In physics, resonance is the tendency of a system to absorb more oscillatory energy when the frequency of the oscillations matches the system's natural frequency of vibration (its resonant frequency) than it does at other frequencies. Examples are the acoustic resonances of musical instruments, the tidal resonance of the Bay of Fundy, orbital resonance as exemplified by some of the Jovian moons, the resonance of the basilar membrane in the biological transduction of auditory input, and resonance in electronic circuits. The willingness to question previously held truths and search for new answers resulted in a period of major scientific advancements, now known as the Scientific Revolution. ...
Sine waves of various frequencies; the lower waves have higher frequencies than those above. ...
A musical instrument is a device that has been constructed or modified with the purpose of making music. ...
In oceanography, tidal resonance is a phenomenon perhaps best exemplified in the Bay of Fundy. ...
The Bay of Fundy is a bay located on the Atlantic coast of North America, on the northeast end of the Gulf of Maine between the provinces of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. ...
Orbital Resonance is also the title of a science fiction novel by John Barnes. ...
Jupiters 4 Galilean moons, in a composite image comparing their sizes and the size of Jupiter (Great Red Spot visible). ...
The common noun moon (not capitalized) is used to mean any natural satellite of the other planets. ...
Cross section of the cochlea. ...
The word transduction has several meanings: In developmental psychology, transduction is reasoning from specific cases to specific cases, typically employed by children. ...
A resonant object, whether mechanical, acoustic, or electromagnetic, will probably have more than one resonant frequency (especially harmonics of the strongest resonance). It will be easy to vibrate at those frequencies, and more difficult to vibrate at other frequencies. It will "pick out" its resonant frequency from a complex excitation, such as an impulse or a wideband noise excitation. In effect, it is filtering out all frequencies other than its resonance.
See also: center frequency The frequency axis of this symbolic diagram would be logarithmically scaled. ...
Mechanics
A swing set is a simple example of a resonant system that most people have practical experience with. It is a form of pendulum, a type of resonant system. If you excite the system (push the swing) with a period between pushes equal to the inverse of the pendulum's natural frequency, the swing will swing higher and higher, but if you excite it at a different frequency, it will be very difficult. The resonant frequency of a pendulum, the only frequency at which it will vibrate, is given approximately, for small displacements, by the equation A little girl playing on a swing A swing is a hanging seat in a playground, for acrobats in a circus, or on a porch for relaxing. ...
A gravity pendulum is a weight on the end of a rigid rod (or a string/rope), which, when given an initial push, will swing back and forth under the influence of gravity over its central (lowest) point. ...
where g is the acceleration due to gravity (9.8 m/s2 for Earth), and L is the length from the pivot point to the center of mass. (The full equation is much more complicated, and leads to an elliptic integral.) Note that, in this approximation, the frequency does not depend on mass. A swing cannot easily be excited by harmonic frequencies, but can be excited by subharmonics. g (also gee, g-force or g-load) is a non-SI unit of acceleration defined as exactly 9. ...
Earth, also known as the Earth or Terra, is the third planet outward from the Sun. ...
In integral calculus, elliptic integrals originally arose in connection with the problem of giving the arc length of an ellipse and were first studied by Fagnano and Leonhard Euler. ...
Mass is a property of physical objects that, roughly speaking, measures the amount of matter they contain. ...
Sub-harmonic frequencies are frequencies below the fundamental frequency of an oscillator. ...
Resonance may cause violent swaying motions in improperly constructed bridges. Both the Tacoma Narrows Bridge (nicknamed Galloping Gertie) and the London Millennium Footbridge (nicknamed the Wobbly Bridge) exhibited this problem. A bridge can even be destroyed by its resonance; that is why soldiers are trained not to march in lockstep across a bridge, but rather in breakstep. Tacoma Narrows Bridge The Tacoma Narrows Bridge is a mile-long (1600 meter) suspension bridge with a main span of 2800 ft/850 m (the third-largest in the world when it was first built) that carries Washington State Route 16 across the Tacoma Narrows of Puget Sound from Tacoma...
The Millennium Footbridge with St Pauls Cathedral in the background The London Millennium Footbridge is a pedestrian-only steel suspension bridge crossing the River Thames in London between the existing Southwark Bridge and Blackfriars Bridge, linking Bankside with the City. ...
Lockstep systems are redundant systems that run the same set of operations at the same time in parallel. ...
