A "bucket brigade" works to clear rubble and debris on September 14, 2001

The area surrounding the World Trade Center became the site of the greatest number of casualties and missing, and physical destruction. This region became known in the ensuing days as "ground zero". A sequential look at United Flight 175 crashing into the south tower of the World Trade Center The September 11, 2001 attacks (often referred to as 9/11—pronounced nine eleven or nine one one) consisted of a series of coordinated terrorist[1] suicide attacks upon the United States, predominantly... September 11, 2001 attacks timeline Background History 1972: One World Trade Center completed. ... This article or section contains information that has not been verified and thus might not be reliable. ... The September 11, 2001 attacks, in addition to being a unique act of aggression, constituted a media event on a scale not seen since the advent of civilian global satellite links, round-the-clock television news organizations and the instant worldwide reaction and debate made possible by the Internet. ... All times, except where otherwise noted, in New York Time (EDT). ... All times, except where otherwise noted, in New York Time (EDT). ... // 2001 November Thursday, November 1, 2001 Afternoon: Deputy Mayor Anthony P. Coles meets with the two firefighter union leaders, Fire Capt. ... // According to the 9/11 Commisson, approximately 16,400 to 18,800 civilians were in the World Trade Center complex at the time of the attacks. ... This does not cite its references or sources. ... Flight 11 redirects here. ... United Airlines Flight 175 was a morning flight that regularly flew from Logan International Airport in East Boston, Massachusetts to Los Angeles International Airport (LAX) in Los Angeles, California (Boston–Los Angeles route). ... Security camera image showing American Airlines Flight 77 (far right, just above far right stone block) just before impact. ... United Airlines Flight 93 was a regular flight from Newark International Airport (now known as Newark Liberty International Airport) in Newark, New Jersey, to San Francisco International Airport, then continuing on to Narita International Airport in Tokyo, Japan, on a different aircraft. ... This article is about the former World Trade Center (Twin Towers) in New York City. ... This article is about the U.S. military building. ... Photo of George W. Bush and Laura Bush visiting Shanksville on September 11, 2002 Shanksville is a borough located in Somerset County, Pennsylvania. ... This article talks about the aftermath of the September 11, 2001 attacks. ... The following worldwide effects arose from the September 11, 2001 attacks: All Canadian military bases increased their level of security awareness. ... It is usually claimed that the September 11, 2001 attacks had immediate and far-ranging economic effects. ... Soon after the attacks of September 11, 2001, the U.S. government began detaining people who fit the profile of the suspected hijackers: mostly male, Arabic or Muslim noncitizens. ... Box-cutter knives were apparently used in the September 11, 2001 attacks, though such knives are not usually considered weapons. ... Many closings and cancellations followed the September 11, 2001 attacks, including major landmarks, buildings, as well as postponement or cancellation of major sporting and other events. ... Since the September 11, 2001 attacks, a variety of conspiracy theories have emerged about the attacks which contradict the mainstream account of events that day. ... This article talks about the aftermath of the September 11, 2001 attacks. ... The September 11, 2001 attacks had an important impact on the audiovisual entertainment business, not just in terms of television coverage. ... It has been suggested that List of fictional works dealing with 9/11 be merged into this article or section. ... Into 2006 there was been growing concern over the health effects of the September 11, 2001 attacks in the Financial District of lower Manhattan. ... Global Guardian is an annual training exercise sponsored by the United States Strategic Command in conjunction with Space Command and NORAD. Its main purpose is to test the militarys command and control procedures in the event of nuclear warfare. ... // Military response The United States government has announced its intentions to engage in a protracted war against terrorists and states which aid terrorists in response to the attacks. ... Charities and relief agencies raised over $657 million in the three weeks following the September 11, 2001 attacks, the vast bulk going to immediate survivors and victims families. ... Aerial view of Gander International Airport during Operation Yellow Ribbon. ... The first memorials to the victims of the September 11, 2001 attacks began to take shape online, as hundreds of webmasters posted their own thoughts, links to the Red Cross, and other rescue agencies, photos and eyewitness accounts. ... The United States government quickly identified the 19 hijackers as being responsible for the September 11, 2001 attacks, and linked the attacks to Osama bin Laden. ... The September 11, 2001 attacks were carried out by 19 hijackers, with planning and organization of the attacks involving numerous additional members of al-Qaeda. ... Communications problems and successes played an important role in the September 11, 2001 attacks and their aftermath. ... Ground Zero debris with markup showing building locations. ... The September 11, 2001 attacks on the United States spawned a number of catchphrases, terms, and slogans, many of which continue to be used a half-decade after the event. ... The Joint Inquiry into Intelligence Community Activities before and after the Terrorist Attacks of September 11, 2001 is the official name of the inquiry conducted by the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence and the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence into the activities of the U.S. Intelligence Community in... The cover of the final 9/11 report, which can be purchased in bookstores across the United States and around the world The references in this article would be clearer with a different and/or consistent style of citation, footnoting or external linking. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 393 × 599 pixels Full resolution (1312 × 2000 pixel, file size: 2. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 393 × 599 pixels Full resolution (1312 × 2000 pixel, file size: 2. ... September 14 is the 257th day of the year (258th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2001 (MMI) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the former World Trade Center (Twin Towers) in New York City. ... Various terms and catchphrases Nine-eleven (or 9/11 in the US date notation for September 11th) Lets roll—the last known words of Todd Beamer. ...

