A Resident, or in full Resident Minister, is a state official of certain representative types, required to take up permanent residency abroad officially.

Resident Ministers

This full style was common as a diplomatic rank for the head of a mission ranking just below ambassador, usually reflecting the relatively low status of the states of origin and/or residency or not too friendly relations, but on occasion his role could become extremely important- when the Bourbon king Ferdinand IV fled his revolting mainland kingdom Naples to Sicily in 1806, Lord William Bentinck, the British resident, was the one who wrote a very liberal constitution. The system of diplomatic rank has over time been formalised on an international basis. ... There have been several people known as William Bentinck, including: Hans Willem Bentinck, 1st Earl of Portland (1649-1709) William Bentinck, 2nd Duke of Portland (1709-1762) William Bentinck, 4th Duke of Portland (1768-1854) William Bentinck (1704-1774), a fellow of the Royal Society William Bentinck (1764-1813), a...

Residents could also be posted with shadowy governments, e.g. by the British with the Mammeluk Beys who ruled Bagdad province as an autonomous north Iraqi state, until the Ottoman sultanate regained control over it and its Wali (governor). Wali (plural Auliyaa) is an Arabic word, literally meaning protector or guardian, also adopted in various other Islamic cultures. ...

Even after its Vienna Congress restoration, the British posted a 'mere' Resident in Firenze, the capital of the Grand duchy of Tuscany.

As international relations shifted the predominant attitude from explicit pecking order, exposing arrogant power politics, to theoretical equality (at least among sovereign nations), as in the League of Nations and the UN (but with the veto-entitled permanent members of its Security Council clearly much 'more equal'), it became customary to give the highest diplomatic rank, ambassador, to the permanent mission chief in any country, except as a 'temporary' expression of downturned relations or simply an interim arrangement. An ambassador, rarely embassador, is a diplomatic official accredited to a foreign sovereign or government, or to an international organization, to serve as the official representative of his or her own country. ...

Colonial Residents

These were official representatives of a European colonial power practicing indirect rule, usually diplomats and/or (sometimes former) military officers, who lived and worked in smaller self-governing colonial entities or various protectorates and vassal states as a political advisor to the (usually native) ruler(s) and acted like an Ambassador of their own Government, but at a lower level since even large and rich native states were usually seen as inferior to Western nations. Instead of to a single ruler, a single resident could be posted to a native grouping, or even simply to a number of native states the colonial power conveniently bunched together in an imposed artificial, at best geographical unit, which could have a name such as residency X (as in some parts of British India). Indirect rule is a type of European colonial policy as practiced in large parts of British India (see Princely states) and elsewhere in the British Empire (including Malaya), in which the traditional local power structure, or at least part of it, is incorporated into the colonial administrative structure. ... A protectorate is, in international law, a political entity (a sovereign state or a less developed native polity, such as a tribal chiefstainship or feudal princely state) that formally agrees (voluntarily or under pressure) by treaty to enter into an unequal relationship with another, stronger state, called the protector, which...

Similar positions could carry alternative titles, such as Political Agent; see also specific histories in this and the following section. In some cases, the intertwining of colonial and traditional establishment went as far as to repeatedly employ members of the native princely houses is such posts, either in other polities (sometimes princes of the blood realistically in line for their ancestral throne) or even (especially further relatives, unlikely ever to succeed) within their own state; on the other hand, trusted residents could became de facto (prime) ministers to the native rulers.

Their real role varied enormously, depending upon the underlying power report between both parties and the personalities of the Resident and the ruler(s). Some were little more then observers and diplomatic go-betweens, others met hostility as 'face of the oppressor' or on the contrary won enough trust with the ruler to exercise great influence, on occasion even become his de facto prime minister, or even nominated by the equivalent native title such as vizier. An example that hosting a residency could really be seen as desirabla protection be the native rulers, is from 1887, when both Boers and gold prospectors of all nationalities were overrunning his country, the Swazi paramount chief Umbandine asked for a British resident, which request was refused.

This section only lists solo-Residents; see Residents-general for those organized under a thus titled superior; however those here may still work under some other higher official, such as a Viceroy or Governor(-general)

British & dominion colonial Residents

Examples of Commonwealth governments represented by Residents with such British colonies or (not always British) protectorates include:

Residents in (British) Africa

• with the Sultan of the now Tanzanian archipelago Zanzibar, the second 'homeland' of the Omani dynasty, since 1913 (previously just Consuls(-general)) till 1963, 1913-1961 also appointed as the Sultan's Vizier
• in British Cameroon (part of former German Kamerun), since 1916, in 1949 restyled Special Resident (superior to the new two provinces) for Edward John Gibbons (b. 1906 - d. 1990), who stayed on in October 1954 as first Commissioner when it became an autonomous part of Nigeria
• in Southern Africa:
  • when the military party sent from Cape Colony to occupy Port Natal on behalf of Great Britain was recalled in 1839, a British resident was appointed among the Fingo and other tribes in Kaffraria until the definite establishment of British rule in Natal and its 1845 organization as an administrative entity, when the incumbent Shepstone was made agent for the native tribes
  • in kwaZulu (since 1843 under British protectorate), since it became Zulu "Native" Reserve (Zululand province) on 1 September 1879: two British Residents (8 September 1879 William Douglas Wheelwright till January 1880, then till 22 December 1882 Sir Melmoth Osborn), next Britain stationed Resident Commissioners until it was incorporated into Natal British crown colony (as British Zululand) on 1 December 1897
  • in 1845 the resident 'north of the Orange river' chose his residency at Bloemfontein, until this became the captal of the independent Boer Orange Free State in 1854
  • in the Boer republic of Transvaal at Pretoria
  • with the Matabele chief at Bulawayo
• in Ghana, with the rulers of the Asanteman Confederation (established in 1701), since it became in 1896 a British protectorate; on 23 June 1900 the Confederation was dissolved by UK protectorate authority, on 26 September 1901 turned into Ashanti Colony, so since 1902 his place was taken by a Chief commissioner ?at Kumasi
• in various parts of the British Northern Nigeria, British Southern Nigeria and after their joining Nigeria protectorate, notably in Edo state at Benin City (first to the British-installed ruling council of chiefs, later ?to the restored Oba), with the Emir of and in Bauchi, to the jointly ruling bale and balogun of Ibadan (a vassal state in Yorubaland), with the Emir of Illorin, with the Emir of and in Muri (Nigeria), with the Emir of Nupe
• in Tanganyika (then, now in Kenya), with the Sultan of Witu (since the British took over the protectorate from the German Empire, which had posetd a Resident before)