Mechanical resonators work by transferring energy repeatedly from kinetic to potential form and back again. In the pendulum, for example, all the energy is stored as gravitational energy (a form of potential energy) when the bob is instantaneously motionless at the top of its swing. This energy is proportional to both the mass of the bob and its height above the lowest point. As the bob descends and picks up speed, its potential energy is gradually converted to kinetic energy (energy of movement), which is proportional to the bob's mass and to the square of its speed. When the bob is at the bottom of its travel, it has maximum kinetic energy and minimum potential energy. The same process then happens in reverse as the bob climbs towards the top of its swing. Kinetic energy (also called vis viva, or living force) is energy possessed by a body by virtue of its motion. ...
Potential energy (U, or Ep), a kind of scalar potential, is energy by virtue of matter being able to move to a lower-energy state, releasing energy in some form. ...
Gravitation is the tendency of masses to move toward each other. ...
Other mechanical systems store potential energy in different forms. For example, a spring/mass system stores energy as tension in the spring, which is ultimately stored as the energy of bonds between atoms. Springs A spring is a flexible elastic object used to store mechanical energy. ...
Properties For alternative meanings see atom (disambiguation). ...
Electronic circuits In an electrical circuit, resonance occurs at a particular frequency when the inductive reactance and the capacitive reactance are of equal magnitude, causing electrical energy to oscillate between the magnetic field of the inductor and the electric field of the capacitor. There are many kinds of circuit An electric circuit interconnects electrical elements. ...
This article is about electronics. ...
In the analysis of an alternating-current electrical circuit (for example a RLC series circuit), reactance is the imaginary part of impedance, and is caused by the presence of inductors or capacitors in the circuit. ...
Current flowing through a wire produces a magnetic field (M) around the wire. ...
In physics, an electric field or E-field is an effect produced by an electric charge that exerts a force on charged objects in its vicinity. ...
Resonance occurs because the collapsing magnetic field of the inductor generates an electric current in its windings that charges the capacitor and the discharging capacitor provides an electric current that builds the magnetic field in the inductor, and the process is repeated. An analogy is a mechanical pendulum. A gravity pendulum is a weight on the end of a rigid rod (or a string/rope), which, when given an initial push, will swing back and forth under the influence of gravity over its central (lowest) point. ...
At resonance, the series impedance of the two elements is at a minimum and the parallel impedance is a maximum. Resonance is used for tuning and filtering, because resonance occurs at a particular frequency for given values of inductance and capacitance. Resonance can be detrimental to the operation of communications circuits by causing unwanted sustained and transient oscillations that may cause noise, signal distortion, and damage to circuit elements. In electrical engineering, impedance is a measure for the manner and degree a component resists the flow of electrical current if a given voltage is applied. ...
This page is about the musical process of tuning, for musical systems of tuning see musical tuning. ...
Sine waves of various frequencies; the lower waves have higher frequencies than those above. ...
The word operation can mean any of several things: The method, act, process, or effect of using a device or system. ...
The term communications is used in a number of disciplines: Communications, also known as communication studies is the academic discipline which studies communication. ...
In general usage, noise can be considered data without meaning; that is, data that is not being used to transmit a signal, but is simply produced as an unwanted by-product of other activities. ...
A signal may refer to: an abstract element of information, or, more exactly, usually a flow of information (in either one or several dimensions). ...
In everyday speech, to distort something is to force it out of its natural shape. ...
Since the inductive reactance and the capacitive reactance are of equal magnitude, ωL = 1/ωC, where ω = 2πf, in which f is the resonant frequency in hertz, L is the inductance in henries, and C is the capacitance in farads when standard SI units are used. The hertz (symbol Hz) is the SI unit of frequency. ...
The henry (symbol H) is the SI unit of inductance. ...
The farad (symbol F) is the SI unit of capacitance (named after Michael Faraday). ...
The word standard has several meanings: Classically, standard referred to a flag or banner; especially, a national or other ensign carried into battle; thus standard bearer indicates the one who bears, or carries, the standard. ...
- Source: Federal Standard 1037C
Federal Standard 1037C entitled Telecommunications: Glossary of Telecommunication Terms is a U.S. Federal Standard, issued by the General Services Administration pursuant to the Federal Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949, as amended. ...
Acoustics Resonance is an important consideration for instrument builders as most acoustic instruments use resonators, such as the strings and body of a violin, the length of tube in a flute, and the shape of a drum membrane. The violin is a stringed musical instrument that has four strings tuned a perfect fifth apart. ...
This article pertains to the musical instrument. ...
Violin (or harp, guitar, piano, etc.) strings have a fundamental resonant frequency directly related to the length and tension of the string. The wavelength that will create the first resonance on the string is equal to twice the length of the string. This frequency is related to the speed v of a wave traveling down the string by the equation
where L is the length of the string (for a string fixed at both ends). The speed of a wave through a string or wire is related to its tension T and the mass per unit length ρ: So the frequency is related to the properties of the string by the equation where T is the tension, ρ is the mass per unit length, and m is the total mass. In physics, tension is a force on a body directed to produce strain (extension); it can be considered to be negative compression. ...
