NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Republic of Ragusa

Respublica Ragusina
Repubblica di Ragusa
Dubrovačka Republika
Republic of Ragusa

City-state

1358 – 1808


Flag	Coat of arms

Borders of the Republic of Ragusa, 1426-1808

Capital

Ragusa

42°39′N 18°04′E Map of the Venetian Republic, circa 1000 CE. The republic is in dark red, borders in light red. ... Image File history File links State flag of the Most Serene Republic of Venice File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Events Jacquerie. ... 1808 was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Image File history File links Flag_of_France. ... Illyrian Provinces (French Provinces illyriennes) were formed in 1809 when Austria ceded with the Treaty of Schoenbrunn its lands Carinthia, Carniola, Croatia southwest of the river Sava, Gorizia and Trieste to France after the defeat at the Battle of Wagram. ... Image File history File linksMetadata No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links Dubrovnik_grb. ... The Dannebrog, national flag of Denmark. ... A modern coat of arms is derived from the medi val practice of painting designs onto the shield and outer clothing of knights to enable them to be identified in battle, and later in tournaments. ... Image File history File links Ragusa. ... This is a list of national capitals of the world in alphabetical order. ... County Dubrovnikâ€“Neretva Area 143. ...

Language(s)

Latin, Italian since 1492

Religion

Roman Catholic

Government

Republic

Duke

- 1808

Auguste Marmont

Historical era

Renaissance

- Treaty of Zara

June 27, 1358

- Invasion by France

January 31, 1808

- Annexed

October 14, 1808

Area

- 1808?

1,500 km²
579 sq mi

Population

- 1808? est.

30,000

Density

20 /km²
51.8 /sq mi

The Republic of Ragusa was a maritime city-state centred on the city of Dubrovnik (Italian Ragusa) from the 14th century AD until 1808. It was located in the southern part of modern-day Croatia. In the 14th century the Communitas Ragusina (Latin for "Ragusan municipality" or "community") was renamed Respublica Ragusina (Latin for "Ragusa Republic"). After 1472 was offically named Repubblica di Ragusa (in Italian).^{[citation needed]} The name in Croatian was Dubrovačka Republika.^[1] The Republic ruled a compact area of southern Dalmatia - its final borders were formed by 1426^[2] - comprising the mainland coast from Neum to the Prevlaka peninsula as well as the Pelješac peninsula and the islands of Lastovo and Mljet, as well as a number of smaller islands off Lastovo and Dubrovnik such as Koločep, Lopud, and Šipan. It reached its peak in the 15th and 16th centuries before being conquered by Napoleon Bonaparte's French Empire in 1808. It had a population of about 30,000 people, of which 5,000 lived within the city walls.^[3] Latin was the language originally spoken in the region around Rome called Latium. ... Not to be confused with 1492: Conquest of Paradise. ... The Roman Catholic Church or Catholic Church (see terminology below) is the Christian Church in full communion with the Bishop of Rome, currently Pope Benedict XVI. It traces its origins to the original Christian community founded by Jesus Christ and led by the Twelve Apostles, in particular Saint Peter. ... Forms of government Part of the Politics series Politics Portal This box: For other uses, see Republic (disambiguation). ... A duke is a nobleman, historically of highest rank and usually controlling a duchy or dukedom. ... Auguste FrÃ©dÃ©ric Louis Viesse de Marmont, Marshal of France. ... Raphael was famous for depicting illustrious figures of the Classical past with the features of his Renaissance contemporaries. ... The Treaty of Zara was the peace treaty signed in Zara, Croatia in 1358 in which the Venetian Republic lost influence over its Dalmatian holdings. ... June 27 is the 178th day of the year (179th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 187 days remaining. ... Events Jacquerie. ... Map of the First French Empire in 1811, with the Empire in dark blue and sattelite states in light blue Capital Paris Language(s) French Government Monarchy Emperor - 1804-1814/1815 Napoleon I Napoleon II Legislature Parliament - Upper house Senate - Lower house Corps lÃ©gislatif History - French Consulate - Established 18... January 31 is the 31st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1808 was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Illyrian Provinces (French Provinces illyriennes) were formed in 1809 when Austria ceded with the Treaty of Schoenbrunn its lands Carinthia, Carniola, Croatia southwest of the river Sava, Gorizia and Trieste to France after the defeat at the Battle of Wagram. ... October 14 is the 287th day of the year (288th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1808 was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... This is a list of the countries of the world sorted by area. ... Population density by country, 2006 Population density is a measurement of population per unit area or unit volume. ... A maritime nation is any nation which borders the sea and utilizes it for any of the following: commerce and transport, war, to define a territorial boundary, or for any maritime activity (activities using the sea to convey or produce an end result). ... A city-state is a region controlled exclusively by a city. ... County Dubrovnikâ€“Neretva Area 143. ... This 14th-century statue from south India depicts the gods Shiva (on the left) and Uma (on the right). ... Dionysius Exiguus invented Anno Domini years to date Easter. ... 1808 was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Latin is an ancient Indo-European language originally spoken in Latium, the region immediately surrounding Rome. ... Map of Dalmatia, in present day Croatia highlighted Dalmatia (Croatian: Dalmacija, Italian: Dalmazia) is a region on the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea, in modern Croatia, spreading between the island of Rab in the northwest and the Gulf of Kotor (Boka Kotorska) in the southeast. ... Shield of Neum Neum is the only seaside town in Bosnia and Herzegovina. ... The Prevlaka Peninsula is a small peninsula at the entrance to the Bay of Kotor. ... PeljeÅ¡ac (Italian Sabioncello) is a peninsula in southern Croatia, in the Dubrovnik-Neretva county. ... Map showing the location of Lastovo in Croatia Lastovo (Italian: Lagosta, Latin: Augusta Insula, Greek: Ladestanos, Illyrian: Ladest) is an island, town and municipality in the Dubrovnik-Neretva county in Croatia. ... Mljet (Latin Melita, Italian Meleda) is the most southerly and easterly of the larger Adriatic islands of the Dalmatia region of Croatia. ... Map showing the location of Lastovo in Croatia Lastovo (Italian: Lagosta, Latin: Augusta Insula, Greek: Ladestanos, Illyrian: Ladest) is an island, town and municipality in the Dubrovnik-Neretva county in Croatia. ... County Dubrovnikâ€“Neretva Area 143. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The harbour in Lopud Franciscan monastery in Lopud Lopud is a small island off the coast of Dalmatia, southern Croatia. ... Å ipan is the largest of the Elaphiti Islands, 17 km northwest of Dubrovnik; separated from the mainland coast by the Kolocepski Channel; area 16. ... (14th century - 15th century - 16th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 15th century was that century which lasted from 1401 to 1500. ... (15th century - 16th century - 17th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 16th century was that century which lasted from 1501 to 1600. ... Bonaparte as general Napoleon Bonaparte ( 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821) was a general of the French Revolution and was the ruler of France as First Consul (Premier Consul) of the French Republic from November 11, 1799 to May 18, 1804, then as Emperor of the French (Empereur des... Map of the First French Empire in 1811, with the Empire in dark blue and sattelite states in light blue Capital Paris Language(s) French Government Monarchy Emperor - 1804-1814/1815 Napoleon I Napoleon II Legislature Parliament - Upper house Senate - Lower house Corps lÃ©gislatif History - French Consulate - Established 18... 1808 was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ...

History

Origins

The city was established in 7th century^[4] (circa 614) after Avar and Slav raiders destroyed the Roman city of Epidaurum (in Croatian: Cavtat; in Italian Ragusavecchia). Some of the survivors moved 25 kilometers north to the small island near the coast where they founded a new settlement, Lausa. The 7th century is the period from 601 - 700 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian Era. ... Events The Persian Empire under general Shahrbaraz captures and sacks Jerusalem; the Church of the Holy Sepulchre is damaged by fire and the True Cross is captured. ... Map showing the location of Avar Khaganate, c. ... Distribution of Slavic people by language The Slavic peoples (Greek: , Latin: , Arabic: â€Ž Saqaliba, Old Church Slavonic: , Russian: , Polish: , Serbian: ), Croatian: , Bulgarian: ) are a linguistic and ethnic branch of Indo-European peoples, living mainly in Europe, where they constitute roughly a third of the population. ... Cavtat (Italian: ) is a town in the Dubrovnik-Neretva County of Croatia. ... Cavtat (Italian: ) is a town in the Dubrovnik-Neretva County of Croatia. ...

It has been claimed that a second raid by Croats in 656, resulted in the total destruction of Epidaurum. ^[4]

Though the new location offered more protection, there was hardly any fertile soil and the new inhabitants had to resort to land which by that time had already been in possession of the Slavic population. In return they paid tribute.^[2]

According to another theory Epidaurum was destroyed a first time in 265AD by the Goths and probably "Rausium (or Ragusa) was founded long before Epidaurus was finally destroyed, and that the various irruptions of barbarians, in the third and succeeding centuries, had led to the original establishment of this place of refuge".^[5] Invasion of the Goths: a late 19th century painting by O. Fritsche, is a highly romanticized portrait of the Goths as cavalrymen. ...