Map of Zanzibars main island Zanzibar (IPA pronunciation: ), as used today, is the collective name for two East African islands off mainland Tanzania: Unguja (also called Zanzibar) and Pemba. ... A Vizier (وزير, sometimes also spelled Vizir, Wasir, Wazir, Wesir, Wezir - grammatical vowel changes are common in many oriental languages) is an oriental, originally Persian, term for a high-ranking political (and sometimes religious) advisor or Minister, often to a Muslim monarch such as a Caliph, Amir, Malik (king) or Sultan. ... Cameroons was a British Mandate territory in Nigeria and Cameroon. ... Fingo may refer to: The Fingo (Mfengu) tribe of South Africa. ... Kaffraria was the descriptive name given to the southeast part of the Cape Province of South Africa. ... Flag of KwaZulu KwaZulu was a bantustan in South Africa, intended by the apartheid government as a semi-independent homeland for the Zulu people. ... Coat of arms of Bloemfontein Bloemfontein (Dutch for fountain of flowers) is one of South Africas three capital cities, along with Pretoria and Cape Town. ... Capital Bloemfontein Created 1854 Dissolved 1900 Official language Dutch (Afrikaans more common) The Orange Free State (Afrikaans: Oranje Vrystaat) was an independent country in southern Africa during the second half of the 19th century, and later a province in South Africa. ... Flag of Transvaal The Transvaal (lit. ... The Matabele are a branch of the Zulus who split from King Shaka in the early 1820s under the leadership of Mzilikazi, a former general in Shakas army. ... The City of Bulawayo is highlighted in this map of Zimbabwe. ... Kumasi is the capital city of the Ashanti Region of Ghana. ... Edo State is a state in Nigeria. ... Location of Benin City in Nigeria Benin, a city (2006 est. ... Bauchi is the capital of Bauchi State in Nigeria. ... Bale can refer to any of the following: Places Bâle, the French name for the city of Basel The town Bale in Croatia the Bale Province, Burkina Faso in Burkina Faso the former Bale Province, Ethiopia in Ethiopia People Christian Bale, an actor Dr. Edward Turner Bale This is... , Location of Ibadan in Nigeria Ibadan ( Èbá-Ọdàn) is the capital of and the largest city in Ọyọ State. ... The Yorùbá are the largest ethnic group in Nigeria, comprising approximately 26 percent of that countrys total population, and numbering about close to 100 million individuals throughout the region of West Africa. ... Ilorin is the sixth largest city in Nigeria and is the capital of Kwara State. ... Muri is a town and traditional emirate in the northwestern Taraba State of eastern Nigeria, approximately between 9 and 11 40 E. and 7 10 and 9 40 N. The Benue River is nearby, and the portion on the southern bank of the river is watered by streams flowing from... The Nupe are an ethnic group located primarily in the middle belt and northern Nigeria. ... Wituland (also Witu or Swahililand) was an approximately 3000 km² territory in East Africa centered on the town of Witu just inland from Indian Ocean port of Lamu north of the mouth of the Tana River in what is now Kenya. ...

Residents in (British) Asia

For those working in the Malay states, see below as they came under the authority of a Resident-general

British Residents were posted in various Princely states -major ones or groups- in British India, the jewel in Britain's colonial crown, often individually, as in Lucknow, the capital of Oudh; to the Maharaja Gaekwar of Baroda; to the Maharaja Sindhya of Gwalior; to the Nizam al-Molk of Hyderabad; to the Maharaja Rana of Jhalawar; to the restored Maharaja of Mysore; to the Maharaja Sena Sahib Subah of the Mahratta state of Nagpur; to the (Maha)Raja of Manipur; to the (Maha)Raja of Travancore; to the Maharana of Mewar in Udaipur. Even when Lord Lake had broken the Mahratta power in 1803, and the Mughal emperor was taken under the protection of the East India Company, the districts of Delhi and Hissar were assigned for the maintenance of the royal family, and were administered by a British resident, till in 1832 the tract was annexed to the North-Western Provinces. A princely state is any state under the reign of a prince, both terms being taken in the broad sense. ... British India (otherwise known as The British Raj) was a historical period during which most of the Indian subcontinent, or present-day India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Myanmar, were under the colonial authority of the British Empire (Undivided India). ... Lucknow (Hindi: लखनऊ; Urdu: لکھنو Lakhnau) is the capital city of the state of Uttar Pradesh, India. ... Awadh (also known to the British as Oudh) is a region in the center of the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. ... Vadodara, also known as Baroda, is the third-most populated town in Gujarat after Ahmedabad and Surat (the three towns with a population of over 1 million in Gujarat). ... Teli-ka-Mandir Fortress of Gwalior Gwalior is a city in Madhya Pradesh, India. ... Hyderabad and Berar, 1903 Hyderābād was an autonomous princely state of south-central India from 1724 until 1948, ruled by a hereditary Nizam, and an Indian state from 1948 to 1956. ... Jhalawar is south most district of Rajasthan. ... Mysore (Kannada: ಮೈಸೂರು) is a city in the Indian state of Karnataka. ... Nāgpur City name is derived from River Nag which flows through the city. ... Manipur is a state in northeastern India making its capital in the city of Imphal. ... Travancore or Thiruvithaamkoor (Malayalam: തിരുവിതാങ്കൂര്‍ [], തിരുവിതാംകൂര്‍ [], തിരുവിതാങ്കോട് []) or Tamil திருவிதாங்கூர் was a princely state in India with its capital at Trivandrum (Thiruvananthapuram). ... Mewar is a region of south-central Rajasthan state in western India. ...

A resident could however also be posted to a group of princely states, usually because they were considered rather unimportant (or except one), as a geographical and/or otherwise linked group.

