NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Reserve Officers' Training Corps

A Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) program is a college-based, officer commissioning program, predominantely in the United States. It is designed as a college elective that focuses on leadership development, problem solving, strategic planning, and professional ethics. It has been suggested that this article be split into multiple articles accessible from a disambiguation page. ... In military organizations, a commissioned officer is a member of the service who derives authority directly from a sovereign power, and as such holds a commission from that power. ... Elective used as a adjective means that it is optional and chosen, for example, by election. ...

The U.S. Armed Forces and a number of other national militaries, particularly those countries with strong historical ties to the United States, have ROTC programs. The Republic of the Philippines established its program in 1912, with the creation of the first unit at the University of the Philippines during the American occupation of the islands. ROTC in the Republic of South Korea started in 1963; while Taiwan created its own program in 1997. The armed forces of the United States of America consist of the United States Army United States Navy United States Air Force United States Marine Corps United States Coast Guard Note: The United States Coast Guard has both military and law enforcement functions. ... The University of the Philippines (Filipino: Unibersidad ng Pilipinas) or U.P. or State U is the premiere state university of the Philippines. ...

ROTC produces 60 percent of all officers in the U.S. Armed Forces, and 75 percent of U.S. Army officers.^{[citation needed]} The Philippine-based National ROTC Alumni Association (NRAA) estimates that 75 percent of the officer corps of the Armed Forces of the Philippines come from ROTC.[1] NRTOC, US Navy, PD 040508-N-2383B-377 Norfolk, Va. ... NRTOC, US Navy, PD 040508-N-2383B-377 Norfolk, Va. ...

For those countries, a ROTC program serves as the equivalent of the British Officers Training Corps. The Officers Training Corps (OTC) is a part of the British Army that provides military leadership training to students at British universities. ...

With the exception of the U.S. Coast Guard, each of the U.S. armed forces offer competitive, merit-based scholarships to ROTC students, often covering full tuition for college. U.S. Army and U.S. Air Force ROTC students are referred to as cadets, while U.S. Naval ROTC students are known as midshipmen; these terms coincide with their service academy counterparts. The Naval ROTC program commissions both U.S. Navy and U.S. Marine Corps officers. The Coast Guard sponsors only a JROTC program. Coast Guard shield The United States Coast Guard is the coast guard of the United States. ... The United States Army is the largest branch of the United States armed forces and has primary responsibility for land-based military operations. ... Aircraft of the 379th Air Expeditionary Wing and coalition counterparts stationed together at Al Udeid Air Base, Qatar, in southwest Asia, fly over the desert. ... USN redirects here. ... A military academy is a military educational institution. ... USN redirects here. ... The United States Marine Corps (USMC) is a branch of the U.S. military responsible for providing power projection from the sea,[1] utilizing the mobility of the U.S. Navy to rapidly deliver combined-arms task forces to global crises. ... The Junior Reserve Officer Training Corps (JROTC) is a program put forth by the United States Armed Forces in high schools across the nation that train highschool students in Leadership and Military Sciences. ...

Army ROTC units are organized as brigades and battalions. Air Force units are detachments with the students organized into wings, groups, squadrons, and flights, like the active Air Force. Navy units are organized into Naval battalions. If the Marine students are integrated with the Navy students, there are companies, but having the Navy students in departments and divisions like a ship, and the Marines in a separate company is only done when an ROTC unit has sufficient members to warrant an extra division. The Texas A&M University Corps of Cadets (or the Corps of Cadets or, often, just The Corps) is an organization at Texas A&M University that trains students in the ways of the military with the option of a commission to the military upon graduation. ...

History of U.S. ROTC

The concept of ROTC in the United States began with the Morrill Act of 1862 which established the land-grant colleges. Part of the federal government's requirement for these schools was that they include military tactics as part of their curriculum, forming what became known as Army ROTC. The college from which ROTC originated is Norwich University in Northfield, Vermont. Norwich was founded in 1819 at Norwich, Vermont, as the American Literary, Scientific and Military Academy.^[1] The Morrill Land-Grant Acts are pieces of US legislation which allowed for the creation of land-grant colleges, which would be funded by the grant of federally-controlled land to each of the states which had stayed with the United States during the American Civil War. ... Land-grant universities (also called land-grant colleges or land grant institutions) are American institutions which have been designated by a Congress to receive the benefits of the Morrill Acts of 1862 and 1890. ... Norwich University (NU) is a private university located in Northfield, Vermont. ... Northfield is a town in Washington County, Vermont, United States. ...