Building evacuation

When American Airlines Flight 11 crashed into the North Tower (WTC1) of the World Trade Center, a standard announcement was given to tenants in the South Tower (WTC2) to stay put and that the building was secure. However, many defied those instructions and proceeded to evacuate the South Tower.^[1] Flight 11 redirects here. ...

Standard evacuation procedures for fires in the World Trade Center called for evacuating only the floors immediately above and below the fire, as simultaneous evacuation of up to 50,000 workers would be chaotic.^[1] A forest fire Fire is a rapid oxidation process that creates light, heat, smoke, and releases energy in varying intensities. ...

Rescue efforts

Firefighters

New York City firefighters rushed to the World Trade Center minutes after the first plane struck the north tower. Chief Joseph Pfiefer and his crew with Battalion 1 among the first on the scene.^[2] The New York City Fire Department or the Fire Department of New York (FDNY) has the responsibility for protecting the citizens and property of New York Citys five boroughs from fires and fire hazards, providing emergency medical services, technical rescue as well as providing first response to biological, chemical...

Chief Brass set up a command center in the lobby as firefighters climbed up the stairs. A mobile command center was also set-up outside on Vesey Street, but was destroyed when the buildings collapsed. A command post was then set-up at a firehouse in Greenwich Village. The FDNY deployed 200 units to the site, with more than 400 firefighters on the scene when the buildings collapsed.^[1] The Washington Square Arch Greenwich Village (IPA pronunciation: ), also called simply the Village, is a largely residential area on the west side of downtown (southern) Manhattan in New York City named after Greenwich, London. ...

Many firefighters arrived at the World Trade Center without meeting at the command centers. Problems with radio communication caused commanders to lose contact with many of the firefighters who went into the buildings; those firefighters were unable to hear evacuation orders. There was practically no communication with the police, who had helicopters at the scene. When the towers collapsed, hundreds were killed or trapped within. Firefighters came from hundreds of miles around New York City, including numerous volunteer units in small-town New York.

Meanwhile, average response times to fires elsewhere in the city that day only rose by one minute, to 5.5 minutes. The other firefighters worked alternating 24-hour shifts.

Officials with the International Association of Fire Fighters have criticized mayor Rudy Giuliani for failing to support modernized radios that might have spare the lives of more firefighters. [1] The International Association of Fire Fighters (IAFF) is a labor union representing fire fighters employed full-time in fire suppression and related activities in the United States and Canada. ... Rudolph William Louis Giuliani III, (born May 28, 1944) is an American lawyer, prosecutor, businessman, and Republican politician from the state of New York. ...