British residents were also posted in major states considered connected with India, neighbouring or on the sea route to it, notably:

• in Aden (while subordinated to Bombay), the only part of Yemen made a colony in full British possession, the last of three British Political Agents since 1939 stayed on as first Resident since 1859, the last again satying on in 1932 as first Chief Commissioner; he was the only diplomatic representative to the various Arabian rulers who over time accepted British protectorate, but since the 1935 legal separation from British India was followed in 1937 by a reorganisation in an Eastern - and a Western Aden Protectorate (based at Mukallah and Lahej; together covering all Yemen), the British representatives in each were styled British Political Officers
• in Afghanistan, a kingdom entitled to a gun salute of 21 guns (the highest rank among princely states, not -then- among Sovereign monarchs): first British Residents (1837 - 2 November 1841 Sir Alexander Burnes; 7 August 1839 - 23 December 1841 William Hay McNaghten; December 1841 - 6 January 1842 Eldred Pottinger), then four native Vakils acted on behalf of Britain (1856 - April 1859 Nawab Foujdar Khan, April 1859 - 1865 Ghulam Husain Khan Allizai, February 1864 - January 1868 Bukhiar Khan (acting), January 1868 - 1878 Attah Muhammad Khan Khagwani), then two more British Residents (24 July 1879 - 3 September 1879 Louis Napoleon Cavagnari, 1880 Henry Lepel-Griffin), next came two Military Commanders (8 October 1879 - 11 August 1880) and 10 native British Agents (one served two non-consecutive terms) till 1919
• Hiram Cox was the first British Resident to the King of independent Burma October 1796 - July 1797, and there were more discontinuous posting to that court, in the 19th century, never satisfactory to either party; after colonization there were two separate British Residents in a border zone of that country: in the Northern Shan States and in the Southern Shan States (each several tribal states, usually ruled by a Saopha=Sawbwa) in 1945 - 1948 (each group had been under a Superintendent from 1887/88 till 1922, then both jointly under a Resident Commissioner till the 1942 Japanese ocupation)
• after five military governors since the British East India Company started chasing the Dutch out of Ceylon in August 1795 and occupying the island (completed in 16 February 1796), their only Resident there was Robert Andrews, 12 February 1796 - 12 October 1798, who was subordinate to the presidency of Madras (see British India), afterwards the HEIC appointed Governors as it was made a separate colony
• to the Sultan of the Maldives archipelago since he formally accepted British protection on 16 December 1887 (informally since 1796, after the British took over Ceylon from the Dutch), but in fact this office was filled ex officio by the colonial Governors of until 4 February 1948, abolished on 26 July 1965
• in Nepal since 1802, accredited to the Hindu Kings (title Maharajadhiraja), since 15 March 1816 exercing a de facto protectorate - the last staying on 1920 as Envoy till the 1923 emancipation
• with the Imam/Sultan of Oman, 1800-1804, 1805-1810 and 1840 (so twice interrupted by vacancy), the located with the African branch of the dynasty on Zanzibar island, since 1862 his role was handed over to a Political Agent

And elsewhere: Port of Aden (around 1910). ... A political commissar is an officer appointed by a communist party to oversee a unit of the military. ... A salute is a gesture or other action used to indicate respect. ... A princely state is any state under the reign of a prince, both terms being taken in the broad sense. ... Saopha (pronounced Saor Bowa) is a title used by Kanbawza Dynasty of Shan Kingdom. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The British East India Company, sometimes referred to as John Company, was a joint-stock company of investors, which was granted a Royal Charter by Elizabeth I on December 31, 1600, with the intent to favour trade privileges in India. ... The word Maharaja (also spelled maharajah) is Hindi as well as ancient Sanskrit for high king (a karmadharaya from maha great and rajan king). Its use is primarily for Hindu potentates (ruler or sovereign). ... Until the early 19th Century, each European nation had its own system of diplomatic rank. ...

• in Transjordan (present Jordan) April 1921 - 17 June 1946 four incumbents accredited to the Hashemite Emir/King

Even in overseas territories occupied ('preventively' or conquered) to keep the French out of strategic trade and waters, residencies could be established, e.g. at Laye onSumatra, an island returned to the Dutch East Indies Map of the territory of the British Mandate of Palestine The Emirate of Transjordan was an autonomous political division of the British Mandate of Palestine, created as an administrative entity in April 1921 before the Mandate came into effect. ... Sumatra (also spelled Sumatara and Sumatera) is the sixth largest island of the world (approximately 470,000 km²) and is the 3rd largest island of Indonesia after Kalimantan and New Guinea. ... The Dutch East Indies, or Netherlands East Indies, (Dutch: Nederlands-Indië) was the name of the colonies set up by the Dutch East India Company, which came under administration of the Netherlands during the 19th century (see Indonesia). ...

Residents in (British) European protectorates

Since on 5 November 1815 the United States of the Ionian Islands became a federal republic of 7 islands (Corfu, Cephalonia, Zante, Santa Maura, Ithaca, Cerigo and Paxos), as a protectorate (nominally of the allied Powers; de facto UK protectorate; the highest office was the -always British- Lord High Commissioner), until its 1 June 1864 incorporation into independent Greece, there were British Residents, each posted with a local Prefect, on seven individual islands, notably: Cephalonia (Kephalonia), Cerigo (Kythira), Ithaca, Paxos, Santa Maura (Leucada/Lefkada) and Zante (Zakynthos) As the Sovereigns personal representative Lord High Commissioners were appointed to the Parliament of the Kingdom of Scotland between 1603 and 1707. ... Geography The capital of the Cephallonia prefecture is Argostoli. ... Kythira, also seen as Kythera, Cythera or Tsirigo, is an island, one of the Ionian Islands. ... For other places named Ithaca, see Ithaca (disambiguation). ... Paxi (Greek Παξοί) formerly known as Paxos and sometimes spelled Paxoi, is the smallest of the Ionian Islands. ... Lefkada, or Lefkas (Greek: Modern: Λευκάδα, Ancient/Katharevousa: -as) is an Greek island in the Ionian Sea, connected to the mainland by a long causeway and floating bridge. ... Zakýnthos (Ζάκυνθος, also known as Zante), the third largest of the Ionian Islands, covers an area of 410 square kilometers and its coastline is roughly 123 kilometers in length. ...