Until the 1960s, many major universities required compulsory ROTC for all of their male students. However, because of the protests that culminated in the opposition to U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War compulsory ROTC was dropped in favor of voluntary programs.^[2] In some places ROTC was expelled from campus altogether, although it was always possible to participate in off-campus ROTC. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1024x768, 507 KB) Summary Description: Cadets from University of Delaware Army ROTC during a squad situational training exercise (STX); note the ROTC shoulder patch and M16A2 rifle Source: My own photograph Date: Taken 2005-3-19; timestamp is for EDT Author... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1024x768, 507 KB) Summary Description: Cadets from University of Delaware Army ROTC during a squad situational training exercise (STX); note the ROTC shoulder patch and M16A2 rifle Source: My own photograph Date: Taken 2005-3-19; timestamp is for EDT Author... Children run down a road near Trang Bang after an ARVN napalm attack on villages suspected of harboring National Liberation Front fighters in this June, 1972 photo by Huynh Cong Ut, which became a symbol of the international movement against U.S. involvement in Vietnam. ...

In recent years, concerted efforts are being made at some Ivy League universities that have previously banned ROTC, including Harvard and Columbia, to return ROTC to campus.^[3] In the 21st century, the debate often focuses around the don't ask, don't tell policy begun in 1993 by the Department of Defense which forbids homosexuals serving in the United States military from disclosing their sexual orientation at the risk of expulsion. Some schools believe this legal mandate would require them to waive or amend their non-discrimination policies. The Supreme Court ruled in March 2006 that they are entitled to hold this opinion, but at the expense of federal funding (see Solomon Amendment). The Ivy League is an athletic conference comprising eight private institutions of higher education located in the Northeastern United States. ... Harvard University (incorporated as The President and Fellows of Harvard College) , is a private university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. Founded in 1636,[1] Harvard is the oldest institution of higher learning still operating in the United States. ... Dont Ask, Dont tell is the common term for the U.S. military policy which implements Pub. ... The United States Department of Defense, abbreviated DoD or DOD and sometimes called the Defense Department, is a civilian Cabinet organization of the United States government. ... The 1996 Solomon Amendment is the popular name of 10 U.S.C. Â§ 983, a United States federal law that allows the Secretary of Defense to deny Federal grants (including research grants) to institutions of higher education if they prohibit or prevent ROTC or military recruitment on campus. ...

Under current law, there are three types of ROTC programs administered, each with a different element.^[4]

One difference between civilian colleges and the senior or junior military colleges is enrollment option in ROTC. ROTC is voluntary for students attending civilian colleges and universities; however, with few exceptions (as outlined in Army regulations), it is required of students attending the senior and junior military colleges. In the United States, a Senior Military College is one of six colleges that offer military Reserve Officers Training Corps (ROTC) programs and are recognized under 10 USC 2111a. ... In the United States, a Military Junior College is a military-style junior college that allows cadets to become commissioned officers in the armed forces in two years, instead of the usual four. ...

Another major difference between the senior military colleges and civilian colleges is that under federal law, graduates of the SMCs are guaranteed active duty assignments if requested.^[5] ActiveDuty. ...

U.S. Army ROTC history

The modern Army ROTC was created by the National Defense Act of 1916 and commissioned its first class of lieutenants in 1920. It was patterned after the British Officers Training Corps, which supplied most of the British officers in World War I. Image File history File links US Army ROTC Shoulder Patch File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... The Officers Training Corps (OTC) is a part of the British Army that provides military leadership training to students at British universities. ... Combatants Allied Powers: Russian Empire France British Empire Italy United States Central Powers: Austria-Hungary German Empire Ottoman Empire Bulgaria Commanders Nicholas II Aleksei Brusilov Georges Clemenceau Joseph Joffre Ferdinand Foch Robert Nivelle Herbert Henry Asquith Sir Douglas Haig Sir John Jellicoe Victor Emmanuel III Luigi Cadorna Armando Diaz Woodrow...