Ragusa derives its name from Lausa (from the Greek xau, "precipice"); it was later altered in Rausium, or Rausia (even Lavusa, Labusa, Raugia and Rachusa) and finnaly into Ragusa. The Croat name "Dubrovnik" is derived from the Slavonic word dubrava, "oak wood". ^[5]; it came into use beside "Ragusa" in the 14th century.^[6]. Countries where a West Slavic language is the national language Countries where an East Slavic language is the national language Countries where a South Slavic language is the national language The Slavic languages (also called Slavonic languages), a group of closely related languages of the Slavic peoples and a subgroup... This 14th-century statue from south India depicts the gods Shiva (on the left) and Uma (on the right). ...

Merging of two Settlements

Epidaurum refugees built their new settlement on the small island (some sources say peninsula) Lausa off shore while other populations (primarily Croats^{[citation needed]}) settled along the coast, directly across the narrow channel, and named their settlement Dubrovnik. Initially the populations were skeptical of each other. Over time they grew closer and finally in 12th century the two settlements merged. The channel that divided the city was filled creating the famous Stradun, the main street which became the city center. Croats (Croatian: Hrvati) are a South Slavic people mostly living in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and nearby countries. ...

Early centuries

The Saracens laid siege to Ragusa in from 866 and 867 which lasted for fifteen months and was raised after the intervention of the Greek Emperor, Basil the Macedonian, with his fleet.^[7]. For the rugby club Saracens see Saracens (rugby club) The term Saracen comes from Greek sarakenoi. ... County Dubrovnikâ€“Neretva Area 143. ... Basil, his son Constantine, and his second wife, emperess Eudoxia Ingerina. ...

With the weakening of Byzantium, Venice began to see Ragusa as a rival which needed to be brought under her control, but the attempt to conquer the city in 948 failed. The citizens of the city attributed this to Saint Blaise (in Croatian: Sveti Vlaho; in Italian San Biagio) whom they adopted as the patron saint.^[8] Byzantium, present day Istanbul, was an ancient Greek city-state, which according to legend was founded by Greek colonists from Megara in 667 BC and named after their king Byzas or Byzantas (Î’ÏÎ¶Î±Ï‚ or Î’ÏÎ¶Î±Î½Ï„Î±Ï‚ in Greek). ... Map of the Venetian Republic, circa 1000 CE. The republic is in dark red, borders in light red. ... Events Otto I the Great founds missionary dioceses of Brandenburg, Havelburg, Ribe, Aarhus, and Schleswig Births Deaths Categories: 948 ... Saint Blaise can refer to: A saint, see Blaise Saint-Blaise is the name or part of the name of several communes in France Saint-Blaise, in the Alpes-Maritimes Saint-Blaise, in the Haute-Savoie Saint-Blaise-du-Buis, commune in the Is re Saint-Blaise-la-Roche, commune...

In 1050, the city acquired the harbor of Gruž and extended its boundaries to Zaton, 16km north of the original city by the grant of Stephen who claimed the title of ruler of Bosnia and Dalmatia.^[8]

In 1191, the city's merchants were granted the right to trade freely in the Byzantium by Emperor Isaac II Angelos. Similar privileges were obtained several years earlier from Serbia (1186) and from Bosnia (1189). The treaty with Bosnian Ban Kulin is also the first official document where the city is referred to as Dubrovnik.^[2]. Byzantium, present day Istanbul, was an ancient Greek city-state, which according to legend was founded by Greek colonists from Megara in 667 BC and named after their king Byzas or Byzantas (Î’ÏÎ¶Î±Ï‚ or Î’ÏÎ¶Î±Î½Ï„Î±Ï‚ in Greek). ... An emperor is a (male) monarch, usually the sovereign ruler of an empire or another type of imperial realm. ... Isaac II Angelos or Angelus (Greek: Î™ÏƒÎ±Î¬ÎºÎ¹Î¿Ï‚ Î’â€™ Î†Î³Î³ÎµÎ»Î¿Ï‚, Isaakios II Angelos) (September 1156 - January, 1204) was Byzantine emperor from 1185 to 1195, and again from 1203 to 1204. ... Anthem: Serbia() on the European continent() Capital (and largest city) Belgrade Official languages Serbian written with the Cyrillic alphabet1 Government Parliamentary republic - President Boris TadiÄ‡ - Prime Minister Vojislav KoÅ¡tunica Establishment - Formation 8th century - Independence c. ... Approximate borders between Bosnia (marked light) and Herzegovina (marked dark) Historically and geographically, the region known as Bosnia (natively Bosna/Ð‘Ð¾ÑÐ½Ð°) comprises the northern part of the present-day country of Bosnia and Herzegovina. ... Ban Kulin (1163-1204) was a powerful Bosnian Ban who ruled from 1180 to 1204 first as a vassal of the Byzantine Empire and then of the Kingdom of Hungary. ... County Dubrovnikâ€“Neretva Area 143. ...

The Venetian period (1205 - 1358)

When in 1205 Venetian authority was reestablished in Dalmatia through the Fourth Crusade, Ragusa became an important source of supplies for Venice (hides, wax, silver and other metals). The exports from the city were exempted from customs duties in Venice. Moreover, Ragusa enjoyed protection from Venice from the princes in its vicinity. In return Venice used the city as its main naval base in the lower Adriatic Sea. Unlike with Zadar, there was little friction between Ragusa and Venice as the city had not yet begun to compete with Venice as an alternate carrier in the trade between East and West.^[9] Map of the Venetian Republic, circa 1000 CE. The republic is in dark red, borders in light red. ... Map of Dalmatia, in present day Croatia highlighted Dalmatia (Croatian: Dalmacija, Italian: Dalmazia) is a region on the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea, in modern Croatia, spreading between the island of Rab in the northwest and the Gulf of Kotor (Boka Kotorska) in the southeast. ... The Entry of the Crusaders into Constantinople (EugÃ¨ne Delacroix, 1840). ... A satellite image of the Adriatic Sea. ... There are other articles with similar names; see Zadar (disambiguation). ...

In the middle of the thirteenth century the island of Lastovo was added to the original territory. In 1333, Pelješac Peninsula was purchased from Serbia ^[2]. In 1345, the island Mljet was acquired.^[8] Map showing the location of Lastovo in Croatia Lastovo (Italian: Lagosta, Latin: Augusta Insula, Greek: Ladestanos, Illyrian: Ladest) is an island, town and municipality in the Dubrovnik-Neretva county in Croatia. ... PeljeÅ¡ac (Italian Sabioncello) is a peninsula in southern Croatia, in the Dubrovnik-Neretva county. ... Anthem: Serbia() on the European continent() Capital (and largest city) Belgrade Official languages Serbian written with the Cyrillic alphabet1 Government Parliamentary republic - President Boris TadiÄ‡ - Prime Minister Vojislav KoÅ¡tunica Establishment - Formation 8th century - Independence c. ...

In January 1348, the outbreak of the Black Death was recognized in the city.^[10] Illustration of the Black Death from the Toggenburg Bible (1411). ...

Independence (1358)

In 1358, the city accepted the mild hegemony of King Louis I of Hungary after Venice was forced by the Treaty of Zara to yield all claim to Dalmatia. On June 27, 1358, the final agreement was reached at Visegrád between Louis and the Archbishop Giovanni Saraca. The city recognized Hungarian sovereignty, but the local nobility continued to rule with little interference from Buda. The Republic profited from the suzerainty of Louis of Hungary, whose kingdom was not a naval power, and with whom they would have little conflict of interest.^[11] Louis the Great. ... Map of the Venetian Republic, circa 1000 CE. The republic is in dark red, borders in light red. ... The Treaty of Zara was the peace treaty signed in Zara, Croatia in 1358 in which the Venetian Republic lost influence over its Dalmatian holdings. ... Map of Dalmatia, in present day Croatia highlighted Dalmatia (Croatian: Dalmacija, Italian: Dalmazia) is a region on the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea, in modern Croatia, spreading between the island of Rab in the northwest and the Gulf of Kotor (Boka Kotorska) in the southeast. ... June 27 is the 178th day of the year (179th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 187 days remaining. ... Events Jacquerie. ... VisegrÃ¡d (â€“Hungarian, German: Plintenburg) is a small town in Pest County in Hungary with a long and rich history. ... Louis the Great. ... In Christianity, an archbishop is an elevated bishop. ... Buda (German: Ofen, Croatian: Budim, Slovak: BudÃn, Serbian: Ð‘ÑƒÐ´Ð¸Ð¼ or Budim, Turkish: Budin) is the western part of the Hungarian capital Budapest on the right bank of the Danube. ...