Doctors, EMTs and other medical staff

Doctors, nurses, medical students, paramedics, EMTs, and counselors quickly arrived at the site of the collapse to set up multiple small staging areas and triage centers in the streets surrounding the World Trade Center site. Medical teams from the local neighborhoods, surrounding boroughs, and visiting medical staff worked to set up and staff these multiple triage sites, as guided by FDNY officials. As the afternoon wore on, these triage sites were slowly closed and the triage efforts were consolidated at the Chelsea Piers. The World Trade Center site destruction, 2001 in 2006 The World Trade Center site is the 16-acre (6. ... The Fire Department, City of New York (FDNY) has the responsibility of protecting the New York Citys five boroughs from fires and fire hazards, as well as preventing disasters like The Station nightclub fire in nearby Rhode Island, and the trampling deaths at an overcrowded building in Chicago. ... Chelsea Piers as seen from the air. ...

Throughout the early afternoon, the soundstages at the Pier were separated into two areas, one for the more seriously injured and one for the walking wounded. On the acute side, multiple makeshift tables, each with a physician, nurse, and other healthcare and civilian volunteers, were set up for the arrival of mass casualties. Supplies, including equipment for airway and vascular control, were obtained from neighboring hospitals. Throughout the afternoon, local merchants arrived to generously donate food.

Despite this, few patients arrived for treatment, the earliest at about 5p.m., and were not seriously injured, being limited to smoke inhalation. An announcement was made around 6-7 p.m. that a second shift of providers would cover the evening shift, and that an area was being set-up for the day personnel to sleep. Soon after, when it was realized that few would have survived the collapse and be brought to the Piers, many decided to leave and area was closed down.

Police

NYPD helicopters were soon at the scene, reporting on the status of the burning buildings. Many New York City and Port Authority of New York and New Jersey police were killed in the collapse of the towers. The NYPD worked alternating 12-hour shifts in the rescue and recovery effort. NYPD redirects here. ... Tolls collected at the Holland Tunnel and other crossings help fund the Port Authority. ...

Emergency Management

New York City Office of Emergency Management was the agency responsible for coordination of the City's response to the attacks. Headed by then-Director Richard Sheirer, the agency was forced to vacate its headquarters, located in 7 World Trade Center, within hours of the attack. The building later collapsed due to fire. OEM reestablished operations temporarily at the police academy, where Mayor Giuliani gave many press conferences throughout the afternoon and evening of September 11. Two days later, emergency operations were moved to a pier on the Hudson River. This location served as the point of coordination for over 90 City, State and Federal agencies during the months following the disaster. The New York City Office of Emergency Management (OEM) was originally formed in 1996 as part of the Mayors Office under Rudolph W. Giuliani. ...

The agency now resides in a temporary headquarters in Brooklyn and is awaiting construction of a new, state-of-the-art headquarters to be located in downtown Brooklyn in the former Red Cross building.

Rescue efforts

On the day following the attacks, 11 people were rescued from the rubble, including six firefighters and three police officers.^[3] They included two Port Authority police officers, John McLoughlin and Will Jimeno, were pulled out alive after spending nearly 24 hours beneath 30 feet of rubble.^[4][5] Their rescue was later portrayed in the Oliver Stone film, World Trade Center. It has been suggested that Firefighter Assist and Search Team be merged into this article or section. ... A police officer is a warranted employee of a police service. ... John McLoughlin (DOB unk. ... Will Jimeno of the New York PAPD Will Jimeno is a Port Authority Police officer of Colombian origin who survived the World Trade Center attack on September 11th. ... William Oliver Stone (born September 15, 1946), known simply as Oliver Stone, is a three-time Academy Award-winning American film director and screenwriter. ... World Trade Center (also spelled as World Trade Centre) is a 2006 dramatic film based on the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center towers of New York City, released by Paramount Pictures on August 9. ...