Residents on (British & dominion) Ocean Island states

• in the early colonial settlement phase on New Zealand (where the Polynesian Maori declare independence on 28 October 1835 as Confederation of the United Tribes, under British protectorate), from 10 May 1833 James Busby (b. 1801 - d. 1871; from 1834 jointly with Thomas McDonnell as co-Resident) till 28 January 1840, then 2 Lieutenant governors (as part of New South Wales, in Australia) and many Governors since 3 January 1841
• at Rarotonga since the 1888 establishment of the British protectorate over the Cook Islands; the third and last incumbent stayed on as first Resident Commissioner since 1901, at the incorporation in the British Western Pacific Territories (under a single High Commissioner, till its 1976 dissolution, in Suva or Honoria), until the abolition of the post at the 1965 self-government grant as territory in free association with New Zealand, having its own cabinet (still under the British Crown, which after the 1976 appoints a special King's/Queens Representative as well as a High Commissioner).

Te Puni, Māori Chief Māori is the name of the indigenous people of New Zealand, and their language. ... Rarotonga Island from space, September 1994 A picture taken in Rarotonga. ... The British Western Pacific Territories was the name of a colonial entity, created in 1877, for the administration, under a single representative of the British Crown, styled High Commissioner (compare other uses of this title), of a series of relatively minor Pacific islands in and around Oceania // The island entities...

Residents in protectorates of decolonised Commonwealth states

• Sikkim, where the Maharaja had been under a British protectorate (1861 - 15 August 1947; the crown representative was styled Political Agent), became immediately afterwards a protectorate of newly independent India (formally from 5 December 1950; in the meantime the Indian representative was again styled Political Agent, the first incumbent actually being the former British Political Agent- India was a dominion, still under the British crown, till 26 January 1950) until on 16 May 1975 it was annexed as a constitutive state of federal India.

Sikkim (Hindi: सिक्किम) is a landlocked Indian state nestled in the Himalayas. ... The word Maharaja (also spelled maharajah) is Hindi as well as ancient Sanskrit for high king (a karmadharaya from maha great and rajan king). Its use is primarily for Hindu potentates (ruler or sovereign). ...

Dutch colonial Residents

In the Dutch East Indies, European residents and lower ranks such as assistant residents were posted alongside a number of the many native princes in present Indonesia, compare Regentschap. The Dutch East Indies, or Netherlands East Indies, (Dutch: Nederlands-Indië) was the name of the colonies set up by the Dutch East India Company, which came under administration of the Netherlands during the 19th century (see Indonesia). ... REGENTSCHAP is the Dutch word for Regency, in the sense of the (term of) office of a Regent. ...

For example on Sumatra, there were Dutch Residents at Palembang, at Madan in Deli sultanate; another was posted with the Sultan of and on Ternate, one on Bali etc.* Sumatra (also spelled Sumatara and Sumatera) is the sixth largest island of the world (approximately 470,000 km²) and is the 3rd largest island of Indonesia after Kalimantan and New Guinea. ... Location of Palembang Palembang is a city in the south of the Indonesian island of Sumatra. ... There are several meanings of the term Madan: Madan is an alternative name (Madana) for the god Kama in Hinduism. ... The word delicatessen designates a kind of food store. ... A 1720 depiction of Ternate. ...

French colonial Residents

France also maintained Residents, the French word being Résident.

However the 'Jacobine' tradition of strict state authority didn't agree well with indirect rule, so often direct rule was preferred.

Many were part of a white colonial hierarchy, rather than truly posted with a native ruler or chieftain. Those under the authority of a Resident general are treated in that section, below. In the following sub-sections are only other (solo-)residencies.

Style Résident

• A single post of Resident was also created in Côte d'Ivoire, i.e. Ivory Coast (from 1881 subordinated to the Superior Commandant of Gabon and the Gulf of Guinea Settlements; from 1886 subordinated to the Lieutenant Governors of Guinea), where in 1842 France had declared protectorates over the Kingdoms of Nzima and Sanwi (posts at Assinié 1843-1870, and Grand Bassam, Fort Dabou 1853-1872, part of the Colony of Gorée and Dependencies in Senegal]):
  • 1871 - 1885 Arthur Verdier (to 1878 Warden of the French Flag) (b. 1835 - d. 1898)
  • 1885 - 1886 Charles Bour -Commandant-particular
  • 1886 - 9 March 1890 Marcel Treich Leplène (b. 1860 - d. 1890)
  • 9 March 1890 - 14 June 1890 Jean Joseph Étienne Octave Péan (acting)
  • 14 June 1890 - 1892 Jean Auguste Henri Desailles
  • 1892 Eloi Bricard (acting)
  • 1892 - 12 November 1892 Julien Voisin (acting)
  • 12 November 1892 - 10 March 1893 Paul Alphonse Frédéric Heckman; therefater it had its own Governors
• On the Comoros, in the Indian Ocean, several Residents were posted with the various native sultanates on major islands; they were all three subordinated to the French administrators of Mayotte island protectorate (itself constituting the native Maore or Mawuti sultanate) :
  • On Ngazidja (Grande Comore island, divided in eleven sultanates, some of which on accosian had the superior title of Sultani tibe): November 1886 - 1912
  • On Ndzuwani (Anjouan island) with the Phany (sole Sultan): only two incumbents 188x - 189x
  • On Mwali (Mohéli island) from 1886; then 1889 - 1912 filled by the above résidents of Anjouan
• On Wallis and Futuna, after a single French Representative styled chargé de mission (7 April 1887 - 26 June 1888, Maurice Antoine Chauvot), there was a long list of Residents from 7 April 1887; since 3 October 1961, when both islands were joined as the Wallis & Futuna overseas territory, their successors were styled Administrateur supérieur 'Administrator-superior', but the native dynasties remain; they represented the French government by virtue of the protectorate treaties with the Tui (ruler) of `Uvea (Wallis island, 5 April 1887; 27 November 1887 administratively attached to New Caledonia) and on 16 February 1888 with the two kingdoms on Futuna - Tu`a (also called Alo) and Sigave