In 1399 the city acquired the area between Ragusa and Pelješac, called the Primorje. Moreover, between 1419 and 1426, the Konavle region south of Astarea, including the city of Cavtat, were added to the territories in the possession of the city. ^[2] Events September 30 - Accession of Henry IV of England October 13 - Coronation of Henry IV of England November 1 - Accession of John VI, Duke of Brittany Births William Canynge, English merchant (approximate date; died 1474) Zara Yaqob, Emperor of Ethiopia (died 1468) Deaths January 4 - Nicolau Aymerich, Catalan theologian and... PeljeÅ¡ac (Italian Sabioncello) is a peninsula in southern Croatia, in the Dubrovnik-Neretva county. ... Cavtat (Italian: ) is a town in the Dubrovnik-Neretva County of Croatia. ...

Ottoman suzerainty

In 1458, the Republic signed a treaty with the Ottoman Empire which made it a tributary of the Sultan. Moreover, it was obliged to send an ambassador to the Sultan by the 1st of November of each year in order to deliver the tribute.^[12] Image File history File links Palazzo_sponza. ... Image File history File links Palazzo_sponza. ... Motto: Ø¯ÙˆÙ„Øª Ø§Ø¨Ø¯ Ù…Ø¯Øª Devlet-i Ebed-mÃ¼ddet (The Eternal State) Anthem: Ottoman imperial anthem Borders in 1680, see: list of territories Capital SÃ¶ÄŸÃ¼t (1299-1326) Bursa (1326-1365) Edirne (1365-1453) Constantinople (Istanbul) (1453-1922) Language(s) Ottoman Turkish Government Monarchy Sultans - 1281â€“1326 Osman I - 1918â€“1922 Mehmed VI... Motto: Ø¯ÙˆÙ„Øª Ø§Ø¨Ø¯ Ù…Ø¯Øª Devlet-i Ebed-mÃ¼ddet (The Eternal State) Anthem: Ottoman imperial anthem Borders in 1680, see: list of territories Capital SÃ¶ÄŸÃ¼t (1299-1326) Bursa (1326-1365) Edirne (1365-1453) Constantinople (Istanbul) (1453-1922) Language(s) Ottoman Turkish Government Monarchy Sultans - 1281â€“1326 Osman I - 1918â€“1922 Mehmed VI... Motto: Ø¯ÙˆÙ„Øª Ø§Ø¨Ø¯ Ù…Ø¯Øª Devlet-i Ebed-mÃ¼ddet (The Eternal State) Anthem: Ottoman imperial anthem Borders in 1680, see: list of territories Capital SÃ¶ÄŸÃ¼t (1299-1326) Bursa (1326-1365) Edirne (1365-1453) Constantinople (Istanbul) (1453-1922) Language(s) Ottoman Turkish Government Monarchy Sultans - 1281â€“1326 Osman I - 1918â€“1922 Mehmed VI... November 1 is the 305th day of the year (306th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 60 days remaining. ...

When in 1481 the city passed under Ottoman protection, it was to pay a tribute of 12,500 ducats. For all other purposes, however, Ragusa was virtually independent. It could enter into relations with foreign powers and make treaties with them, and its ships sailed under its own flag. Ottoman vassalage also conferred special rights in trade that extended within the Empire. Ragusa also handled the Adriatic trade on behalf of the Ottoman Empire, and its traders received special tax exemptions and trading benefits from the Porte. It also operated colonies that enjoyed extraterritorial rights in major Ottoman cities.^[13] Motto: Ø¯ÙˆÙ„Øª Ø§Ø¨Ø¯ Ù…Ø¯Øª Devlet-i Ebed-mÃ¼ddet (The Eternal State) Anthem: Ottoman imperial anthem Borders in 1680, see: list of territories Capital SÃ¶ÄŸÃ¼t (1299-1326) Bursa (1326-1365) Edirne (1365-1453) Constantinople (Istanbul) (1453-1922) Language(s) Ottoman Turkish Government Monarchy Sultans - 1281â€“1326 Osman I - 1918â€“1922 Mehmed VI... The ducat (IPA: ) is a gold coin that was used as a trade currency throughout Europe before World War I. Its weight is 3. ... A tax exemption is an exemption to the tax law of a state or nation in which part of the taxes that would normally be collected from an individual or an organization are instead foregone. ... Synonym of the government of the Ottoman Empire. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

Merchants from Ragusa could also enter the Black Sea which was otherwise closed to non-Ottoman shipping. They also paid less in customs duties than other foreign merchants. The city-state also enjoyed diplomatic support from the Ottoman administration in trade disputes with the Venetians.^[14] NASA satelite image of the Black Sea Map of the Black Sea The Black Sea is an inland sea between southeastern Europe and Anatolia that is actually a distant arm of the Atlantic Ocean by way of the Mediterranean Sea. ... Damaged package The Panama canal. ... Customs duty is a tariff or tax on the import or export of goods. ...

For their part, Ottomans regarded Ragusa as a port of major importance. After all, most of the traffic between Florence and Bursa (an Ottoman port in northwestern Anatolia) was carried out via Ragusa. Florentine cargoes would leave the Italian ports of Pesaro, Fano or Ancona to reach Ragusa. From that point on they would take the land route Bosnasaray (Sarajevo)-Novibazar-Skopje-Plovdiv-Edirne.^[15] Florence (Italian: ) is the capital city of the region of Tuscany, Italy. ... Bursa (formerly known as Brusa or Prusa) is the capital of the Bursa Province in northwestern Turkey. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Pesaro is a town and comune in the Italian region of the Marche, capital of the Pesaro e Urbino province, on the Adriatic. ... Country Italy Region Marche Province Pesaro e Urbino (PU) Mayor Stefano Aguzzi (since June 2004) Elevation 12 m Area 121 kmÂ² Population - Total (as of December 31, 2004) 61,675 - Density 512/kmÂ² Time zone CET, UTC+1 Coordinates Gentilic Fanesi Dialing code 0721 Postal code 61032 Frazioni Bellocchi, Camminate... Ancona is a city and a seaport in the Marche, a region of central Italy, population 101,909 (2005). ... Nickname: Olympic City Map of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Sarajevo) Coordinates: Country Bosnia and Herzegovina Entity Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina&Republika Srpska Canton Sarajevo Canton - Mayor Semiha Borovac Area - City 142 kmÂ² (55. ... Novi Pazar (Serbian Cyrillic: ÐÐ¾Ð²Ð¸ ÐŸÐ°Ð·Ð°Ñ€) is a city and municipality located in the RaÅ¡ka District of Serbia at 43. ... Skopje (Macedonian: ) is the capital and largest city in the Republic of Macedonia, with more than a quarter of the population of the country, as well as the political, cultural, economical and academic centre of the country. ... Plovdiv (Bulgarian: ) is the third-largest city in Bulgaria, after Sofia and Varna, with a population of 341,873([1]). It is the administrative centre of Plovdiv Province in southern Bulgaria, as well as the largest and most important city of the historical region of Thrace, famous for its ancient... Selimiye Mosque, built by Sinan in 1575 Edirne (Greek: Î‘Î´ÏÎ¹Î±Î½Î¿ÏÏ€Î¿Î»Î·, Bulgarian: ÐžÐ´Ñ€Ð¸Ð½) is a city in Thrace, the westernmost part of Turkey, close to the borders with Greece and Bulgaria. ...

When in the late sixteenth-century Ragusa placed its merchant marine at the disposal of the Spanish Empire, on condition that its participation in the Spanish military ventures would not affect the interest of the Ottoman Empire, the latter tolerated the situation as the trade of Ragusa permitted the importation of goods from states with which the Ottoman Empire was at war.^[14] Military flag of the Spanish Empire from the 16th century up to 1843. ...

Along with England, Spain and Genoa, Ragusa was one of the Republic of Venice's most damaging competitors in the 15th century on all seas, even in the Adriatic. Thanks to its proximity to the inexhaustible oak forests of Gargano, it was able to bid cargoes away from the Venetians.^[16] Motto: (French for God and my right) Anthem: God Save the King/Queen Capital London (de facto) Largest city London Official language(s) English (de facto) Unification - by Athelstan AD 927 Area - Total 130,395 kmÂ² (1st in UK) 50,346 sq mi Population - 2006 est. ... Genoa (Genova in Italian - Zena in Genoese) is a city and a seaport in northern Italy, the capital of the Province of Genoa and of the region of Liguria. ... (14th century - 15th century - 16th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 15th century was that century which lasted from 1401 to 1500. ... Gargano landscape. ...

