Change Sexual Orientation". Clinical Social Work Journal 32 (4): 471-481. DOI:10.1007/s10615-004-0543-2. Retrieved on 2007-08-28.
^ Transcript from Anderson Cooper 360 Degrees. CNN (2007-04-05). Retrieved on 2007-08-28.
^ the source. Love in Action. Retrieved on 2007-08-28.
^ the journey. Love in Action. Retrieved on 2007-08-28.
^ Medinger, Alan (2002). A Realistic Approach to Attractions. Exodus International. Retrieved on 2007-08-28.
^ ^a ^b Ferber, Lawrence. "When Art Imitates Life: gay actor writes screenplay about ex-gay movement", The Advocate, 1998-11-24, p. 63. Retrieved on 2007-08-28.
^ Videoclip of Cohen's techniques. CNN. Retrieved on 2008-08-28.
^ (Christianson 2005:13)
^ Romesburg, Don (1995). "Thirteen theories to "Cure" homosexuality". Out in all directions: the almanac of gay and lesbian America. Ed. Witt, Lynn; Thomas, Sherry; Marcus, Eric. Warner Brothers.
^ Exodus International Policy Statements. Exodus International. Retrieved on 2007-08-28.
^ Institute for the Study of Sexual Identity FAQ. Regent University. Retrieved on 2007-08-28.
^ Anonymous. "No easy victory", Christianity Today, 2002-03-11. Retrieved on 2007-08-28.
^ {{cite web |url = http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/category/14754.html |title = American Medical Association policy regarding sexual orientation |accessdate = 2007-07-30 |date = 2007-07-11 |publisher = American Medical Association }]
^ (1993) "Homosexuality and Adolesence". Pediatrics, Official Journal of the American Academy of Pediatrics 92: 631-634. Retrieved on 2007-08-28.
^ Physician Assistants vote on retail clinics, reparative therapy. SpiritIndia.com. Retrieved on 2007-08-28.
^ See Reparative therapy#Ethics issues.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Position Statement on Therapies Focused on Attempts to Change Sexual Orientation (Reparative or Conversion Therapies). American Psychiatric Association (May 2000). Retrieved on 2007-08-28.
^ Norcross, John C.; Koocher, Gerald P.; Garofalo, Ariele (October 2006). "Discredited Psychological Treatments and Tests: A Delphi Poll". Professional Psychology: Research and Practice 37 (5): 512-522. DOI:10.1037/0735-7028.37.5.515. Retrieved on 2007-08-28.
^ ^a ^b Luo, Michael. "Some Tormented by Homosexuality Look to a Controversial Therapy", The New York Times, 2007-02-12, p. 1. Retrieved on 2007-08-28.
^ Crary, David. "Psychologists' group to review "treatment" of gays", Associated Press, 2007-07-10. Retrieved on 2007-08-28.
^ Lynsen, Joshua. "Psychologists to revisit gay topics", Washington Blade, 2007-06-01.
^ ^a ^b ICD-10, Chapter V: Mental and behavioural disorders: Disorders of adult personality and behaviour. World Health Organization (2007). Retrieved on 2007-08-28.
^ "Homosexuality Depathologized in China", Chinese Society for the Study of Sexual Minorities News Digest, 2001-03-05. Retrieved on 2007-08-28.
^ "China More Tolerant Toward Gays: Psychiatric Association No Longer Views It As A Mental Illness", Associated Press, 2001-03-07. Retrieved on 2008-08-28.
^ Sexual Minorities and the Work of the United Nations Special Rapporteur on Torture 9-10. International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission (2001-06-05). Retrieved on 2007-08-28.
^ APA Council of Representatives (1987-08-30). APA Policy Statement: Use of Diagnoses "Homosexuality" & "Ego-Dystonic Homosexuality". American Psychological Association. Retrieved on 2007-08-28.
^ Exodus International: Real Stories. Exodus International. Retrieved on 2007-08-28.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Attempts To Change Sexual Orientation. University of California, Davis Depatment of Psychology. Retrieved on 2007-08-28.
^ Haldeman, Douglas (December 1999). "The Pseudo-science of Sexual Orientation Conversion Therapy". The Policy Journal of the Institute for Gay and Lesbian Strategic Studies 4 (1): 1-4. Retrieved on 2007-08-28.
^ Mondimore, Francis Mark (1996). A natural history of homosexuality. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0801853494.
^ Spitzer, Robert L. (October 2003). "Can Some Gay Men and Lesbians Change Their Sexual Orientation? 200 Participants Reporting a Change from Homosexual to Heterosexual Orientation". Archives of Sexual Behavior 32 (5): 403-417. DOI:10.1023/A:1025647527010. Retrieved on 2007-08-28.
^ Robinson, B.A. (2006-06-04). Analysis of Dr. Spitzer's Study of Reparative Therapy. Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance. Retrieved on 2007-08-28.
^ ^a ^b ^c Shidlo; Schroeder, Michael (2002). "Changing Sexual Orientation: A Consumers’ Report". Professional Psychology: Research and Practice 33 (3): 249-259. DOI:10.1037//0735-7028.33.3.249. Retrieved on 2007-08-28.
^ "Ex-Gay Ministry Founders Recant," "Keeping in Touch," The Universal Fellowship of Metropolitan Community Churches, May 1990.
^ ^a ^b ^c Yeoman, Barry. "Gay No More", Psychology Today, 1999-03/04, p. 5. Retrieved on 2007-08-28.
^ Halpert, Stephen C. (January 2000). ""If It Ain't Broke, Don't Fix It": Ethical Considerations Regarding Conversion Therapies". International Journal of Sexuality and Gender Studies 5 (1): 19-35. DOI:10.1023/A:1010133501054. Retrieved on 2007-08-28.