Mass is a property of physical objects that, roughly speaking, measures the amount of matter they contain. ...
Higher tension and shorter lengths increase the resonant frequency, and vice versa. The string also has a resonance at integer multiples of the fundamental frequency f. It will then also resonate at 2f, 3f, 4f, and so on. When the string is excited with an impulsive function (a finger pluck or a strike by a hammer), the string vibrates at all the frequencies present in the impulse (an impulsive function theoretically contains 'all' frequencies). Those frequencies that are not one of the resonances are quickly filtered out - they are attenuated - and all that is left is the harmonic vibrations that we hear as a musical note.
The resonance of a tube of air is related to the length of the tube and whether it has closed or open ends. When a wave reaches the end of the tube, part of it will be reflected back into the tube, and part will be transmitted to the outside air. An open end will reflect a wave with no inversion; in other words, a compression wave will be reflected as a compression wave. A closed end will invert the wave that is reflected; in other words, a compression wave will be reflected as a rarefaction wave. Examples of instruments that have both ends open are the flute, saxophone, oboe, and trombone. An example of an instrument that has one closed end and one open end is the clarinet. Vibrating air columns also have resonances at harmonics, like strings. Tubes with both ends open resonate at the frequency
This is similar to the string formula, except v now becomes the speed of sound in air (which is approximately 340 meters/second at sea level). A tube with one end closed will have a resonance of The speed of sound c (from Latin celeritas, velocity) varies depending on the medium through which the sound waves pass. ...
This type of tube can only produce odd harmonics, f, 3f, 5f, and so on.
Composers have begun to make resonance the subject of compositions. Alvin Lucier has used acoustic instruments and sine wave generators to explore the resonance of objects large and small in many of his compositions. The complex inharmonic partials of a swell shaped crescendo and decrescendo on a tam tam or other percussion instrument interact with room resonances in James Tenney's Koan: Having Never Written A Note For Percussion. Pauline Oliveros and Stuart Dempster regularly perform in large reverberant spaces such as the two million gallon cistern at Fort Warden, WA, which has a reverb with a 45 second decay. Alvin Lucier Alvin Lucier (born May 14, 1931) is an American composer of music and sound installations exploring acoustic phenomena, especially resonance, as well as a former member of the Sonic Arts Union along with Robert Ashley, David Behrman, and Gordon Mumma. ...
In music, inharmonic refers to the degree to which the frequencies of the overtones of a fundamental differ from whole number multiples of the fundamentals frequency. ...
An overtone is a sinusoidal component of a waveform, of greater frequency than its fundamental frequency. ...
In musical notation, crescendo means that the notes are gradually getting louder. ...
This article needs cleanup. ...
James Tenney (August 10, 1934 in Silver City, NM) is an American composer and influential music theorist. ...
Pauline Oliveros (born 1932 in Houston, Texas) is an accordionist and composer who currently resides in Kingston, New York. ...
Stuart Dempster (born 1936 in Berkeley, California) is a trombonist, didjeridu player, composer, author of The Modern Trombone: A Definition of Its Idioms (1979), and on the faculty of the University of Washington. ...
When sound is produced in an enclosed space multiple reflections build up and blend together creating reverberation or reverb. ...
When sound is produced in an enclosed space multiple reflections build up and blend together creating reverberation or reverb. ...
Theory For an oscillator with a resonant frequency Ω, the intensity of oscillations I when the system is driven with a driving frequency ω is given by: - .
The intensity is defined as the square of the amplitude of the oscillations. This is a Lorentzian function, and this response is found in many physical situations involving resonant systems. Γ is a parameter dependent on the damping of the oscillator, and is known as the linewidth of the resonance. Heavily damped oscillators tend to have broad linewidths, and respond to a wider range of driving frequencies around the resonant frequency. The linewidth is inversely proportional to the Q factor, which is a measure of the sharpness of the resonance. ...
A harmonic oscillator is either a mechanical system in which there exists a returning force F directly proportional to the displacement x, i. ...
The Q factor or quality factor is a measure of the quality of a resonant system. ...
Quantum mechanics A resonance is a quantum state whose mean energy lies above the fragmentation threshold of a system and is associated with: - a pronounced variation of the cross sections if the fragmentation energy lies in the neighbourhood of the energy of the resonance (energy-dependent definition) - The width of this neighbourhood is called the width of the resonance.