Côte dIvoire (often called Ivory Coast in English; see below about the name) is a country in West Africa. ... Several Sultanates on the Comoros, an archipelago in the Indian Ocean with an ethnically complex mix, were founded after the introduction of Islam into the area in the 15th century. ... Look up administrator in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Motto: Anthem: La Marseillaise Capital Mamoudzou Largest city Mamoudzou Official language(s) French Government overseas collectivity of France  - President Jacques Chirac Independence overseas collectivity of France   - Voted to remain a territory of France 1974  Area    - Total 374 km² (~185th)   144 sq mi   - Water (%) 0. ... Map of Comoros and Southern Africa Grande Comore (also known as Ngazidja and Ngasidja, and erroneously as Njazidja) is an island in the Indian Ocean off the coast of Africa. ... Several Sultanates on the Comoros, an archipelago in the Indian Ocean with an ethnically complex mix, were founded after the introduction of Islam into the area in the 15th century. ... Map of Anjouan Anjouan (also known as Ndzuwani or Nzwani) is an island in the Comoros. ... Map of Mohéli Mohéli, also known as Mwali, is one of the three islands which make up the nation of Comoros. ... Tui can refer to: the Tui bird, endemic to New Zealand. ... This article is about an airport in Iowa in the United States. ... Sigave is one of the three official chiefdoms of the French territory of Wallis and Futuna, which is located on the western part of Futuna Island. ...

Résident supérieur

This French title, meaning "Superior" (i.e. Senior) Resident, suggests he may have had junior Residents under him, but we have seen no data yet.

• In Upper Volta (present Burkina Faso), which has had its own Lieutenant governor (before) or Governor (after) and intermediately has been part of one or (carved up) more neighbouring French colonies, there has been one Résident-Superieur of "Upper Ivory Coast", 1 January 1938 - 29 July 1940, while it was part of the Côte d'Ivoire colony: Edmond Louveau

Map showing the Volta river in Upper Volta Upper Volta (French: ) was the name of the African country now called Burkina Faso. ...

German colonial Residents

• Ahmed ibn Fumo Bakari, the first mfalume (sultan) of Witu (on the Kenyan coast) ceded on 8 April 1885 25 square mile of territory to the brothers Clemens and Gustav Denhardt’s “Tana Company”, and the remainder of the Wituland became the German Protectorate of Wituland (Deutsch-Witu) on 27 May 1885. The Reich was represented there by the German Residents: Gustav Denhardt (b. 1856 - d. 1917; in office 8 April 1885 - 1 July 1890) and his deputy Clemens Andreas Denhardt (b. 1852 - d. 1928) until on 1 July 1890 imperial Germany renounces its protectorate, ceding the Wituland to Great Britain which had on 18 June 1890 declared it a British protectorate).
• Resident of Urundi and Ruanda: 1906 - 15 November 1907 Werner von Grawert (d. 1918), formerly the last military district commander of Usumbura (the other district being Ujiji)
• Urundi (present Burundi): 15 November 1907 - June 1916, starting with the same as above; formally accredited to the native Mwami (King; on 8 Oct 1905 the Germans recognized the already ruling Mwezi IV Gisabo as "Sultan" of Burundi and its only supreme authority)

A Sultan (Arabic: سلطان) is an Islamic title, with several historical meanings. ... Wituland (also Witu or Swahililand) was an approximately 3000 km² territory in East Africa centered on the town of Witu just inland from Indian Ocean port of Lamu north of the mouth of the Tana River in what is now Kenya. ... Rwanda is a country in central Africa. ... Motto: Unité, Travail, Progrès (French: Unity, Work, Progress) Anthem: Burundi bwacu Capital Bujumbura Largest city Bujumbura Official language(s) Kirundi and French Government President Republic Pierre Nkurunziza Independence  - Date From Belgium July 1, 1962 Area  â€¢ Total  â€¢ Water (%)   27,830 km² (142nd) 7. ...

Portuguese colonial Residents

• In Cabinda (in present Angola), five incumbents from 1885 (18 July 1885 Portuguese Congo district created after 14 February 1885 confirmation by the Berlin Conference of the 1883 Portuguese protectorate over "Portuguese Congo") to 1899 (end of autonomy under the Governors of Congo district which had its seat in Cabinda since 1887)

Map of Angola, highlighting Cabinda Cabinda is a small territory, administered as an exclave of Angola. ...

Residents-general (& their subordinate Residents)

British Residents(-general)

In the British Malay states and possessions

At the "national" level of British Malaya, after the post of High Commissioners had been filled (1 July 1896 - 1 April 1946) by the governors of the Straits Settlements (see Singapore), Britain appointed the following Residents-general: British Malaya was a set of states that were colonized by the British from the 18th and the 19th until the 20th century. ...

• 1 July 1896 - 1901 Frank Athelstane Swettenham (b. 1850 - d. 1946; from 1897, Sir Frank Athelstane Swettenham)
• 1901 - 1904 William Hood Treacher (b. 1849 - d. 1919)
• 1904 - 1910 Sir William Thomas Taylor (b. 1848 - d. 1931)
• 1910 - 1911 Arthur Henderson Young (b. 1854 - d. 1938)

Then there were various British Chief Secretaries 1911-1936 and two Federal Secretaries until 31 January 1942; after three Japanese Military governors, the British Governor (1 April 1946-1 February 1948) stayed on as first of four High Commissioners as de facto Governor-general of the Federation of Malaya until independence on 31 August 1957 saw the cretaion of an elective federal Paramount ruler styled Yang Dipertuan Agong (since 16 September 1961 with the addition bagi Malaysia). Sir Frank Athelstane Swettenham (1850 - 1946) was the first Resident General of the Federated Malay States (part of the then Royal Colonies, now independent Malaysia) which was formed by combining a number of kingdoms. ... The term Paramount Ruler, or sometimes Paramount King, is a generic description, rarely an actual title, for a number of rulers position in relative terms, as the summit of a feudal-type pyramid of rulers of lesser polities (such as vassal princes) in a given historical and geographical context, often... Flag of the Supreme Head of Malaysia Yang di-Pertuan Agong, a Malay title usually translated as Supreme Head, Supreme Ruler or Paramount Ruler, is the official title of the constitutional head of state of the federal state of Malaysia. ...