Notable Army ROTC graduates

In 1960, General George H. Decker became the first ROTC graduate named chief of staff of the Army (although General of the Army George C. Marshall, chief of staff of the Army during WWII, was a product of the Virginia Military Institute, he technically received a direct commission, since the modern-day ROTC program had not officially been established when he graduated). Chiefs of staff of the Army or chairmen of the joint chiefs of staff to come out of Army ROTC include: GEN George Decker, official portrait by Woodi Ishmael General George Henry Decker (February 16, 1902â€“February 6, 1980) was Chief of Staff of the United States Army from 1960 to 1962. ... The Flag of the Chief of Staff of the United States Army The Chief of Staff of the United States Army (CSA) is the professional head of the United States Army who is responsible for insuring readiness of the Army. ... George C. Marshall George Catlett Marshall (December 31, 1880–October 16, 1959), an American military leader and statesman, was born into a middle-class family in Uniontown, Pennsylvania. ... The Flag of the Chief of Staff of the United States Army The Chief of Staff of the United States Army (CSA) is the professional head of the United States Army who is responsible for insuring readiness of the Army. ... Combatants Allied powers: United Kingdom Soviet Union United States Republic of China and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Chiang Kai-shek Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki TÅjÅ Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000,000 Total... The Virginia Military Institute (VMI), located in Lexington, Virginia, is the oldest state military college in the United States. ... The Flag of the Chief of Staff of the United States Army The Chief of Staff of the United States Army (CSA) is the professional head of the United States Army who is responsible for insuring readiness of the Army. ... The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff is by law the highest ranking military officer of the United States military, and the principal military advisor to the President of the United States. ...

George C. Marshall George Catlett Marshall (December 31, 1880–October 16, 1959), an American military leader and statesman, was born into a middle-class family in Uniontown, Pennsylvania. ... The Virginia Military Institute (VMI), located in Lexington, Virginia, is the oldest state military college in the United States. ... GEN George Decker, official portrait by Woodi Ishmael General George Henry Decker (February 16, 1902â€“February 6, 1980) was Chief of Staff of the United States Army from 1960 to 1962. ... Lafayette College, located in Easton, Pennsylvania, United States, in the Lehigh Valley region of Pennsylvania, is an independent, undergraduate, coeducational, residential institution. ... GEN Frederick C. Weyand Frederick Carlton Weyand was born in Arbuckle, California, on September 15, 1916. ... The University of California, Berkeley (also known as UC Berkeley, Berkeley, Cal, and by other names, see below) is the oldest and flagship campus of the ten-campus University of California system. ... General Gordon R. Sullivan General Gordon R. Sullivan (born September 25, 1937 in Boston, Massachusetts) was a U.S. Army general. ... Norwich University (NU) is a private university located in Northfield, Vermont. ... General Peter Schoomaker (born February 12, 1946) became the 35th Chief of Staff of the United States Army, on August 1, 2003. ... The University of Wyoming is a land-grant university located in Laramie, Wyoming, situated on Wyomings high plains, at an elevation of 7,200 feet (2194 m), between the Laramie and Medicine Bow mountain ranges. ... George William Casey Jr. ... Georgetown University, incorporated as the The President and Directors of the College of Georgetown, is a private university in the United States, located in Georgetown, a historic neighborhood of Washington, D.C. Founded on January 23, 1789 by Father John Carroll, it is both the oldest Roman Catholic and oldest... General Colin Luther Powell, United States Army (Ret. ... The City University of New York (CUNY; acronym: IPA pronunciation: ), is the public university system of New York City. ... Henry H. Shelton Henry Hugh Shelton (born January 2, 1942) is a retired American career military officer. ... North Carolina State University is a public, coeducational, extensive research university located in Raleigh, North Carolina, United States. ...

Army ROTC trivia

Virginia Military Institute holds the record among ROTC schools for the most general and flag officers produced, with 265 as of 2006.^[6] The college ROTC program to produce the most four-star generals is North Carolina State University.^{[citation needed]} The University of Oregon has produced the highest number of general officers out of the non-military ROTC schools, with a total of 44.^[7] The Corps of Cadets at Texas A&M University consistently produces more officers for the Armed Forces than any other ROTC program, largely because of the university's long history as a military college.^[8] The Virginia Military Institute (VMI), located in Lexington, Virginia, is the oldest state military college in the United States. ... Flag Officer is both a historic naval rank and a modern day navy title. ... North Carolina State University is a public, coeducational, extensive research university located in Raleigh, North Carolina, United States. ... The University of Oregon is a public university located in Eugene, Oregon. ... Texas A&M University, often called A&M or TAMU for short, is a nationally renowned public university located in College Station, Texas, USA. It is the flagship[3] institution of the Texas A&M University System. ... In the United States, a Senior Military College is one of six colleges that offer military Reserve Officers Training Corps (ROTC) programs and are recognized under 10 USC 2111a. ...