Recovery efforts

The search and rescue effort in the immediate aftermath at the World Trade Center site involved ironworkers, structural engineers, heavy machinery operators, firefighters, police officers, asbestos workers, boilermakers, carpenters, cement masons, construction managers, electricians, emergency medical technicians, insulation workers, machinists, plumbers and pipefitters, riggers, sheet metal workers, steamfitters, steelworkers, truckers and teamsters, and many others.^[6] This particular machine stands over 6 ft (1. ... Taipei 101, the worlds tallest building as of 2004. ... Fibrous asbestos on muscovite Asbestos Asbestos Asbestos (a misapplication of Latin: asbestos quicklime from Greek : a, not and sbestos, extinguishable) describes any of a group of minerals that can be fibrous, many of which are metamorphic and are hydrous magnesium silicates. ... A boilermaker, also known as a depth charge, is a cocktail consisting of a shot of whiskey, or vodka, and a glass of beer. ... Carpenter at work in Tennessee, June 1942. ... An electrician hooking up a generator to a homes electrical panel. ... The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ... A machinist is a craftsman who uses machine tools to make parts or alter parts by cutting away excess material. ... A plumber at work. ... A pipefitter (also called steamfitterthere is a difference between a plumer and a steamfitter by the number out hammer dents on his forheadfor plumbers our shit is there bread and butter) is someone who lays out, assembles, fabricates, maintains and repairs piping systems. ... Rigger may mean: Rigger (modern usage), a person or company which specializes in the lifting and moving of extremely large and heavy objects A person in the film industry who rigs scaffolding for film sets and camera rigs. ... Sheets of stainless steel cover the Chrysler Building Thin sheets of gold leaf Sheet metal is simply metal formed into thin and flat pieces. ... A pipefitter (also called steamfitter) is someone who lays out, assembles, fabricates, maintains and repairs piping systems. ... A trucker is a person who is employed as a truck driver (particularly of semi-trailers). ... The International Brotherhood of Teamsters (IBT), formerly known by the name International Brotherhood of Teamsters, Chauffeurs, Warehousemen and Helpers of America, is one of the largest labor unions in the United States. ...

The New York City Department of Design and Construction oversaw the recovery efforts. Beginning on September 12, the Structural Engineers Association of New York (SEAoNY) became involved in the recovery efforts, bringing in experts to review the stability of the rubble, evaluate safety of hundreds of buildings near the site, and designing support for the cranes brought in to clear the debris. The City of New York hired the engineering firm, LZA-Thornton Tomasetti, to oversee the structural engineering operations at the site.^[7] Thornton Tomasetti (formerly The Thornton-Tomasetti Group, Thornton Tomasetti Engineers, LZA Technology) is a 500+ person structural engineering consulting firm headquartered in New York City. ...

Ironworkers, some even visiting from other countries, arrived on scene soon after the collapse to offer their services to help rescue victims. Unfortunately, the immediate danger of fire and smoke kept many from helping.

By Friday, September 14, 2001, 9000 tons in 1500 truckloads of debris had been brought to the Fresh Kills Landfill.^{[citation needed]} By the following Monday afternoon, 40,000 tons had been removed.^{[citation needed]} September 14 is the 257th day of the year (258th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2001 (MMI) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Fresh Kills Landfill on Staten Island, New York, was the formerly the largest landfill in the world and the principal landfill of New York City in the later 20th century. ...

To make the effort more manageable, the World Trade Center site was divided into four quadrants or zones. Each zone was assigned a lead contractor, and a team of three structural engineers, subcontractors, and rescue workers.^[7]

• AMEC - North Tower along West Street
• Bovis Lend Lease - South Tower along Liberty Street
• Tully Construction Company, Inc. - Eastern portion of the WTC site
• Turner/Plaza Construction Joint Venture - Northern portion and 7 World Trade Center

The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), the United States Army Corp of Engineers, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), and the New York City Office of Emergency Management (OEM) provided support.^[7] AMEC plc (LSE: AMEC) is a British company, headquartered in London. ... The last elevated portion of the West Side Highway by Trump Place apartment complex The West Side Highway (officially the Joe DiMaggio Highway, formerly the Miller Highway) is a mostly-surface section of New York State Route 9A (NY 9A) that runs from West 72nd Street along the Hudson River... 7 World Trade Center is the name of two buildings in New York City: the first opened in 1987 and was destroyed on September 11, 2001; its replacement, the first World Trade Center address to be rebuilt, was finished in 2006. ... New FEMA seal The Federal Emergency Management Agency, or FEMA, is an agency of the United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS). ... The United States Army Corps of Engineers, or USACE, is made up of some 34,600 civilian and 650 military men and women. ... OSHA logo The United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) is an agency of the United States Department of Labor. ...