There were specific Residents accredited in most constituent Malay states: The Malay states are a group of nine states of Malaysia (all located in West Malaysia) which have hereditary Rulers. ...

• 1885-1911 British Residents were appointed to the Sultans (until 1886 styled Maharaja) of Johore, an unfederated state until 1946; thereafter the British crown was represented by General Advisers until the Japanese occupation, finally by Commissioners 1945-1948
• 1888-1941 to the Yang Di Pertuan Besar (state's elective ruler) of the nine member-confederation Negeri Sembilan, which accepted a British protectorate in 1888 and acceded in 1896 to the Federation; again British Commissioners after the Japanese occupation
  • 1883-1895 additional British Residents were appointed to the Yang Di-Pertuan Muda (ruler) of Jelebu, a major member principality
  • 1875-1889 additional British Residents were also appointed to the Undang Luak Sungai Ujong (ruler) of Sungai Ujong, another major member principality
• 1888-1938 British Residents were appointed to the Sultans (until 1882 styled Bendahara Seri Maharaja) of Pahang from the start of the British protectorate; again British Commissioners after the Japanese occupation
• 1874-1941 British Residents to the Sultans of Perak as written in the Pangkor Treaty of 1874, since they exchanged Thai sovereignty for a British protectorate, since 1 July 1896 part of the Federated Malay States; after the Japanese occupation a single British Commissioner
• 1875-1941 British Residents to the Sultans of Selangor during the Klang War, a year after accepting British protectorate (never under Thailand), 1 July 1896 part of Federated Malay States; after the Japanese occupation British Commissioners

A similar position, under another title, was held in the other Malay states: State Motto: the state moto as appeared on the coat of arms reads kepada Allah berserah which literally means all hopes is to God (Allah) Capital Johor Bahru Bandar DiRaja Bandar Maharani Sultan Iskandar Al-haj Chief minister Abdul Ghani Othman Area 19,984 km² Population 2. ... State motto: no State motto Capital Seremban Royal Capital Seri Menanti Yang di-Pertuan Besar Tuanku Jaafar ibni Almarhum Tuanku Abdul Rahman Chief Minister YAB Dato Seri Utama Mohamad Haji Hasan Area 6,645 km2 Population  - Est. ... Jelebu is one of Negeri Sembilans largest districts, consisting more than 100,000 in population to the greater county. ... State motto: no State motto Capital Kuantan Royal Capital Pekan Sultan Sultan Haji Ahmad Shah Chief Minister Dato Seri Adnan Yaakob Area 35,964 km2 Population  - Est year 2005 1,372,500 State anthem Pahang State Anthem Pahang (Jawi: Ú¨Ù‡Ú ) is the largest state on Peninsular Malaysia, occupying the huge Pahang... State motto: no State motto Capital Ipoh Royal Capital Kuala Kangsar Sultan Sultan Azlan Muhibbuddin Shah Chief Minister Dato Seri Diraja Tajol Rosli bin Mohd Ghazali Area 21,006 km2 Population  - Est. ... The Pangkor Treaty of 1874 was a treaty signed between the Sir Andrew Clarke on behalf of the British and Raja Abdullah of Perak. ... State motto: Dipelihara Allah (English: Under Gods (Allah) Protection) Capital Shah Alam Royal Capital Klang Sultan Sultan Sharafuddin Idris Shah Chief Minister Dato Seri Dr Mohd Khir bin Toyo Area 7,956 km2 Population  - Estimated 4,100,000 State anthem Duli Yang Maha Mulia Selangor (Jawi: سلنجور, population 4. ... The Klang War or Selangor Civil War took placed in the Malay state of Selangor and was fought between Raja Abdullah bin Raja Jaafar, the administrator of Klang and Raja Mahdi bin Raja Sulaiman from 1867 to 1874. ...

• 1909-41 British Advisers replaced the Thai king's Advisers in the sultanate of Kedah, an unfederated state; after Japanese and Thai occupation, British Commissioners were appointed
• 1903-41British Advisers replaced Thai ones in the sultanate of Kelantan, an unfederated state; after Japanese and Thai occupation, British Commissioners were appointed
• 1909-1941 British Advisers replaced Thai ones with the Rajas of Perlis, since the acceptance of British protectorate as an unfederated state in stead of the Thai sovereignty (since the secession from Kedah) and were appointed again after Japanese and Thai occupation, until 1 April 1946 it joins the Malay Union (from 16 September 1963, Malaysia)
• 1904-25 British Agents were appointed to the Sultans of Terengganu, i.e. even before the 9 July 1909 exchange of Thai sovereignty for a British protectorate as unfederated Malay state, then Advisers 1919-1941 (overlap merely both titles for the same incumbent); after Japanese and Thai occupation, British Commissioners were appointed.

In the Straits Settlements, under direct British rule: State motto: no State motto Capital Alor Star Royal Capital Anak Bukit Sultan Tuanku Abdul Halim Muadzam Shah Chief Minister Syed Razak Syed Zain Barakbah Area 9,426 km2 Population  - Est year 2000 1 572 107 State anthem Allah Selamatkan Sultan Mahkota Kedah (Jawi:قدح, pop. ... State Motto: Berserah kepada Tuhan Kerajaan Kelantan (English : Submit to God, government of Kelantan Capital Kota Bharu Sultan Tuanku Ismail ibni al-Marhum Sultan Yahya Petra Chief minister Tuan Guru Dato Haji Nik Aziz Nik Mat Area 14,922 km² Population 1. ... State motto: no State motto Capital Kangar Royal Capital Arau Raja Tuanku Syed Sirajuddin Regent Syed Faizuddin Putra Chief Minister Shahidan Kassim Area 810 km2 Population  - Est year 2000 198335 State anthem Amin amin ya Rabaljalil Perlis, a retailer of fine clothing located on Magazine Street in Uptown New Orleans. ... Terengganu (Jawi: ترڠڬانو, formerly spelled Trengganu or Tringganu) is a sultanate and constitutive state of federal Malaysia. ... The Straits Settlements were a collection of territories of the British East India Company in Southeast Asia, which were given collective administration in 1826. ...

