Repetition is the occurrence of an event which has occurred before.

Music

Repetition is important in music, where sounds or sequences are often repeated. One often stated idea is that repetition should be in balance with the initial statements and variations in a piece. It may be called restatement, such as the restatement of a theme. While it plays a role in all music, in fact most musical sounds are periodic, it is especially prominent in minimal music and, its influence, popular music. Theodor Adorno criticized repetition and popular music as being psychotic and infantile. Richard Middleton (1990) argues that "while repetition is a feature of all music, of any sort, a high level of repetition may be a specific mark of 'the popular'" and that this allows an, "enabling" of "an inclusive rather than exclusive audience" (p.139). "There is no universal norm or convention" for the amount or type of repetition, "all music contains repetition - but in differing amounts and of an enormous variety of types." This is influenced by "the political economy of production; the 'psychic economy' of individuals; the musico-technological media of production and reproduction (oral, written, electric); and the weight of the syntactic conventions of music-historical traditions" (ibid, p.268). In music, variation is a formal technique where material is altered during repetition; reiteration with changes. ... The American Law Institute (ALI) was established in 1923 to promote the clarification and simplification of American common law and its adaptation to changing social needs. ... In music, a theme is the initial or primary melody. ... In mathematics, a periodic function is a function that repeats its values, after adding some definite period to the variable. ... Minimal music is sometimes applied to classical music of the last 45 years which displays some or all of the following features: emphasis on consonant harmony, if not functional tonality; reiteration of musical phrases, with subtle, gradual, and/or infrequent variation over long periods of time, possibly limited to simple... Max Horkheimer (front left), Theodor Adorno (front right), and Jürgen Habermas in the background, right, in 1965 at Heidelberg Theodor Ludwig Wiesengrund Adorno (September 11, 1903 – August 6, 1969) was a German sociologist, philosopher, musicologist and composer. ... Popular music is music belonging to any of a number of musical styles that are accessible to the general public and mostly distributed commercially. ... Richard Middleton may be Richard Middleton (Lord Chancellor) medieval theologian, philosopher and Lord Chancellor Richard Middleton (writer) (1882 - 1911) British poet and ghost story writer Richard Middleton (musicologist) This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ...

Thus Middleton (also 1999) distinguishes between discursive and musematic repetition. A museme is a minimal unit of meaning, analgous to morpheme in linguistics, and musematic repetition is "at the level of the short figure, often used to generate an entire structural framework." Discursive repetition is "at the level of the phrase or section, which generally functions as part of a larger-scale 'argument'." He gives "paradigmatic case[s]": the riff and the phrase. Musematic repetition includes circularity, synchronic relations, and open-ness. Discursive repetition includes linearity, rational control, and self-sufficiency. Discursive repetition is most often nested (hierarchically) in larger repetitions and may be thought of as sectional, while musematic repetition may be thought of as additive. (p.146-8) In semantics, discourses are linguistic units composed of several sentences - in other words, conversations, arguments or speeches. ... A museme is a minimal unit of musical meaning, analgous to a morpheme in linguistics, the basic unit of musical expression which in the framework of one given musical system is not further divisible without destruction of meaning. ... In Linguistics, a morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit in a given language. ... The term musical form is used in two related ways: a generic type of composition such as the symphony or concerto the structure of a particular piece, how its parts are put together to make the whole; this too can be generic, such as binary form or sonata form Musical... The Resource Interchange File Format (RIFF) is a generic meta-format for storing data in tagged chunks. ... In music a phrase is a section of music that is relatively self contained and coherent over a medium time scale. ... A hierarchy (in Greek hieros = sacred, arkho = rule) is a system of ranking and organizing things. ... Look up Additive in Wiktionary, the free dictionary When used as a noun, additive refers to something that is introduced to a larger quantity of something else, usually to alter characteristics of the larger quantity. ...

See also paradigmatic analysis and cycle (music). In semiotics paradigmatic analysis is analysis of paradigms rather than surface structure (syntax) as in syntagmatic analysis, often made through commutation tests, comparisons of words chosen with absent words, words of the same type or class but not chosen. ... Cycle (music) - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins/monobook/IE50Fixes. ...

Source

• Richard Middleton (1999). "Form". Key Terms in Popular Music and Culture, Horner, Bruce and Swiss, Thomas, eds. Malden, Massachusetts. ISBN 0631212639.
• Middleton, Richard (1990/2002). Studying Popular Music. Philadelphia: Open University Press. ISBN 0335152759.

Literature

Repetition can also be important in literature, especially poetry, where words or certain phrases are repeated for a stronger emphasis by the author. Wikisource Every Author - Online books and writers forums A Bibliography of Literary Theory, Criticism, and Philology (José Ángel García Landa, University of Zaragoza, Spain) Open Directory Project: Literature World Literature Electronic Text Archives Magazines and E-zines Online Writing Writers Resources Libraries, Digital Cataloguing, Metadata Distance Learning T...

Weight training

In weight training, a repetition (or "rep") is the act of lifting and lowering a weight once, in a controlled manner. A "set" consists of a several repetitions performed one after another with no break between them. Novice weight trainers are advised to perform 8 to 12 repetitions per set and 1 to 3 sets per exercise, with short breaks between each set. A complete weight training workout can be performed with a pair of adjustable dumbbells and a set of weight disks (plates). ...

Frequency

The number of repetitions in a period of time is frequency. A period is an arbitrary interval of time. ... Sine waves of various frequencies; the lower waves have higher frequencies than those above. ...