Hazards at the World Trade Center site included a diesel fuel tank buried seven stories below.^[6] Approximately 2,000 automobiles that had been in the parking garage also presented a risk, with each containing, on average, five gallons of gasoline. Once recovery workers reached down to the parking garage level, they found some cars that had exploded and burned.^[6] The United States Customs Service, which was housed in 6 World Trade Center, had 1.2 million rounds of ammunition and weapons in storage in a third-floor vault, to support their firing range.^[6] Rudolf Christian Karl Diesel (1858-1913), inventor of the diesel engine. ... Karl Benzs Velo (vélo means bicycle in French) model (1894) - entered into the first automobile race 2005 MINI Cooper S. An automobile (also motor car or simply car) is a wheeled passenger vehicle that carries its own motor. ... A multi-storey car park is a building or part thereof which is designed specifically to be for vehicle parking and where there are a number of floors on which parking takes place. ... The United States Customs Service (now part of U.S. Customs and Border Protection or CBP) was the portion of the US Federal Government dedicated to keeping illegal products outside of US borders. ... 6 World Trade Center was the U.S. Customs House: a 537,693 square foot (49,953 m²), 7 story low rise building, in Lower Manhattan, New York City. ... A shooting range is a specialized facility designed for firearms practice. ...

Ground Zero illnesses and protests

Increasing numbers of Ground Zero workers are getting illnesses, such as cancer. ... Into 2006 there was been growing concern over the health effects of the September 11, 2001 attacks in the Financial District of lower Manhattan. ...

On January 30, 2007 Ground Zero workers and groups such as Sierra Club and Unsung Heroes Helping Heroes met at the Ground Zero site and urged President George Bush to spend more money on aid for sick Ground Zero workers. They said that the $25 million dollars that Bush promised for the ill workers was inadequate. A Long Island iron-worker, John Sferazo, at the protest rally said, "Why has it taken you 5 1/2 years to meet with us, Mr. President?" ^[8] The Sierra Club is an American environmental organization founded on May 28, 1892 in San Francisco, California by the well-known preservationist John Muir, who became its first president. ... George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is the 43rd and current President of the United States, inaugurated on January 20, 2001. ...

Firefighters, police and their unions, have criticized Rudy Giuliani over the issue of protective equipment and illnesses after the attacks.^[9]An October study by the National Institute of Environmental Safety and Health said that cleanup workers lacked adequate protective gear.^[10] The Executive Director of the National Fraternal Order of Police reportedly said of Giuliani: "Everybody likes a Churchillian kind of leader who jumps up when the ashes are still falling and takes over. But two or three good days don't expunge an eight-year record."[2] Sally Regenhard, said, "There's a large and growing number of both FDNY families, FDNY members, former and current, and civilian families who want to expose the true failures of the Giuliani administration when it comes to 9/11." She told the New York Daily News that she intends to "Swift Boat" Giuliani.^[11] Swift Boat is another term for a Fast Patrol Craft. ...

A May 14, 2007 New York Times article, "Ground Zero Illness Clouding Giuliani's Legacy," gave the interpretation that thousands of workers at Ground Zero have become sick and that "many regard Mr. Giuliani's triumph of leadership as having come with a human cost." The article reported that he seized control of the cleanup of Ground Zero, taking control away from established federal agencies. Documents indicate that the Giuliani administration never enforced federal requirements requiring the wearing of respirators. Concurrently, the administrator threatened companies with dismissal if cleanup work slowed. ^[12] It has been suggested that gas mask be merged into this article or section. ...

Senator Hillary Rodham Clinton is contemplating calling Giulani to testify before a Senate committee on whether the government failed to protect recovery workers from the effects of polluted Ground Zero air. [3] Hillary Rodham Clinton (born Hillary Diane Rodham on October 26, 1947) is the Biggest loser/retard these united states have seen from New York. ... Into 2006 there was been growing concern over the health effects of the September 11, 2001 attacks in the Financial District of lower Manhattan. ...