Decline of the Republic

With the great Portuguese explorations which opened up new ocean routes, the spice trade no longer went through the Mediterranean sea. Moreover, the discovery of America started a crisis of Mediterranean shipping. That was the beginning of the decline of both the Venetian and Ragusan Republics. Spices at the central market of Agadir, Morocco in May 2005 The spice trade has been of major economic importance throughout human history and it particularly helped spur the Age of Exploration. ... The Mediterranean Sea is an intercontinental sea positioned between Europe to the north, Africa to the south and Asia to the east, covering an approximate area of 2. ... You might find what you are looking for in any of the following pages Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact. ...

Charles VIII of France granted trading rights to the Ragusans in 1497. These rights were also granted by Louis XII in 1502. In the first decade of the 16th century, Ragusans consuls were in France with French consuls being in Ragusa. Prominent Ragusans were in France during this period and include such dignitaries as Simon Bonesa, Lovro Gigants, D. Bonda- Bondic, Ivan Cvletkovic, Captain John Florio, Petar Luccari-Lurarevic, Seraphin Gozze-Gucetic, Luka Sorgo-Sorkocevic. The Ragusan aristocracy was also well represented at the Sorbonne University in Paris at this time. Croatian Regiments were in French service in the 1600's and were called by Louis XIII's to be the Royal-Cravates. Because these soldiers wore a colorful scarf around their neck to distinguish themselves, this neck wear became known as cravats or ties.

On 6 April 1667, an earthquake struck, and killed over 5,000 citizens, including the Duke Simone Ghetaldi, and leveled most of the public buildings, leaving only the outers walls intact. Buildings in the Gothic and Renaissance styles - palaces, churches and monasteries - were in ruins, only the Sponza Palace and the front of the Rector's Palace at Luza Square survived. Gradually, the city was rebuilt in the more modest Baroque style. With great effort Ragusa recovered a bit, but still remained a shadow of the former Republic. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links Map_of_Ragusa. ... Image File history File links Map_of_Ragusa. ... April 6 is the 96th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (97th in leap years). ... The word doge (pronounced /dÃ´dj/ in English, /do-dje/ in Italian; plural dogi or doges) is a dialectical Italian word (in standard Italian it became duce) that comes from Latin dux, meaning leader, especially military, and giving rise to the noble or princely title duke in English. ...

The fate of Ragusa was linked to that of the Ottoman Empire. Ragusa and Venice lent technical assistance to the Ottoman-Egyptian-Calicut-Gujarati alliance that was defeated by the Portuguese in the battle of Diu in the Indian Ocean (1509). Motto: Ø¯ÙˆÙ„Øª Ø§Ø¨Ø¯ Ù…Ø¯Øª Devlet-i Ebed-mÃ¼ddet (The Eternal State) Anthem: Ottoman imperial anthem Borders in 1680, see: list of territories Capital SÃ¶ÄŸÃ¼t (1299-1326) Bursa (1326-1365) Edirne (1365-1453) Constantinople (Istanbul) (1453-1922) Language(s) Ottoman Turkish Government Monarchy Sultans - 1281â€“1326 Osman I - 1918â€“1922 Mehmed VI... Kozhikode, also known as Calicut, is the third largest city (pop. ... This article is for the Indian state. ... The naval Battle of Diu was a critical sea battle that took place on 3 February 1509 near Diu, India, between Portugal and a joint fleet of MamlÃ»k Burji Sultanate of Egypt, Ottoman Empire, Calicut and the Sultan of Gujarat, with technical maritime assistance from the Republic of Venice...

In 1684, the emissaries renewed an agreement contracted in Visegrad in the year 1358 and accepted the sovereignty of the Austrian Emperor over Ragusa as a Croatian-Hungarian King, with an annual tax of 500 ducats. At the same time Ragusa continued to recognize the sovereignty of Turkey; which was nothing unusual in those days. After this even greater opportunities opened up for Ragusa ships in ports all along the Dalmatian coast, in which they anchored frequently.

In 1683 the Turks were defeated in the Battle of Kahlenberg outside Vienna. The Field marshal of the Austrian army was Francesco Gondola(Frano Dzivo Gundulic). In the Treaty of Karlowitz of 1699, the Ottomans ceded all of Hungary, Transylvania, Slavonia, Dalmatia and Podolia to the victorious Habsburgs, Venetians, and Poles. // For siege of Vienna in 1529 see Siege of Vienna Combatants Holy League: Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Austria, Saxony, Franconia, Swabia, Bavaria Ottoman Empire, Khanate of Crimea, Transylvania, Wallachia, Moldavia Commanders John III Sobieski, Charles V of Lorraine Kara Mustafa Pasha Strength 70,000, (10,000 during siege) 138,000, (200... Vienna (German: , see also other names) is the capital of Austria, and also one of the nine States of Austria. ... Fran GunduliÄ‡.1683 Count Francesco Gondola also Fran DÅ¾ivo GunduliÄ‡ (1632. ... The Treaty of Karlowitz was signed in 1699 in Sremski Karlovci (a city in modern-day Serbia and Montenegro) (German: Karlowitz, Turkish:KarlofÃ§a), concluding the Austro-Ottoman War of 1683â€“1697 in which the Ottoman side was defeated. ... Map of Romania with Transylvania in yellow Transylvania (Romanian: or ; Hungarian: ; German: ; Serbian: / Transilvanija or / Erdelj) is a historical region in central and western Romania. ... Coat of arms Slavonia (Croatian: Slavonija) is a geographical and historical region in eastern Croatia. ... Map of Dalmatia, in present day Croatia highlighted Dalmatia (Croatian: Dalmacija, Italian: Dalmazia) is a region on the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea, in modern Croatia, spreading between the island of Rab in the northwest and the Gulf of Kotor (Boka Kotorska) in the southeast. ... Historical arms of Podilia The region of Podolia (also spelt Podilia or Podillya) is a historical region in the west-central and south-west portions of present-day Ukraine, corresponding to Khmelnytskyi Oblast and Vinnytsia Oblast. ... The Habsburg Monarchy, often called Austrian Monarchy or simply Austria, are the territories ruled by the Austrian branch of the House of Habsburg, and then by the successor House of Habsburg-Lorraine, between 1526 and 1867/1918. ...

The Ottoman Empire was no longer a threat to Christian Europe. After this, Venice captured a part of Ragusa's inland area and approached its borders. They presented the threat of completely surrounding and cutting off Ragusa's trade inland. In view of this danger, expecting the defeat of the Turks by Vienna in 1684 and hoping that the Austrian Army would capture Bosnia and Herzegovina, Dubrovnik sent emissaries to the Austrian Emperor, Leopold, in Vienna.

With a 26 January 1699 peace agreement, the Republic of Ragusa ceded two patches of its coast to the Ottoman Empire so that the Republic of Venice would be unable to attack from land, only from the sea. One of them, the northwestern land border with the small town of Neum, is today the only outlet of present-day Bosnia and Herzegovina to the Adriatic Sea. The southeastern border village of Sutorina later became part of Montenegro, which has coastline to the south. January 26 is the 26th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Shield of Neum Neum is the only seaside town in Bosnia and Herzegovina. ... Anthem: Oj, svijetla majska zoro Oh, the bright dawn of May Montenegro() on the European continent() â€” [] Capital (and largest city) Podgorica Official languages Serbian (Ijekavian dialect)1 Government Republic - President Filip VujanoviÄ‡ - Prime Minister Å½eljko Å turanoviÄ‡ Independence from Serbia and Montenegro - Declared June 3, 2006 - Recognised June 8, 2006 Area...

Ragusa continued its policy of strict neutrality in the War of Austrian succession (1741-1748) and in the Seven Years' War (1756-1763). Combatants Kingdom of Prussia Kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland Electorate of Hanover Kingdom of Portugal Brunswick Hesse-Kassel Holy Roman/Austrian Empire Kingdom of France Russian Empire Kingdom of Sweden Kingdom of Spain Electorate of Saxony Kingdom of Naples and Sicily Kingdom of Sardinia The Seven Years War (1754...