- an exponential decay of the system when the system has a mean energy close to the resonance energy (time-dependent definition) - The lifetime (or inverse of the exponent of the exponential signal) of the resonance is proportional to the inverse of its width. Resonances are usually classified into shape and Feshbach resonances or into Breit-Wigner and Fano resonances.
In quantum mechanics, in contrast with a Feshbach resonance, a shape resonance is a resonance which is not turned into a bound state if the coupling between some degrees of freedom and the degrees of freedom associated to the fragmentation (reaction coordinates) were set to zero. ...
In quantum mechanics, in contrast with a shape resonance, a Feshbach resonance is a resonance of a system, with more than one degree of freedom, which would turn into a bound state if the coupling between some degrees of freedom and the degrees of freedom associated to the fragmentation (reaction...
A Fano resonance, in contrast with a Breit-Wigner resonance, is a resonance which corresponding profile in the cross-secction has the so-called Fano shape, i. ...
Quantum field theory In quantum field theory, resonance is an unstable particle/bound state. It is characterized by a complex pole off the real line in the S-matrix (which happens to be analytic). A sharp resonance is a resonance with a sharp peak in the S-matrix (which corresponds to a long lifetime compared to the reciprocal of its mass) while a broad resonance is a resonance with a spread out peak (which corresponds to a short lifetime relative to the reciprocal of its mass). If a resonance is too broad, it might not be considered as a particle at all even if it has a complex pole (far from the real line). Quantum field theory (QFT) is the application of quantum mechanics to fields. ...
In quantum field theory, resonance is an unstable particle/bound state. ...
In physics, a bound state is a composite of two or more building blocks (particles) that behaves as a single object. ...
In complex analysis, a pole of a function is a certain type of simple singularity that behaves like the singularity of f(z) = 1/zn at z = 0; a pole of a function f is a point a such that f(z) approaches infinity as z approaches a. ...
The S-matrix is the matrix in quantum mechanics or quantum field theory that relates the final state in the infinite future and the initial state in the infinite past. ...
Analytic may refer to analytic proposition or analytic philosophy, in philosophy analytic geometry, analytic function, analytic continuation, analytic set in mathematics. ...
Lifetime can refer to these Wikipedia articles: The length of time a person is alive see: Life expectancy One of the American media ventures owned by Lifetime Entertainment Services Lifetime - a cable television network Lifetime Movie Network - a cable movie network Lifetime Magazine Lifetime, an American pop/punk rock band...
If the resonance happens to be a "fundamental particle" (i.e. described by a field of its own), it shows up as a complex pole off the real line in the 2-point connected correlation function (i.e. the propagator). In particle physics, an elementary particle is a particle of which other, larger particles are composed. ...
Everything in the following article also applies to statistical mechanics. ...
In quantum mechanics and quantum field theory, the propagator gives the probability amplitude for a particle to travel from one place to another in a given time, or to travel with a certain energy and momentum. ...
See also Acoustics is a branch of physics and is the study of sound, mechanical waves in gases, liquids, and solids. ...
A yagi antenna Most simply, an antenna is an electronic component designed to send or receive radio waves. ...
Cross section of the cochlea. ...
A cavity resonator uses resonance to amplify a wave. ...
The frequency axis of this symbolic diagram would be logarithmically scaled. ...
A formant is a preferred resonating frequency of any acoustical system. ...
A harmonic oscillator is either a mechanical system in which there exists a returning force F directly proportional to the displacement x, i. ...
Harmony is the use and study of pitch simultaneity and chords, actual or implied, in music. ...
In electrical engineering, impedance is a measure for the manner and degree a component resists the flow of electrical current if a given voltage is applied. ...
Music theory is the name for a branch of study that includes many different methods for analyzing, classifying, and composing music and the elements of music. ...
Orbital Resonance is also the title of a science fiction novel by John Barnes. ...
The Q factor or quality factor is a measure of the quality of a resonant system. ...
Most musical instruments include parts that vibrate with and amplify the sound of the instrument. ...
An RLC circuit is a kind of electrical circuit composed of a resistor (R), an inductor (L), and a capacitor (C). ...
The Schumann Resonance is a set of spectrum peaks in the ELF portion of the Earths electromagnetic field spectrum. ...
Simple harmonic motion is the motion of a simple harmonic oscillator, a motion that is neither driven nor damped. ...
A separate article treats the phenomenon of tidal resonance in oceanography. ...
In oceanography, tidal resonance is a phenomenon perhaps best exemplified in the Bay of Fundy. ...
A wave crashing against the shore A wave is a disturbance that propagates. ...
In particle physics, the interaction between hadrons is determined by the gluonic field. ...
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