^ ^a ^b Resolution on Appropriate Therapeutic Responses to Sexual Orientation. American Psychological Association (1997-8-14). Retrieved on 2007-08-28.
^ Byrd, A. Dean (2006-06-05). "Holding Therapy" as a Therapeutic Approach. NARTH. Retrieved on 2007-08-28.
^ Tozer, Erinn E.; McClanahan, Mary K. (1999). "Treating the Purple Menace: Ethical Considerations of Conversion Therapy and Affirmative Alternatives". The Counseling Psychologist 27 (5): 722-742. DOI:10.1177/0011000099275006. Retrieved on 2007-08-28.
^ Yarhouse, Mark (Summer 1998). "When Clients Seek Treatment for Same-Sex Attractions: Ethical Issues in the "Right to Choose" Debate". Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training 35 (2): 248-259. Retrieved on 2007-08-28.
^ Haldeman (1999:3)
^ Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct. American Psychological Association (2003-06-01). Retrieved on 2007-08-28.
^ Koocher, Gerald P. (2006-08-15). Statement by Dr. Gerald P. Koocher Concerning Therapeutic Interventions To Deal With Unwanted Same-Sex Attraction. Retrieved on 2007-08-28.
^ ^a ^b ^c Cianciotto, J.; Cahill, S. (2006). Youth in the crosshairs: the third wave of ex-gay activism (pdf). National Gay and Lesbian Task Force. Retrieved on 2007-08-29.
^ Courtenay-Smith, Natasha. "The gay man who wants to go straight", The Independent (Online Edition), 2005-08-08. Retrieved on 2007-08-28.
^ Beckstead, A. Gay is not me: Seeking Congruence Through Sexual Reorientation Therapy. (Unpublished master's thesis, University of Utah, 1999).
^ Turner, Shannon, Khan, Surina. "Saving Us From Sin", Curve, 1997-11, p. 22.
^ NARTH published a non-peer reviewed paper arguing that "ex-gays" found the pressure not to reorient sexuality stronger than the pressure to enter reorientation therapy. Throckmorton, Warren (2002). Do clients who have sexual orientation distress feel pressured into reorientation counseling?. NARTH. Retrieved on 2007-08-28.
^ Klein, Fritz; Sepekoff, Barry; Wolf, Timothy J. (1985). "Sexual Orientation: a Multi-Variable Dynamic Process", Two Lives to Lead: Bisexuality in Men and Women. New York: Harrington Park Press, 38. ISBN 0918393221.
^ ARQ2: Question A2 - Sexual Orientation. Centre for Addiction and Mental Health. Retrieved on 2007-008-28.
^ Simone, Stephanie. "New ground in debate on "curing" gays", Los Angeles Times, 2007-06-18. Retrieved on 2007-08-28.
^ Brown, Jim. Exodus Int'l president stands by criticism of term 'ex-gay'. OneNewsNow.com. Retrieved on 2007-08-28.
^ Bansal, Monisha. Psychologists Disagree Over Therapy for Homosexuals. Cybercast News Service. Retrieved on 2007-08-28.
^ Rogers H., Wright; Cummings, Nicolas A. (2005). Destructive Trends in Mental Health. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0415950864.
^ Murray, Bridget. "Same office, different aspirations", Monitor on Psychology, 2001-12. Retrieved on 2007-08-28.
^ J. H., W.. "Evangelical Ex-Gay Group Says Sanctioning Gay 'Marriage' "Lacks True Compassion"", LifeSiteNews.com, 2005-07-06. Retrieved on 2007-08-28.
^ Talbot, T. Reparative therapy for homosexual teens: the choice of the teen should be the only choice discussed, 27 J. Juv. L. 33. 2006.
^ Cohan, J. Parental Duties and the Right of Homosexual Minors to Refuse "Reparative" Therapy, 11 Buff. Women's L.J. 67, 2002.
^ Melzer, Eartha. "Tenn. opens new probe of ‘ex-gay’ facility: Experts say children should not be forced into counseling", Washington Blade, 2005-07-01. Retrieved on 2007-08-28.
^ Consent Order (In the matter of Duff R. Wright, Ph.D., Respondant). State of Tennessee, Department of Health (2005-04-13). Retrieved on 2007-08-28.
^ ^a ^b Zach's Release from "Love in Action" Imminent
^ Tennessee closes down Christian ex-gay camp for treating mental illness without a license, WikiNews, 09-21-2005. Retrieved on 2007-02-08.
^ ^a ^b Popper, Ben. "Love in Court: Gay-to-straight ministry and the state go to court", Memphis Flyer, 2006-02-10. Retrieved on 2007-08-28.
^ ^a ^b Evangelical Press with additional reporting by Jody Veenker. "Ex-Gay Leader Disciplined for Gay Bar Visit", Christianity Today, 2000-10-01. Retrieved on 2007-08-29.
^ Their story is one of the foci of the documentary One Nation Under God (1993), directed by Teodoro Maniaci and Francine Rzeznik.
^ Culver, V.. "Sessions with gays criticized: Former minister's counseling methods brought reprimands", Denver Post, 10-27-1995.
^ Paulk, John, (Paulk, Anne) Love Won Out: How God's Love Helped 2 People Leave Homosexuality and Find Each Other Focus on the Family Pub, ISBN 1561797839
^ ^a ^b Besen, Wayne (2003). Anything but Straight:: Unmasking the Scandals and Lies Behind the Ex-Gay Myth. Harrington Park Press. ISBN 1560234458.
^ Douglas-Brown, Laura. "Ex-gay leader Johnston allegedly had sex with men without disclosing he is HIV-positive", Southern Voice, 2003-08-08. Retrieved on 2007-08-29.
^ Monteagudo, J.. "Analyst Ignores Medical Research", Sun-Sentinel, 1-7-1996.
^ Penn & Teller: Bullshit! on Showtime. Showtime.
^ "Haggard Pronounced 'Completely Heterosexual'", Associated Press, 02-06-2007.
^ "More Haggard details emerge", North Jersey Record and Herald News, 2007-02-21, pp. 1. Retrieved on 2007-02-22.