In 1776, The Republic of Ragusa became the first foreign power to recognize the government of the United States.^{[citation needed]}

End of the Republic

Around 1800, the Republic had a highly organized network of consulates and consular offices in more than eighty cities and ports around the world. In 1806, the Republic surrendered to forces of the French Empire to end a months-long siege by the Russian-Montenegrin fleets (during which 3,000 cannonballs fell on the city). The French lifted the siege and saved Ragusa. The French army, led by Napoleon, entered Ragusa 1806. In 1808, Marshal Marmont abolished the Republic of Ragusa and amalgamated its territory into the French Illyrian Provinces, himself becoming the Rector of Ragusa. Later, in the 1814 Battle of Paris, Marmont abandoned Napoleon and was named a traitor. The word "ragusade" was coined in French to signify treason and "raguser" meant a cheat. Image File history File links Dubrovnik_(grad)_-_coat. ... Image File history File links Dubrovnik_(grad)_-_coat. ... Map of the First French Empire in 1811, with the Empire in dark blue and sattelite states in light blue Capital Paris Language(s) French Government Monarchy Emperor - 1804-1814/1815 Napoleon I Napoleon II Legislature Parliament - Upper house Senate - Lower house Corps lÃ©gislatif History - French Consulate - Established 18... Bonaparte as general Napoleon Bonaparte ( 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821) was a general of the French Revolution and was the ruler of France as First Consul (Premier Consul) of the French Republic from November 11, 1799 to May 18, 1804, then as Emperor of the French (Empereur des... Auguste FrÃ©dÃ©ric Louis Viesse de Marmont, Marshal of France Auguste FrÃ©dÃ©ric Louis Viesse de Marmont, duke of Ragusa (July 20, 1774 - July 22, 1852), marshal of France, was born at ChÃ¢tillon-sur-Seine. ... Illyrian Provinces (French Provinces illyriennes) were formed in 1809 when Austria ceded with the Treaty of Schoenbrunn its lands Carinthia, Carniola, Croatia southwest of the river Sava, Gorizia and Trieste to France after the defeat at the Battle of Wagram. ... The Battle of Paris was fought during the Napoleonic Wars in 1814. ...

The Ragusan nobility was disunited in their ideas and political behavior. Article 44 of the 1811 Decree abolished the centuries-old institution of fideicommissum in inheritance law, by which the French enabled younger noblemen to participate in that part of the family inheritance, which the formerlaw had deprived them of. The annulment of fideicommissum struck at the Antonnio Degl’Ivellio.

According to a 1813 inventory of the Dubrovnik district, 451 land proprietors were registered, including ecclesiastical institutions and the commune.

Although there is no evidence of the size of the estates, the nobles, undoubtedly, were in posses- sion of most of the land. Eleven members of the Sorgo family, 8 of Gozze, 6 of Ghetaldi, 6 of Pozza, 4 of Zamagna, and 3 members of the Saraca family were among the greatest landowners. Ragusan citizens belonging to the confraternities St. Anthony and St. Lazarus owned considerable land outside the City. We dont have an article called Sorgo Start this article Search for Sorgo in. ... This page meets Wikipedias criteria for speedy deletion. ... Saint Anthony may be: Saints Anthony the Great (251-356) Anthony of Padua (also of Lisbon) (1195-1231) Place names United Kingdom: St. ... Lazarus raised from the grave by Jesus, painting by the Swedish artist Karl Isakson (c. ...

The Ragusan nobility were disunited in their ideas and political behavior. Article 44 of the 1811 Decree abolished the centuries-old institution of fideicommissum in inheritance law, by which the French enabled younger noblemen to participate in that part of the family inheritance, which the formerlaw had deprived them of. The annulment of fideicommissum struck at the Antonnio Degl’Ivellio. According to a 1813 inventory of the Dubrovnik district, 451 land proprietors were registered, including ecclesiastical institutions and the commune. Although there is no evidence of the size of the estates, the nobles, undoubtedly, were in posses- sion of most of the land. Eleven members of the Sorgo family, 8 of Gozze, 6 of Ghetaldi, 6 of Pozza, 4 of Zamagna, and 3 members of the Saraca family were among the greatest landowners. Ragusan citizens belonging to the confraternities Saint Antony and Saint Lazaro, owned considerable land outside the City. Ragusa/Dubrovnik under French Ruleties dreaded any conflict between the rebels and the Austrians, who were expected to arrive at any moment. Thus, due to their incapacity to act together,the Ragusans missed the last chance of liberating the City themselves. Regardless of the events taking place in the City, Todor Milutinovic and Montrichard settled the French surrender of the City under honorable terms.Their aim being to avoid greater conflicts, the Austrians agreed to the French conditions. General Milutinović promised that the victorious army would not marchinto the City before the last Frenchman was evacuated from the City by ship.On 27 January, the French capitulation was signed in Gruz (Gravosa) and ratified thesame day.It was then that Caboga openly sided with the Austrians, dis-missing the rebel army in Konavle. Meanwhile, Natali and his men were still waiting outside the Ploce Gates.After almost eight years of occupation, the French troops marched out of Ragusa/Dubrovnik on 27 and 28 January 1814. On the afternoon of 28 January 1814,the Austrian and English troops made their way into the City through the PileGates, denying admission to the Dubrovnik rebels. Intoxicated by success,and with Caboga’s support, MilutinoviÊ ignored the Gruz (Gravosa) agreement he hadmade with the nobility in Gruz. The events which followed can be best epito-mized in the so-called flag episode. The Flag of St. Blaise was posted along-side of the Austrian and British colors, but only for two days, because on 30 January, General Milutinovic ordered Mayor Giorgi to lower it. Overwhelmed by afeeling of deep patriotic pride, Giorgi, the last rector of the Republic and aloyal Francophile, refused to do so—“jer da ga je pripeo puk” (”for the masseshad posted it”). The oncoming events proved that Austria took every possible chance of invading the entire coast of the eastern Adriatic, from Venice to Cattaro. The allies did everything in their power to eliminate the Dubrovnik issue at the Vienna Congress of 1815. The Ragusan representative, Miho Bona, was denied participation in the Congress, while Milutinović, prior tothe final agreement of the allies, assumed complete control of the City. Inhis book Pad Dubrovnika (The Fall of Ragusa/Dubrovnik; 1908), Lujo Vojnovic makes every effort to justify the popular actions and prove the solidarity of all social groups in achieving their common goal to restore the Republic. The records, however, seem to indicate a different situation. There was in fact lit-tle understanding between the nobility, the bourgeoisie, and the peasantry, and slim chances of these groups of having any common basis for further activities. The three groups had different reasons to be dissatisfied with the French government, and the moment when they rejoiced together over their victory was not strong enough to unite all the segments of Dubrovnik society in a struggle to restore the Republic. After Dubrovnik suffered a political breakdown, was brought to the verge of economic ruin, and was foresakenby the international community, the City and its territories were handed over to the Habsburg Monarchy in 1815 by the Congress of Vienna In 1814, led by general Todor Milutinović, the Austrian army marched into Ragusa. With them came the British army and the local insurgents against the French occupation. We dont have an article called Sorgo Start this article Search for Sorgo in. ... This page meets Wikipedias criteria for speedy deletion. ...

At the Congress of Vienna in 1815, Ragusa was made a part of the crown land of the Kingdom of Dalmatia, ruled by Austria-Hungary, which it remained a part of until 1918. The Congress of Vienna by Jean-Baptiste Isabey, 1819. ... Crown land is a designated area belonging to the Crown, the equivalent of an entailed estate that passed with the monarchy and could not be alienated from it. ... Dalmatia (Croatian Dalmacija, Italian Dalmazia, Serbian Ð”Ð°Ð»Ð¼Ð°Ñ†Ð¸Ñ˜Ð°) is a region of Croatia on the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea, spreading between the island of Pag in the northwest and the Bay of Kotor in the southeast. ... Austria-Hungary, also known as the Dual monarchy (or: the k. ... Year 1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ...

In 1815, nobles of the former Ragusa Government met for the last time with efforts to reestablish the Republic of Ragusa in vain. After the fall of the Republic most of the aristocracy died out or emigrated overseas, just about one fifth of the noble families were recognized by the Austrian empire. Some of the families that were recognized and survived were Ghetaldi-Gondola, Gozze, Caboga, Sorgo, Zlataric, Zamagna, and Pozza.

The greater Council met for the last time the 29 of August of 1814 and the senators were the following ones:

Orsato Savino, conte di Ragnina; Niccolo Matteo di Gradi; Niccolo Niccolo di Pozza, Clemente, conte di Menze, Marino Domenico, conte di Zlatarich, Wladislao, conte di Sorgo; M. Conte di Cerva, Niccolo conte di Saracca; Pietro Ignazio di Sorgo-Cerva; Paolo Wladislao, conte di Gozze; Nicollo Gio, conte di Sorgo, Matteo Nicollo di Ghetaldi; Savino conte di Giorgi; Pietro Giovanni conte di Sorgo; Marino Nicollo conte di Sorgo, Sebastiano di Gradi; Matteo Niccolo di Pozza; Segismondo di Ghetaldi; Niccolo Luigi conte di Pozza; Wladislao Paolo conte di Gozze, Marino di Bona; Marco Niccolo conte di Pozza; Giovanni conti di Gozze, Francesco conte di Zamagna; Matteo Niccolo conte di Sorgo; Carlo conte di Natali, Orsato conte di Cerva, Matteo Conte di Cerva, , Niccolo conte di Giorgi; Segismondo conte di Sorgo; Biagio M. Di Caboga; Conte Giovani di Menze; Niccolo Matteo di Sorgo; B.D di Ghetaldi; Gio Biagio, conte di Caboga; Marino Matteo di Pozza, conte di Sagorio, Luca Antonio conte di Sorgo; conte di Giorgi Bona; Giovanni conte di Sorgo; Giovanni conte di Natali, Antonio Luca conte di Sorgo, Rafaelle Giovanni conte di Gozze; Natale Paolo conte di Saraca; natale Conte di Ghetaldi. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 613 Ã— 599 pixel Image in higher resolution (2201 Ã— 2151 pixel, file size: 245 KB, MIME type: image/png) I, the creator of this work, hereby grant the permission to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 613 Ã— 599 pixel Image in higher resolution (2201 Ã— 2151 pixel, file size: 245 KB, MIME type: image/png) I, the creator of this work, hereby grant the permission to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the...