Volunteer support

Volunteers began arriving at the World Trade Center soon after the towers collapsed. Those who arrived in the early hours helped in any way they could, including college students who gave out water to the rescue workers; later unsolicited volunteers were turned away. People with particular skills, including construction, demolition, medical training, and mental health conseling, came to assist throughout the first few days; a team of disaster relief specialists even came from France. By late Friday, September 14, there was essentially no more room for volunteers, though people had arrived from as far off as California, waiting in lines outside the relief administration center at Javits Center. Categories: Possible copyright violations ...

As of November 19, 2001, the American Red Cross had provided 11,549,338 meals/snacks to approximately 50,000 disaster workers (48,491 of them volunteers).^{[citation needed]} November 19 is the 323rd day of the year (324th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2001 (MMI) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar. ... A WWII-era poster encouraged American women to volunteer for the Red Cross as part of the war effort. ...

Military support

Civil Air Patrol

A Civil Air Patrol C-172 performing Photo Reconnaissance Flights of Ground Zero

Immediately following the attacks, members of the Civil Air Patrol were called up to help respond. Northeast Region Commander Colonel Richard Greenhunt placed his region on alert mere moments after he learned of the attack. Early the next day, CAP was given clearance by NORAD to fly Photo-Recon missions of Ground Zero, to provide detailed analysis of the wreckage and aide in recover efforts. They were the first aircrews allowed to take off that was not a Fighter or a Tanker, or otherwise associated with the U.S. Military. Image File history File linksMetadata No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File linksMetadata No higher resolution available. ... Civil Air Patrol seal The Civil Air Patrol (CAP) is the official civilian auxiliary of the United States Air Force (USAF). ... NORAD is short for: North American Aerospace Defense Command Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ...

In addition, CAP began to fly blood-transport flights, taking donated blood directly from the blood banks, and landing at JFK Airport, with still enough runway left to take off and fly back. The advantage of this is the ability to land at a local airport, and fly directly to the disaster zone. John F. Kennedy International Airport (IATA Airport Code: JFK, ICAO Airport Code: KJFK) is the main international airport in New York City, and is one of the largest airports in the world. ...

National Guard

The U.S. 69th Infantry Regiment (The Fighting 69th) from Manhattan was the first military force to secure Ground Zero, it formed the core of a task force consisting of local units including Bravo and Charlie companies of the 1/105 Infantry Battalion. The 69th armory on Lexington Avenue became the Family Information Center to assist persons in locating missing family members. The 69th Infantry Regiment (Mechanized), New York National Guard is a combat unit out of New York City and part of the 42nd Rainbow Division. ... The Fighting 69th - Starring James Cagney, Pat OBrien. ...

Eventually thousands of Soldiers and Airman from the NY National Guard participated in the rescue/recovery efforts. They conducted site security at the WTC, and at other locations. They provided the NYPD with support for traffic control, and they participated directly in recovery operations providing manpower in the form of "bucket brigades" sorting through the debris by hand.

Additionally service members provided security at a variety of location throughout the city and New York State in order to deter further attacks and reassure the public.

Estimated costs

Estimated total costs, as of 10/3/2001^[13]

$5 billion for debris removal

$14 billion for reconstruction

$3 billion in overtime payments to uniformed workers

$1 billion for replacement of destroyed vehicles and equipment

(one Fire Department accident response vehicle costs $400,000)

Chart of FDNY firemen killed on 9/11/01

(Government exhibits from the trial of Zacarias Moussaoui) This article or section needs copy editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone and/or spelling. ...

Image File history File links Size of this preview: 522 × 600 pixels Full resolution (2484 × 2854 pixel, file size: 806 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) United States v. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 485 × 599 pixels Full resolution (2364 × 2920 pixel, file size: 802 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) United States v. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 570 × 600 pixels Full resolution (2490 × 2620 pixel, file size: 701 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) United States v. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 588 × 599 pixels Full resolution (2430 × 2476 pixel, file size: 632 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) United States v. ...