U.S. Air Force ROTC history

(As quoted from Air Force ROTC's Official Website) The first Air ROTC units were established between 1920 and 1923 at the University of California at Berkeley, Georgia Institute of Technology, the University of Illinois, the University of Washington, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and The Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas (now Texas A&M University). After World War II Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower, chief of staff of the War Department, signed General Order No. 124, establishing Air ROTC units at 77 colleges and universities throughout the nation. http://www. ... http://www. ... U.S. Air Force R.O.T.C. shield // AFROTC One of the three commissioning sources for the United States Air Force, the other two being the Air Force Academy and Officer Training School. ... The University of California, Berkeley (also known as UC Berkeley, Berkeley, Cal, and by other names, see below) is the oldest and flagship campus of the ten-campus University of California system. ... The Georgia Institute of Technology, commonly known as Georgia Tech, is a public, coeducational university, part of the University System of Georgia, and located in Atlanta, Georgia, USA, with satellite campuses in Savannah, Georgia and Metz, France. ... The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC), is the largest campus in the University of Illinois system. ... The University of Washington, founded in 1861, is a public research university in Seattle, Washington. ... The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) is a private, coeducational research university located in Cambridge, Massachusetts. ... Texas A&M University, often called A&M or TAMU for short, is a nationally renowned public university located in College Station, Texas, USA. It is the flagship[3] institution of the Texas A&M University System. ... Texas A&M University, often called A&M or TAMU for short, is a nationally renowned public university located in College Station, Texas, USA. It is the flagship[3] institution of the Texas A&M University System. ... Dwight David Ike Eisenhower (October 14, 1890–March 28, 1969), American soldier and politician, was the 34th President of the United States (1953–1961) and supreme commander of the Allied forces in Europe during World War II, with the rank of General of the Army. ...

The Air Force ROTC Vitalization Act of 1964 authorized a new two-year Senior Program, scholarships and a Junior Program. An experimental program to commission women through Air Force ROTC was first conducted from 1956 to 1960. Women were again enrolled in the Senior Program, starting in 1969, and in the Junior Program four years later. The Air Force ROTC Detachment at Auburn University was the first to commission a woman in the program who also became the first female Lieutenant General (three star) of the Air Force. Eligible Air Force enlisted men and women pursuing a college degree who are interested in becoming commissioned officers are given that opportunity through competition in the Air Force ROTC Airman Scholarship and Commissioning Program, established in 1973. In 1978, Air Training Command, with headquarters at Randolph Air Force Base, Texas, assumed responsibility for the Air Force ROTC programs.

On July 1, 1993, Air Training Command merged with Air University to form Air Education and Training Command. Air University became a direct reporting unit under Air Education and Training Command, and Air Force ROTC realigned under Air University. In February 1997, in an effort to reduce duplication of effort and streamline administrative and reporting procedures within Air University, Air Force ROTC and Officer Training School realigned under the newly created umbrella organization, Air Force Officer Accession and Training Schools (AFOATS). This restructuring placed oversight for three-quarters of Air Force officer production under one command, the AFOATS commander—a brigadier general. July 1 is the 182nd day of the year (183rd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 183 days remaining. ... 1993 (MCMXCIII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar and marked the Beginning of the International Decade to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination (1993-2003). ... Air University is located at Islamabad, Pakistan. ... Air Education and Training Command (AETC), with headquarters at Randolph AFB near San Antonio, Texas, was established July 1, 1993, with the realignment of Air Training Command and Air University. ...

U.S. Navy ROTC programs

The U.S. Naval Reserve Officer Training Corps (NROTC) program was founded in 1926. In 1932, the Marine Corps joined the program and in 1990, the first Navy Nurse Corps scholarships were awarded. The Naval Reserve Officer Training Corps commissions individiuals into either the United States Navy or United States Marine Corps. ...

Contents

History of U.S. ROTC

U.S. Army ROTC history

Notable Army ROTC graduates

Army ROTC trivia

U.S. Air Force ROTC history

U.S. Navy ROTC programs

See also

External links

References

Contents

History of U.S. ROTC GA_googleFillSlot("encyclopedia_square");

U.S. Army ROTC history

Notable Army ROTC graduates

Army ROTC trivia

U.S. Air Force ROTC history

U.S. Navy ROTC programs

See also

External links

References

History of U.S. ROTC