The city of Ragusa officially changed its name to Dubrovnik in 1918 with the fall of Austria-Hungary and the incorporation of the area into the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, later the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. Finally, Croatia declared independence from Yugoslavia in 1991. The Republic's territory corresponds to the southern region of Croatia, which is actually discontinuous with the rest of the country at Neum. The Kingdom of Yugoslavia was a Balkan state which existed from December 1, 1918 to mid-April 1941. ... Motto: One nation, one king, one country Anthem: Medley of BoÅ¾e pravde, Lijepa naÅ¡a domovino, and Naprej zastava slave Capital Belgrade Language(s) Serbo-Croato-Slovenian (see: Serbo-Croat and Slovenian) [1] Government Value specified for government_type does not comply King - 1918-1921 Peter I - 1921-1934 Alexander... Yugoslavia (Jugoslavija in Latin, ÐˆÑƒÐ³Ð¾ÑÐ»Ð°Ð²Ð¸Ñ˜Ð° in Cyrillic, English: Land of the South Slavs) describes four political entities that existed one at a time on the Balkan Peninsula in Europe, during most of the 20th century. ... 1991 (MCMXCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

In 1783 the Ragusan Government did not answer the proposition put forward by their diplomatic representative in Paris, Frano Favi, that they establish diplomatic relations with the USA, although the Americans agreed to allow Dubrovnik ships free passage in their ports.

Government of Ragusa Republic

The Republican Constitution of Ragusa was strictly aristocratic. The population was divided into three classes: nobility, citizens, and artisans or plebeians. All effective power was concentrated in the hands of aristocracy. The citizens were permitted to hold only minor offices, while plebeians had no voice in government. Marriage between members of different classes of the society was forbidden. Image File history File links Coat_of_Arms_Ragusa. ... Image File history File links Coat_of_Arms_Ragusa. ... Aristocracy is a form of government in which rulership is in the hands of an upper class known as aristocrats. ... Nobility is a traditional hereditary status (see hereditary titles) that exists today in many countries (mainly present or former monarchies). ... Citizenship is membership in a political community (originally a city but now a state), and carries with it rights to political participation; a person having such membership is a citizen. ... An artisan is a skilled manual worker. ... In Ancient Rome, the plebs was the general body of Roman citizens, distinct from the privileged class of the patricians. ...

The organization of the government was based on the Venetian model: the administrative bodies were the Grand Council (supreme governing body) and the Small Council (executive power) (from 1238.) and the Senate (from 1253). The head of the state was the Duke, elected for a term of office for one month. Map of the Venetian Republic, circa 1000 CE. The republic is in dark red, borders in light red. ...

Grand Council (Consilium Maior) consisted of exclusively members of the aristocracy; every noble took his seat at the age of 18. Every year, 11 members of the Small Council (Consilium minus) were elected. Together with a duke, the Small Council had both executive and representative functions. The main power was in the hands of the Senat (Consilium rogatorum) which had 45 members elected for one year. This organization prevented any single family, unlike the Medici in Florence, from prevailing. Nevertheless the historians agree that the Sorgo family was all the time among the most influential

Small Council (Consilium Minor) consisted first of 11 members and after 1667 of 7. The Small Council was elected by the Rector. The Senate was added in 1235 as a consultative body. It consisted of 45 invited members (over 40 years of age). While the Republic was under the rule of Venice the Rector was Venetian, but after 1358 the Rector was always a Ragusan. The length of the Rector's service was only one month and a person was eligible for reelection after two years. The rector lived and worked in Rector's Palace but his family remained living in their own house. The government of the Republic was liberal in character and early showed its concern for justice and humanitarian principles, e.g. slave trading was abolished since 1418. // Events January 20 - Poland cedes Kyiv, Smolensk, and eastern Ukraine to Russia in the Treaty of Andrusovo that put a final end to the Deluge, and Poland lost its status as a Central European power. ...

The government of Ragusa was liberal in some other ways. The Republic's flag had the word Libertas (freedom) on it, and the entrance to the Saint Lorenz fortress (Lovrijenac) just outside the Ragusa city walls bears the inscription "Non bene pro toto libertas venditur auro," meaning "liberty is not sold for any kind of gold." The Republic abolished the slave trade in 1418. However, the Republic was a staunch opponent of the Eastern Orthodoxy and only Roman Catholics could acquire Ragusan citizenship. This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Fort Lovrijenac, as known as Dubrovniks Gibraltar, is a fortress and theater located outside the western wall of the city of Dubrovnik in Croatia, 37 meters above sea level. ... This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Events May 19 - Capture of Paris by John, Duke of Burgundy September - Beginning of English Siege of Rouen Mircea the Old, ruler of Wallachia dies and is succeeded by Vlad I Uzurpatorul. ... Eastern Orthodoxy (also called Greek Orthodoxy and Russian Orthodoxy) is a Christian tradition which represents the majority of Eastern Christianity. ... Citizenship is membership in a political community (originally a city or town but now usually a country) and carries with it rights to political participation; a person having such membership is a citizen. ...

Patrician families

The city was ruled by aristocracy, and marriage between members of three different social classes was strictly forbidden. The nominal head of state was the Duke, or during Venetian suzerainty the Rector (Rettore). Real power, however, was in the hands of three councils that were held by the nobility. The Ancient Greek term aristocracy originally meant a system of government with rule by the best. The word is derived from two words, aristos meaning the best and kratein to rule. Aristocracies have most often been hereditary plutocracies (see below), where a sense of historical gravitas and noblesse oblige demands... Queen Elizabeth II, is the Head of State of 16 countries including: the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, Jamaica, New Zealand and the Bahamas, as well as crown colonies and overseas territories of the United Kingdom. ... A duke is a nobleman, historically of highest rank and usually controlling a duchy or dukedom. ... The word rector (ruler, from the Latin regere) has a number of different meanings. ...

The Ragusan Archives document, "Speculum Maioris Consilii Rectores", lists all the persons that were involved in the Republic's government between September 1440 to June 1860. There were 4397 rectors elected; 2764 (63%) were from "old patrician" families: Gozze, Bona, Caboga, Cerva, Gondola, Ghetaldi, Giorgi, Gradi, Pozza, Saraca, Sorgo, and Zamanya.

A big problem of Ragusan noble families was also that by decrease of their number and lack of noble families in the neighborhood (the surroundings of Dubrovnik was under Turkish control) they were becoming more and more closely related (1566 - quasi tutti siamo congionti in quarto grado di consanguinita et affinita, the marriages between relatives of the 3rd and 4th degree were frequent.

An 1802 list of Dubrovnik Republic's governing bodies showed that 6 of the 8 Small Council and 15 of the 20 Great Council members were from the same 11 families.

The Ragusan aristocracy^[17] evolved in the 12th century through the 14th century. It was finally established by statute in 1332. New families were accepted only after the earthquake in 1667.
In the Republic of Ragusa all political power was owned by noble males older than 18 years. They were formed the Great Council (Consilium majus) which had the legislative function.
Every year, 11 members of the Small Council (Consilium minus) were elected. Together with the duke (who was elected for a period of one month) it had both executive and representative functions.
The main power was in the hands of the Senat (Consilium rogatorum) which had 45 members elected for one year.
This organization prevented any single family, unlike the Medici in Florence, from prevailing. Nevertheless the historians agree that the Sorgo family was all the time among the most influential. The Ancient Greek term aristocracy originally meant a system of government with rule by the best. The word is derived from two words, aristos meaning the best and kratein to rule. Aristocracies have most often been hereditary plutocracies (see below), where a sense of historical gravitas and noblesse oblige demands... A duke is a nobleman, historically of highest rank and usually controlling a duchy or dukedom. ...

Original patriciate: This article is about the social and political class in ancient Rome. ...