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Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 240th day of the year (241st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Associated Press, or AP, is an American news agency, the worlds largest such organization. ... 2008 (MMVIII) will be a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 240th day of the year (241st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... LGBT rights Around the world By country History Â· Groups Â· Activists Declaration of Montreal Same-sex relationships Marriage Â· Adoption Opposition Â· Discrimination Violence This box: The International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission (IGLHRC) is an international organisation addressing human rights violations against lesbians, gay men, bisexuals, transgender people and people with... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 240th day of the year (241st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The American Psychological Association (APA) is a professional organization representing psychology in the US. It has around 150,000 members and an annual budget of around $70m. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 240th day of the year (241st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Exodus International is the largest Christian referral and information ministry in the ex-gay movement, promoting the message of Freedom from homosexuality through the power of Jesus Christ. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 240th day of the year (241st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The University of California, Davis, commonly known as UC Davis, is one of the ten campuses of the University of California, and was established as the University Farm in 1905. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 240th day of the year (241st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 240th day of the year (241st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Robert Spitzer is the name of: Robert Spitzer (political scientist) Robert Spitzer (psychiatrist) This is a disambiguation page: a list of articles associated with the same title. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 240th day of the year (241st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 240th day of the year (241st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 240th day of the year (241st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Cover of April 2004 issue of Psychology Today. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 240th day of the year (241st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 240th day of the year (241st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The American Psychological Association (APA) is a professional organization representing psychology in the US. It has around 150,000 members and an annual budget of around $70m. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 240th day of the year (241st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The National Association for Research and Therapy of Homosexuality (NARTH) is a non-profit organization dedicated to affirming a complementary, male-female model of gender and sexuality. NARTH is a proponent of the idea that it is possible alter ones sexual preferences or sexual orientation, that homosexuality is a... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 240th day of the year (241st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 240th day of the year (241st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 240th day of the year (241st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The American Psychological Association (APA) is a professional organization representing psychology in the US. It has around 150,000 members and an annual budget of around $70m. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 240th day of the year (241st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 240th day of the year (241st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The National Gay and Lesbian Task Force (NGLTF) is an organization working for the civil rights of gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender people in the United States. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 241st day of the year (242nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Independent is a British compact newspaper published by Tony OReillys Independent News & Media. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 240th day of the year (241st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The National Association for Research and Therapy of Homosexuality (NARTH) is a non-profit organization dedicated to affirming a complementary, male-female model of gender and sexuality. NARTH is a proponent of the idea that it is possible alter ones sexual preferences or sexual orientation, that homosexuality is a... The National Association for Research and Therapy of Homosexuality (NARTH) is a non-profit organization dedicated to affirming a complementary, male-female model of gender and sexuality. NARTH is a proponent of the idea that it is possible alter ones sexual preferences or sexual orientation, that homosexuality is a... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 240th day of the year (241st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, ARF Site The Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH) is a consortium of mental health clinics at several sites in Toronto, Ontario. ... This just IN !!!:paris hiltons new dog. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 240th day of the year (241st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 240th day of the year (241st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 240th day of the year (241st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 240th day of the year (241st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 240th day of the year (241st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Washington Blade is a lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) newspaper in the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 240th day of the year (241st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 240th day of the year (241st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Wikinews is a free-content news source and a project of the Wikimedia Foundation. ... The Memphis Flyer is a weekly alternative newspaper serving the greater Memphis, Tennessee area. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 240th day of the year (241st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 241st day of the year (242nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The year 1993 in film involved many significant films. ... Teodoro Maniaci is an award-winning American cinematographer and documentary director, with dozens of motion pictures and television shows to his credit. ... The Denver Post is a daily newspaper published in Denver, Colorado. ... Wayne Besen is a gay rights advocate in the United States. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 241st day of the year (242nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Fort Lauderdale Sun-Sentinel is the main daily newspaper of Fort Lauderdale, Florida, and all of Broward County. ... Showtime is a subscription television brand used by a number of channels and platforms around the world, but primarily refers to a group of channels in the United States. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 53rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Contents