• in Singapore, after two separate British Residents (7 February 1819 - December 1822 William Farquhar, then John Crawfurd), the Governors of the Straits Settlements filled the post 1826 - 15 February 1942; after 4 Japanese Military Afministrators and two Japanese Mayors, a British Military Administrator 12 September 1945 - 1 April 1946, then four British Governors and the second incumbent stayed on as first of two gubernatorial 'Heads of state' styled yang di-pertuan negara, his Malay successor also becoming the first President after independence
• In Malacca (Melaka), a former Dutch colony, 7 consecutive British Residents were in office 1795-1818, followed by three Dutch governors; after the final inclusion in the British Strait Settlements, 1826, most were titled Resident Councillor, except the periode 1910-1920 reverting to the style Resident; after the Japanese occupation, Resident Commissioners took their place until the 1957 independence installed Malaysian Governors and Chief Ministers
• In Penang (Pinang), after three Superintendents for the British East India Company (1786-1799; only Prince of Wales Island had yet been ceded to the British by the Sultan of Kedah), then two Lieutenant-governors (in 1801 Province Wellesley on the mainland was added) and many Governors after 1805 (since 1826 as part of the Strait Settlements), only Resident Councillorss were in office 1849-1941 (name Penang assumed in 1867); after four Japanese and since 1945 two British military governors, four Resident Commissioners 1946-1957, since then Malaysian-appointed 'heads of state'

On Northern Borneo, contrary to the Malay peninsula, in Sabah and Sarawak no such officials were appointed, as there were white rulers or governors; State motto: Bersatu Teguh Capital Malacca Town Governor Tun Datuk Seri Utama Mohd. ... A High Commissioner is a person serving in a special executive capacity. ... State motto: Bersatu dan Setia (United and Loyal), formerly Let Penang Lead Capital George Town Governor Tun Dato Seri Haji Abdul Rahman bin Haji Abbas Chief Minister Tan Sri Dr Koh Tsu Koon Area 1,030 km2 Population  - Est year 2006 1,500,000 State anthem Untuk Negeri Kita (For... Superintendent may refer to: Superintendent (education), an education executive or administrator Superintendent (police), a police rank Superintendent (United States Air Force), a United States Air Force position In buildings, a manager, a maintenance or repair person, a custodian or janitor. ... Prince of Wales Island may refer to: Prince of Wales Island, Alaska, USA Prince of Wales Island, Nunavut, Canada Prince of Wales Island, Queensland, Australia This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... A Lieutenant Governor or Lieutenant-Governor is a government official who is the subordinate or deputy of a Governor or Governor-General. ... State motto: Sabah Maju Jaya Capital Kota Kinabalu Governor Tun Haji Ahmadshah Abdullah Chief Minister Hj. ... State motto: United, Industrious, Dedicated (Malay: Bersatu, Berusaha, Berbakti ) Capital Kuching Governor T.Y.T Tun Datuk Patinggi Abang Muhammad Salahuddin Chief Minister Y.A.B. Datuk Patinggi Tan Sri Haji Abdul Taib Bin Mahmud / Pehin Sri Dr. Hj. ...

but to the still sovereign Sultans of Brunei, lying between those larger states, British Residents were appointed 1906 - 1959 (interrupted by Japanese commander Masao Baba 6 January 1942 - 14 June 1945), afterwards only High Commissioners for the matters not transferred under autonomy (and 1971 Self-government) until full independence went in force 1 January 1984.

French

(The French word is Résident-général)

In Africa

• In Morocco, accredited with the Sultan: Residents-general 28 April 1912 - 2 March 1956 (first incumbent previously military governor)
• In Tunisia, accredited with the Basha Bey Residents-general 23 June 1885 - 31 August 1955; first incumbent was the last of the two previous Resident ministers
• On Madagascar: 28 April 1886 - 31 July 1897

In Indochina

• In present Vietnam&Laos: Residents-general for Annam -Tonkin (at Hué) 11 June 1884 - 9 May 1889
  • Residents-Superior for Annam (also at Hué) 1886 - 1950s (at least 1953)
  • Residents-Superior for Tonkin (at Hanoi; subordinated to Annam until 1888) 1886 - 1950s (at least 1953) - But none in Cochinchina
  • Residents-superior for Laos September 1895 - 5 April 1945
• In Cambodia Residents-general 12 August 1885 - 16 May 1889;
  • later downgraded (under Hué?) to Residents-superior 16 May 1889 - 15 October 1945
  • several regional Résidents

Annam, literally meaning Pacified South, is a region of central Vietnam that fell under Chinese rule in 111 BC as Annan (安南). Known locally as Trung Bộ, meaning Central Boundary, it was formerly a kingdom the size of Sweden with its capital at Huế. It had been seized by the French... Tonkin, also spelled Tongkin or Tongking, is the northernmost part of Vietnam, south of Chinas Yunnan and Guangxi Provinces, east of northern Laos, and west of the Gulf of Tonkin. ...

Belgian

(Belgium mainly used French in the colonies; the word in its other official language, Dutch, is Resident-generaal)

• Burundi (cfr. German above; there were Belgian Residents ): 1960 - 1 July 1962 Jean-Paul Harroy (b. 1909 - d. 1995), staying on after being its Belgian last Governor (and Deputy Governor-general of the Belgian Congo)

Japanese (original title?)

In the protectorate Korea, accredited to the Choson Monarch (rendered as King or Emperor) 21 Dec 1905 - 1 Oct 1910 three incumbents, all Japanese peers (new western-type styles, rendered as: Marquess/Duke or Viscount); the last stayed on as the first Governor-General after full annexation to Japan Korea (Korean: (조선 or 한국, see below) is a geographical area, civilization, and former state situated on the Korean Peninsula in East Asia, bordering China to the northwest and Russia to the northeast, with Japan situated to the southeast across the Korea Strait. ...