Families that joined the patriciate after the earthquake of 1667: The Bona or BuniÄ‡ family (Bona is the Ragusan Dalmatian/Italian rendition; BuniÄ‡ is the Croatian/Serbian rendition). ... The Bonda family (Bonda is the Ragusan Dalmatian/Italian rendition; were an old noble family from Dubrovnik (Ragusa), with origins in Dalmatia and Italy. ... The family Caboga, is one of the most recognized and oldest in the Republic of Ragusa, start in the VIII century, many of your integrants were Knez of the Republic, the Austrian Empire recognized your nobility in 1818, one of the ultime line of yours genealogie is: Franz Blasius Maria... Coat-of-arms of the House of Ghetaldi // The Ghetaldi or GetaldiÄ‡ family was a noble family of Ragusa (now Dubrovnik, Croatia). ... Coat-of-arms of the House of Gondola The Gondola or GunduliÄ‡ family (Gondola is the Ragusan Dalmatian/Italian rendition; GunduliÄ‡ is the Croatian rendition) were an old noble family from Dubrovnik (Ragusa), with origins in southern Croatia and the Tyrol. ... gozze_nicolo_vito The Gozze-Gucetic family were the old families of the old Ragusa, since the VIII century, in the manual of the aristocracy, encyclopedia, 1978, volume IV, the following entry found: Gozze Kath. ... Coat-of-arms of the House of Gradi The House of Gradi or GradiÄ‡ (Gradi is the Ragusan/Italian rendition; GradiÄ‡ is the Croatian rendition) was the oldest (from the 12th century) and one of the most recognized among the noble families in the Republic of Ragusa. ... Coat-of-arms of the House of Luccari The Lucari or LukariÄ‡ family (Lucari is the Ragusan Dalmatian/Italian rendition; LukariÄ‡ is the Croatian rendition) were an old noble family from Dubrovnik (Ragusa). ... 200px coat_of_arms_Pozza The Pozza or PuciÄ‡ family (Pozza is the Ragusan Dalmatian/Italian rendition; PuciÄ‡ is the Croatian/Serbian rendition) were an old noble family from Dubrovnik (Ragusa), with origins in Dalmatia and Italy. ... Coat-of-arms of the House of Saracca Saracca was an old nobal family from the Republic of Ragusa. ...

The Bosdari family (Bosdari is the Ragusan Dalmatian/Italian were an old noble family from Dubrovnik (Ragusa), â€œThe tradition that this family is original of Ragusa bases on the fact, allegated from a biographer of George Scandeberg, than in a 1450 Bosdari it participated to the defense of Croia against... Coat-of-arms of the House of Natali Old Italian family which immigrated to Ragusa, which the title of â€œConteâ€. Came to Ragusa after the earthquake of 1667. ...

Other non patrician families

Coat-of-arms of the House of Boshko House of Boshko or BoÅ¡koviÄ‡ was the name of several families of some renown in the Adriatic city of Dubrovnik between the 17th and 19th century. ...

Relation between Nobility

It is peculiar that they survived when the classes were divided by internal disputes. When Marmont arrived at Dubrovnik in 1808, it was whereupon the nobility was divided in two blocks, the “Salamanquinos” and the “Sorboneses”. These names alluded to to certain controversy arisen from the wars between Charles V of Spain and Franz I of France, happened hardly two hundred fifty years back. It was that in the 1667 earthquake a great part of the noble class was annihilated, being necessary to give back his force to him with the inclusion of certain plebians. To these the salamanquinos, those in favor of Spanish absolutism, did not treat them like equal; but the inclined sorboneses, added to the frenchs, and to a certain liberalism, accepted them without reserves. Another factor that could take part in this conduct is that the sorboneses had been very decreased by the earthquake and they did not want to lose cash. In any case, both sides had he himself status and they seated together in the Council, but they did not maintain relations social and not even they were greeted by the street; an inconvenient marriage between members of both groups was of so serious consequences as if it occurred between members of different classes. This social split was also reflected in the inferior layers: “The plebians, as well, were divided in the brotherhoods of San Antony and San Lazaro, who was so unfriendly in their relations as salamnaquinos and sorboneses”. He was in the essence of the Republic, that always had to be defended of neighboring empires --“first Hungary, soon Venice, later Turkey”-- and that was structured for a reduced number of people, around the 33 original noble families of century XV. Charles V may refer to: Charles V of France, the Wise (1338â€“1380). ... Francis I Francis I (December 8, 1708 - August 18, 1765) was Holy Roman Emperor and Grand Duke of Tuscany. ...

Languages and ethnicity of Ragusans

The Ragusan literature in which Latin, Italian and Croatian languages coexisted blossomed in the 15th and 16th century.^[18]. As for the Dalmatian language, the Encyclopedia of the Languages of Europe, mentions its southern variety called "Ragusan" of which "is known from a few brief texts, foremost among them two letters dated 1325 and 1397 respectively, and a handful of other medieval texts".
The Senate of the city decided in 1472 that the official language of the Republic for debates and public acts was Italian.^[19] Other sources claim that the official language was the Old Ragusan and that the use of Slavonic (Croatian) was forbidden "which seems to indicate that the Ragusan language was still alive but it was felt to be under threat".^[20]. These sources do not mention the reason because an 'official language' is know only for 'brief texts', and why the laws were published in Italian, the other dialect "Vegliot", The last speaker of any Dalmatian dialect was Tuone Udaina Burbur (in Italian: Antonio Udina), who was killed by a landmine on June 10, 1898. His language was studied by an Italian scholar, Matteo Giulio Bartoli, who visited him in 1897 and wrote down approximately 2800 words, stories, and accounts of his life, which were published in a book that has provided much information on the vocabulary, phonology, and grammar of the language. Bartoli wrote in Italian and published a translation in German (Das Dalmatische) in 1906. The Italian language manuscripts were lost, and the work was not retranslated into Italian until 2001. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Dalmatian is an extinct Romance language formerly spoken along the Dalmatian coast of Croatia and as far south as Kotor in Montenegro. ... Tuone Udaina (or Antonio Udina in Italian) was the last native speaker of the Dalmatian language. ... Minefield redirects here. ... June 10 is the 161st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (162nd in leap years), with 204 days remaining. ... 1898 (MDCCCXCVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Matteo Giulio Bartoli (22 November 1873, Albona dIstria, Austria-Hungary - 23 January 1946 Turin) was an Italian linguist. ... 1897 (MDCCCXCVII) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... 1906 (MCMVI) was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... 2001 (MMI) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Croatian language was normally used among lower classes, Italian in the upper (...their school are all free and maintained at the expense of the state; in them are taugth reading, writing, mathematics, &c. with the latin and italian languages, but the language spoken all over the country is Sclavonian (or what the captain call Hilderic; Annual Register 1812, Charles William Wason). Ragusans were in general bilingual speaking Croatian in common day to day duties and Italian in official occasions or mixing both. Literary works of famous Ragusans were written in both Croatian and Italian language.

Croatian literature in Ragusa

According to Graubard "during the Renaissance era, Venetian-ruled Dalmatia and Ragusa gave birth to influential intellectuals - mostly minor aristocrats and clergymen, Jesuits especially - who kept alive the memory of Croatia and the Croatian language when they composed or translated plays and books from Italian and Latin into the vernacular. No matter that the dialects of Dalmatia and Dubrovnik were different from each other [...] and both these dialects were somewhat different from the dialect of Zagreb, capital of the Hapsburg-ruled north. They still thought of it as Croatian. [...] The Dubrovnik poet Dominko Zlatarić (1555-1610) explained on the frontispiece of his 1597 translation of Sophocles' tragedy Elektra and Tasso's Aminta that it had been "iz veće tudieh jezika u Hrvacki izlozene," "translated from the great foreign languages in Croatian."^[21]
Among them are the works of writers Džore Držić, Marin Držić, Ivan Bunić Vučić, Ignjat Đurđević, Ivan Gundulić, Šišmundo (Šiško) Menčetić, Dinko Ranjina; and following writers, beside others from 16th - 19th century (before the Age of Romantic National Awakenings) were explicit in declaring themselves as Croats and theirs language as Croatian^{[citations needed]}: Vladislav Menčetić, Dominko (Dinko) Zlatarić (see above), Bernardin Pavlović, Mavro Vetranović, Nikola Nalješković, Junije Palmotić, Jakov Mikalja, Joakim Stulli, Marko Bruerović, Peter Ignaz Sorgo, Michael Anton Sorgo (1749 - 1826), Giovanni Francesco Sorgo (1706 - 1771). The Croatian language works from Ragusa had a large role in the development of Croatian literature, as well as modern Croatian standard language. DÅ¾ore DrÅ¾iÄ‡ (February 6, 1461 - September 26, 1501) was a Croatian poet and playwright, one of the fathers of Croatian literature. ... Marin DrÅ¾iÄ‡ Marin DrÅ¾iÄ‡ (1508-1567) is considered the finest Croatian Renaissance playwright and prose writer. ... Ivan BuniÄ‡ VuÄiÄ‡ (1591-1658), also known as DÅ¾ivo Sarov, was a Croatian politician and poet from Dubrovnik. ... Ignjat ÄurÄ‘eviÄ‡ (February, 1675 - January 21, 1737) was a Croatian baroque poet and translator, best known for his long poem Tears of Repentant Magdalene. ... Ivan GunduliÄ‡. Ivan (DÅ¾ivo) GunduliÄ‡ (Italian: Giovanni Gondola) (January 9, 1589 â€“ December 8, 1638) is the most celebrated Croatian Baroque poet from the Dubrovnik Republic. ... Dinko Ranjina or Domenico Ragnina (born 1536 in Ragusa - died 1607 in Ragusa) was a poet in Croatian and Italian languages from the Republic of Ragusa. ... Dinko ZlatariÄ‡ (1558 - 1609) was a Croatian poet and translator from Dubrovnik. ... Bernardin Pavlovic was a Franciscan writer from Dubrovnik, born in Ston. ... Junije PalmotiÄ‡ (1607 - 1657) was a Croatian Baroque writer and dramatist from Dubrovnik. ... Mikaljas dictionary Jakov Mikalja (Micalia, Micaglia; Jacobus; March 31, 1601 - December 1, 1654) was a Croatian linguist and lexicographer, the author of an early Croatian dictionary. ... Joakim Stulli Joakim Stulli (also Joakim StuliÄ‡; 1730 - 1817) was a Ragusan lexicographer, the author of the biggest dictionary in older Croatian lexicography. ... Marko BrueroviÄ‡ o Marc BruÃ¨re Desrivaux Writer and Croatian dramatic author of French origin (Lione 1770-Cyprus 1823). ... Antun SorkoÄeviÄ‡ (born 1775 in Dubrovnik, died 1841 in Paris) was a Croatian diplomat, writer, and composer. ... Croatian (hrvatski jezik) is a South Slavic language which is used primarily by the inhabitants of Croatia and Croats in Bosnia and Herzegovina and parts of the Croatian diaspora. ... // (ca. ...