History and doctrine

Techniques

Behavior modification

Psychoanalysis

Religious techniques

Practical applications

Distinguishing between the reparative therapy and ex-gay movements

Mainstream medical view on changing sexual orientation

Evidence cited by reparative therapists and ex-gays

Peer-reviewed research

Potential harms

Ethics guidelines

Self-determination argument

Ethics guidelines with respect to ex-gay groups

Reasons why people seek to change sexual orientation

Malleability of sexual orientation

Reaction by reparative therapists

Controversies, criticisms, and scandals

Reparative therapy/ex-gays as a means to shape the LGBT rights debate

Scandals involving minors

People who "relapsed"

Financial motivations

Terminology

Reparative therapy and ex-gays in popular culture

References

External links

Reparative therapy perspectives

Mainstream scientific community perspectives

Contents

History and doctrine GA_googleFillSlot("encyclopedia_square");

Techniques

Behavior modification

Psychoanalysis

Religious techniques

Practical applications

Distinguishing between the reparative therapy and ex-gay movements

Mainstream medical view on changing sexual orientation

Evidence cited by reparative therapists and ex-gays

Peer-reviewed research

Potential harms

Ethics guidelines

Self-determination argument

Ethics guidelines with respect to ex-gay groups

Reasons why people seek to change sexual orientation

Malleability of sexual orientation

Reaction by reparative therapists

Controversies, criticisms, and scandals

Reparative therapy/ex-gays as a means to shape the LGBT rights debate

Scandals involving minors

People who "relapsed"

Financial motivations

Terminology

Reparative therapy and ex-gays in popular culture

References

External links

Reparative therapy perspectives

Mainstream scientific community perspectives

History and doctrine