See also

• 2001 anthrax attacks
• Domestic terrorism
• Collective trauma
• Collapse of the World Trade Center
• Health effects of September 11, 2001 attacks

The 2001 anthrax attacks in the United States, also known as Amerithrax from its FBI case name, occurred over the course of several weeks beginning on September 18, 2001 (a week after the September 11, 2001 attacks). ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... A collective trauma is a psychological effect on an entire society. ... Ground Zero debris with markup showing building locations. ... September 11 from space: Manhattan spreads a large smoke plume Into 2006 there has been growing concern over the health effects of the September 11, 2001 attacks in the Financial District of lower Manhattan. ...

References

1. ^ ^{a b c} Fritsch, Jane. "A Day of Terror - The Response: Rescue Workers Rush In, and Many Do Not Return", New York Times, September 12, 2001. 
2. ^ Eisner, Harvey. "Terrorist Attack At New York World Trade Center", Firehouse Magazine, April 2002. 
3. ^ "America Under Attack: The Aftermath, Larry King Live", CNN, September 12, 2001 - 21:00 ET. 
4. ^ Murphy, Dean E.. "A DAY OF TERROR: THE HOPES; Survivors Are Found In the Rubble", The New York Times, September 12, 2001. 
5. ^ Filkins, Dexter. "AFTER THE ATTACKS: ALIVE; Entombed for a Day, Then Found", The New York Times, September 13, 2001. 
6. ^ ^{a b c d} A Dangerous Worksite. Occupational Safety and Health Administration.
7. ^ ^{a b c} Domel, Jr., August (November 2001). World Trade Center Disaster: Structural Engineers at Ground Zero.
8. ^ Emi Endo, "Sick 9/11 workers protest at Ground Zero" Newsday, 31 January 2007 http://www.newsday.com/news/nationworld/nation/am-groundzero0201,0,1528416.story?coll=ny-main-bigpix
9. ^
10. ^ http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=06/09/08/1349248
11. ^ Ben Smith, Rudy's Black Cloud: WTC Health Risks may hurt Prez Bid." "New York Daily News," September 18, 2006, p. 14
12. ^ Anthony DePalma, "Ground Zero Illness Clouding Giuliani's Legacy," "New York Times," May 14, 2007 or http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/14/nyregion/14giuliani.html?hp
13. ^ THE BUDGET: Finances of New York City Staggered by the Emergency, New York Times, 10/3/2001

September 18 is the 261st day of the year (262nd in leap years). ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ...

Further reading

• Bull, Chris; Sam Erman (2002). At Ground Zero: Young Reporters Who Were There Tell Their Stories. Thunder's Mouth Press. ISBN 1-56025-427-0. 

External links

• Fire Dept. Lapses on 9/11 Are Cited, The New York Times, 8/3/2002
• In Last Piles of Rubble, Fresh Pangs of Loss, The New York Times, 3/17/2002
• THE VOLUNTEERS: Good Intentions Lead to a Bad Ending, New York Times, 10/18/2001
• THE SITE: In an Urban Underbelly, Hidden Views of Terror's Toll, New York Times, 10/14/2001
• THE BUDGET: Finances of New York City Staggered by the Emergency, New York Times, 10/3/2001
• Fire Dept. Asks If There Are Some Fires It Shouldn't Fight, New York Times, 9/30/2001
• UNDERGROUND: Looting Is Reported in Center's Tomblike Mall, New York Times, 9/21/2001
• THE SITE: Police Commissioner Backs Poor Outlook on Survivors, New York Times, 9/19/2001 also describes visits by political leaders
• THE FIREMEN: Department Promotes 168 to Rebuild Officer Ranks, New York Times, 9/18/2001
• THE DISPOSAL: Hauling the Debris, and Darker Burdens, New York Times, 9/17/2001
• THE FUNERALS: For the Fire Department, the First Three Farewells, New York Times, 9/16/2001
• City Loses Hundreds of Bravest, Finest, New York Post
• THE FIREFIGHTERS: Department's Cruel Toll: 350 Comrades, New York Times, 9/13/2001
• THE RESPONSE: Firefighters Dash Into Towers; Many Do Not Return, New York Times, 9/12/2001
• NY Fire Department's 9/11 Radio Dispatches, New York City, 9/11/2001 Audio recordings of first responder communications