Notable Ragusans

Born in 1300's

Born in 1400's

The earliest copy of the Benedetto Cotrugli manuscript Libro de larte de la mercatura (in the National Library of Malta) is dated 1475. ... DÅ¾ore DrÅ¾iÄ‡ (February 6, 1461 - September 26, 1501) was a Croatian poet and playwright, one of the fathers of Croatian literature. ... DobriÄ‡ DobriÄeviÄ‡ (Boninus de Boninis) - was one of the pioneers of printing in Europe. ... Juraj Å iÅ¾goriÄ‡ (1420 - 1520) was a Croatian latinist poet. ... Elio Lampridio Cerva (Croatian: Ilija CrijeviÄ‡, Latin: Aelius Lampridius Cervinus) was a Ragusan poet, born in Ragusa (Dubrovnik) c. ...

Born in 1500's

Please wikify (format) this article or section as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ... Elio Lampridio Cerva (Croatian: Ilija CrijeviÄ‡, Latin: Aelius Lampridius Cervinus) was a Ragusan poet, born in Ragusa (Dubrovnik) c. ... Savino de Bobali (in Italian) or Sabo (Savko) BobaljeviÄ‡ (in Croatian) nicknamed Sordo (Deaf), was born in 1530 in Ragusa (today Dubrovnik), in the Republic of Ragusa. ... Giovanni Bona-Boliris, born in Cattaro (today Kotor) around 1520 and died aprox. ... Marin DrÅ¾iÄ‡ Marin DrÅ¾iÄ‡ (1508-1567) is considered the finest Croatian Renaissance playwright and prose writer. ... 200px Cvijeta_Zuzoric Cvijeta ZuzoriÄ‡ or Flora Zuzori (sometimes Floria Zuzzeri) (1555 - 1648) was a lyric poetess and beauty from the Republic of Ragusa. ... Marin GetaldiÄ‡ (Latin: Ghetaldus, Italian: Marino Ghetaldi) (1568 - April 11, 1626, Dubrovnik (Ragusa), then independent city-state in Dalmatia, Croatia) was the most outstanding Croatian scientist of his time. ... Ivan BuniÄ‡ VuÄiÄ‡ (1591-1658), also known as DÅ¾ivo Sarov, was a Croatian politician and poet from Dubrovnik. ... Dinko ZlatariÄ‡ (1558 - 1609) was a Croatian poet and translator from Dubrovnik. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Ivan GunduliÄ‡. Ivan (DÅ¾ivo) GunduliÄ‡ (Italian: Giovanni Gondola) (January 9, 1589 â€“ December 8, 1638) is the most celebrated Croatian Baroque poet from the Dubrovnik Republic. ... Dinko Ranjina or Domenico Ragnina (born 1536 in Ragusa - died 1607 in Ragusa) was a poet in Croatian and Italian languages from the Republic of Ragusa. ... The Gospel printed at the printing house of Trojan Gundulic in Belgrade, 1552 Trojan GunduliÄ‡, a merchant from Dubrovnik, is remembered for his participation in the printing of the first book in Serbian language, The Four Gospels (Cetvorojevadjelje). Gundulic started as a barber in his hometown and remained in this... Mavro Orbini (mid-16th century - 1614) was a Croatian writer, ideologue and historian. ...

Born in 1600's

Giorgio Baglivi (Ragusa, 1668 - Rome, 1707) was an Italian doctor and medical researcher, anatomist and early pathologist. ... Mikaljas dictionary Jakov Mikalja (Micalia, Micaglia; Jacobus; March 31, 1601 - December 1, 1654) was a Croatian linguist and lexicographer, the author of an early Croatian dictionary. ... Junije PalmotiÄ‡ (1607 - 1657) was a Croatian Baroque writer and dramatist from Dubrovnik. ... Stjepan GradiÄ‡ Stjepan GradiÄ‡ - Stefano Gradi (April 6, 1613 - May 2, 1683) was a Croatian philosopher and scientist. ... Ignjat ÄurÄ‘eviÄ‡ (February, 1675 - January 21, 1737) was a Croatian baroque poet and translator, best known for his long poem Tears of Repentant Magdalene. ... Fran GunduliÄ‡.1683 Count Francesco Gondola also Fran DÅ¾ivo GunduliÄ‡ (1632. ... Please wikify (format) this article or section as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ...

Born in 1700's

Coat-of-arms of the House of Caboga Bernhard Caboga (February 6, 1785 - November 19, 1855) was a count and general from the Austrian Empire later dualist Austria-Hungary Army. ... Please wikify (format) this article or section as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ... Sebastiano Dolci or Sebastijan Slade (1699-1777) was a Croatian writer who made his home in the Republic of Ragusa. ...

Born in 1700s

Rudjer Josip Boscovich Roger Joseph Boscovich (modern Croatian: RuÄ‘er Josip BoÅ¡koviÄ‡; modern Serbian: Ð ÑƒÑ’ÐµÑ€ Ð‘Ð¾ÑˆÐºÐ¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ› or RuÄ‘er BoÅ¡koviÄ‡; Italian: Ruggiero Giovanni Boscovich[1]) (May 18, 1711 â€“ February 13, 1787) was a physicist, astronomer, mathematician, philosopher, diplomat, poet, and Jesuit from Ragusa (today Dubrovnik, Croatia) who later lived in... Giorgio Ferrich (5 May 1739 - 1820) was a Ragusan jesuit , general-bicar of Ragusa. ... Coat-of-arms of the House of Ghetaldi-Gondola Segismondo Ghetaldi-Gondola (September 4, 1795â€“May 5, 1860), he was son of Francesco Ghetaldi-Gondola and Maria de Natali (see House of Natali) , married Malvina Orsole Bosdari. ... Biagio Ghetaldi also Vlaho GetaldiÄ‡ (born in Ragusa 22 December 1788, - died in Ragusa 27 October 1872). ... The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ... Marko BrueroviÄ‡ o Marc BruÃ¨re Desrivaux Writer and Croatian dramatic author of French origin (Lione 1770-Cyprus 1823). ... Hieronimus Liubibratich de Trebinia (1716-1778) was a Ragusan military officer who served the Austrian king, was a feldmarschall-lieutenant and Maria-Theresa order holder. ... There are very few or no other articles that link to this one. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Elena PuciÄ‡-SorkoÄeviÄ‡ or Elena Pozza-Sorgo (1786 - 1865), was the first female composer in the Republic of Ragusa (Republic of Dubrovnik), located in todays southern Croatia. ... Antun SorkoÄeviÄ‡ (born 1775 in Dubrovnik, died 1841 in Paris) was a Croatian diplomat, writer, and composer. ... Luka SorkoÄeviÄ‡ (also Luca Sorgo) (1734-1789) was a Croatian composer. ... Benedetto Stay born in Ragusa (Dubrovnik), Dalmatia in 1714, died at Rome in 1801. ... Joakim Stulli Joakim Stulli (also Joakim StuliÄ‡; 1730 - 1817) was a Ragusan lexicographer, the author of the biggest dictionary in older Croatian lexicography. ... Bernardin Pavlovic was a Franciscan writer from Dubrovnik, born in Ston. ...

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