Postcolonial Residents

On occasion, residents were maintained, notably by former colonial powers, in territories in a transitional process to a new constitutional status, such as full independence. Such function could also be performed under another title, such as Commissioner or High Commissioner.

Thus after World War I, there were Residents in some mandate territories:

• after the French and British occupation of the former German colony Kamerun (since 26 September 1914), Britain started appointing a long line of Residents (some were District Officer or Senior D.O., others Deputy Resident or Senior Resident) in its zone from 1916, even before the 28 June 1919 formal division into French - and British Cameroons and the 20 July 1920 British Cameroons- League of Nations mandate; they continued in the 13 December 1946 created British Cameroons United Nations trust territory, until 31 December 1949; next a single Special Resident was appointed (although in 1949 Southern Cameroons was divided into two provinces: Bamenda, capital Bamenda, and Southern, capital Buea) until 1 October 1954 when British Cameroons became an autonomous part of Nigeria; next two Commissioners were appointed in stead, until on 1 October 1961 Southern British Cameroons was incorporated into the Republic of Cameroon (the former French Cameroun), the northern part was already united with Nigeria on 1 June 1961.
• Present Jordan was part since 12 May 1920 of the British mandate of Palestine (under a British High Commissioner), but in August 1920 the British create autonomous local administrations in Ajlun, Salt, and Karak -with limited success, and 11 April 1921 the Emirate of Transjordan is (under British mandate); 26 May 1923 Transjordan formally separated from Palestine; 28 Feb 1928 Britain recognizes Transjordan mandate as independent, but maintains military and some financial control; 25 May 1946 proclamation of the Hashemite Kingdom (style Malik) of Transjordan (present Jordan); the 17 June 1946 formal independence from Britain finally ends the term of the last of four British Residents:
  • April 1921 - 21 November 1921 Albert Abramson (b. 1876 - d. 19..)
  • 21 November 1921 - April 1924 Harry St. John Bridger Philby (b. 1885 - d. 1960)
  • August 1924 - March 1939 Henry Cox (from 1937, Charles Henry Cox) (b. 1880 - d. 1953)
  • March 1939 - 17 June 1946 Alec Seath Kirkbride (b. 1897 - d. 1978)

Also after World War II, and not only in former mandate territories; e.g. in parts of Libya, a former Italian colony, put under UN administration since 1946 prior to their unification as a Libyan kingdom, Britain maintained a Resident in Tripolitania April 1949 - 24 December 1951 and another in Cyrenaica 17 September 1949 - 24 December 1951, and France one in Fezzan 1950 - 24 December 1951. The Republic of Cameroon is a unitary republic of central Africa. ... Cameroons was a British Mandate territory in West Africa, now divided between Nigeria and Cameroon. ... // Early history The earliest inhabitants of Cameroon were probably the Baka (Pygmies). ... Palestine (Hebrew: ארץ ישראל Eretz Israel, Arabic: فلسطين Filastīn or Falastīn, see also Land of Israel) is one of many historical names for the region between the Mediterranean Sea and the banks of the Jordan River, plus various adjoining lands to the east and south. ... A High Commissioner is a person serving in a special executive capacity. ... Map of the territory of the British Mandate of Palestine The Emirate of Transjordan was an autonomous political division of the British Mandate of Palestine, created as an administrative entity in April 1921 before the Mandate came into effect. ... Malik (ملك) is a word that means king in Arabic, also adopted in various other oriental languages, also in derived meanings. ... Tripolitania is a historic region of western Libya, centered around the coastal city of Tripoli. ... The Roman Empire ca. ... Fezzan is a desert region in south-western Libya. ...

In a later phase a former colony could itself appoint such Residents, as India did 5 December 1950 - 16 May 1975 in its Himalayan protectorate Sikkim, then still an independent monarchy (afterwards absorbed into India as an additional constitutive state) where Britain had obtained a protectorate over the Maharaja in 1861, see above. Sikkim (Hindi: सिक्किम) is a landlocked Indian state nestled in the Himalayas. ...

Variations on the title

• Government Resident: in Australia:
  • in the Northern Territory, under the authority of the Governor of New South Wales, after having been merely under Military Commanders: 3 March 1864-1 Jan 1911, at which date it became a separate territory but the last incumbent stayed on as first of 6 Administrators; then again 1 Feb 1927 Robert Hunter Weddell was Government Resident for North Australia, until from 12 June 1931 Administrators were (and still are) appointed, even after on 1 July 1978 self-government was granted.
  • 1 March 1927 - 12 June 1931, while the above was split, there were two consecutive incumbents for Central Australia
• Resident Administrator: in Australia: on Lord Howe Island, repeatedly:
  • at least two incumbent 1869-1882 (the first before the settlement started in 1834 was included in New South Wales; in 1878 the island was declared a forest reserve, reclassified botanic reserve in 1883; since 1913 this had a Local Advisory Committee); next came non-resident Magistrates and non-resident Chairmen of a Control Board in Sidney, then two Superintendants August 1940-1945;
  • again (incumbents not known) 1945 - 1953, then again Chairmen of the newly created Lord Howe Island Board; since 1982 the island is a UNESCO World Heritage site

Emblems: Sturts Desert Rose (floral) Motto: None Slogan or Nickname: The Territory, The NT, The Top End Other Australian states and territories Capital Darwin Government Const. ... Central Australia is a term used to describe the area of land surrounding and including Alice Springs in Australia. ... Lord Howe Island showing Mts Lidgbird and Gower. ... Emblems: Floral - Waratah (Telopea Speciosissima); Bird - Kookaburra (Dacelo Gigas); Animal - Platypus (Ornithorhynchus Anatinus); Fish - Blue Groper (Achoerodus Viridis) Motto: Orta Recens Quam Pura Nites (Newly Risen, How Brightly You Shine) Slogan or Nickname: First State, Premier State Other Australian states and territories Capital Sydney Government Const. ...

See also

• Resident Commissioner

A High Commissioner is a person serving in a special executive capacity. ...

Sources and references

• This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain. (passim)
• WorldStatesmen here India- see also its Princely States and other present countries mentioned or the pages for polities there
• RoyalArk various mentions, usually in the extensive genealogies, in various states