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Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unverifiable material may be challenged and removed. | Diseases of the mammalian respiratory system are classified under one of two broad categories: physiologic, where disease states are characterised by alterations in physiology, or anatomical, where disease states are defined by the anatomical location/level affected, or by the layers of the respiratory system affected by disease. Image File history File links Question_book-3. ...
The Respiratory System Among four-legged animals, the respiratory system generally includes tubes, such as the bronchi, used to carry air to the lungs, where gas exchange takes place. ...
Physiologically, respiratory diseases can be classified (using spirometry) as either obstructive (i.e. conditions which impede the rate of flow into and out of the lungs, for example asthma) or restrictive (i.e. conditions which cause a reduction in the functional volume of the lungs, for example pulmonary fibrosis). Flow-Volume loop showing successful FVC maneuver. ...
Diffuse parenchymal lung disease (DPLD), also known as interstitial lung disease, refers to a group of lung diseases, affecting the alveolar epithelium, pulmonary capillary endothelium, basement membrane, perivascular and perilymphatic tissues. ...
Anatomically, respiratory disease can be further classified into the following categories; upper and lower respiratory tract (most commonly used in the context of infectious respiratory disease), parenchymal and vascular lung diseases. Upper respiratory tract infection, also popularly known as either the acronym URTI or URI, is the disease characterised by an acute infection which involves the upper respiratory tract: nose, sinuses, pharynx, or larynx. ...
While often used as a synonym for pneumonia, the rubric of lower respiratory tract infection can also be applied to other types of infection including lung abscess, acute bronchitis, and empyema. ...
The alveoli (singular:alveolus), tiny hollow sacs which are continuous with the airways, are the sites of gas exchange with the blood. ...
Pulmonary circulation is the portion of the cardiovascular system which carries oxygen-depleted blood away from the heart, to the lungs, and returns oxygenated blood back to the heart. ...
The study of respiratory disease is known as pulmonology (also called respiratory medicine in some countries). In medicine, pulmonology (aka pneumology) is the specialty that deals with diseases of the lungs and the respiratory tract. ...
Specialists in the field of pulmonology are called pulmonologists or respiratory physicians. In medicine, pulmonology (aka pneumology) is the specialty that deals with diseases of the lungs and the respiratory tract. ...
Obstructive Lung Disease
Obstructive Lung Diseases (OLD) are characterised by an increase in airway resistance, evidenced by a decrease in Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR; measured in spirometry by the Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 Second, FEV1). The Residual Volume, the volume of air left in the lungs following full expiration, is greatly increased in OLD, leading to the clinical sign of chest over-inflation in patients with severe disease. Many patients with chronic OLD present with "barrel chest" - a deformity of outward rib displacement due to chronic over-inflation of the lungs. Patients with OLD typically have 'large, floppy lungs'. Airway resistance is a concept used in respiratory physiology to describe mechanical factors which limit the access of inspired air to the pulmonary alveoli, and thus determine airflow. ...
Flow-Volume loop showing successful FVC maneuver. ...
In Obstructive Lung Disease, the lung volume (Total Lung Capacity, TLC), Vital Capacity (VC), Tidal Volume (VT) and Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) remain relatively unchanged.
In some cases of OLD there is a mismatch in the FEV1/FVC ratio, due to the FEV1 decrease observed in OLD. In normal people, the FEV1/FVC ratio will equal 0.8, meaning that 80% of the total amount of expired air is expelled in the first second (the FEV1). Patients with OLD will typically have a lower FEV1, meaning that their FEV1/FVC ratio will typically be less than 0.8.
Some notable obstructive lung diseases are:
Bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchi (medium-size airways) in the lungs. ...
For COPD occuring in horses, see recurrent airway obstruction. ...
Byssinosis, commonly called Brown Lung, pooh is caused by exposure to cotton dust in inadequately ventilated working environments. ...
Bronchiolitis is inflammation of the bronchioles, the smallest air passages of the lungs. ...
Asbestosis is a chronic inflammatory medical condition affecting the parenchymal tissue of the lungs. ...
Restrictive Lung Disease Restrictive Lung Diseases (RLD) are characterised by a loss of airway compliance, causing incomplete lung expansion (i.e. via increased lung 'stiffness'). This change manifests itself in a reduced Total Lung Capacity, Inspiratory Capacity and Vital Capacity. Compliance is the ability of the lungs to stretch in a change in volume relative to an applied change in pressure. ...
In contrast to OLD, RLD values for Tidal Volume, Expiratory Reserve Volume, Functional Residual Capacity and Respiratory Volume are unchanged. The FEV1 for a patient with RLD will either be normal or slightly increased, and thus the FEV1/FVC ratio will also be normal or increased for a RLD patient.
Notable restrictive lung diseases include:
Fibrosis is the formation or development of excess fibrous connective tissue in an organ or tissue as a reparative or reactive process, as opposed to a formation of fibrous tissue as a normal constituent of an organ or tissue. ...
Pleural effusion Chest x-ray of a pleural effusion. ...
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis is an inflammation of the lung caused by the bodys immune reaction to small air-borne particles. ...
Asbestosis is a chronic inflammatory medical condition affecting the parenchymal tissue of the lungs. ...
Pleurisy, also known as pleuritis, is an inflammation of the pleura, the lining of the pleural cavity surrounding the lungs, which can cause painful respiration and other symptoms. ...
Lung cancer is the malignant transformation and expansion of lung tissue, and is the most lethal of all cancers worldwide, responsible for 1. ...
Infant respiratory distress syndrome (RDS, also called Respiratory distress syndrome of newborn, previously called hyaline membrane disease), is a syndrome caused by developmental lack of surfactant and structural immaturity in the lungs of premature infants. ...
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), also known as respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) or adult respiratory distress syndrome (in contrast with IRDS) is a serious reaction to various forms of injuries to the lung. ...
Spinal cord injury, or myelopathy, is a disturbance of the spinal cord that results in loss of sensation and/or mobility. ...
Myasthenia gravis (sometimes abbreviated MG; from the Greek myastheneia, lit. ...
Parenchymal Lung Disease The basic functional units of the lung, the alveoli, are referred to as the lung parenchyma. Diseases such as COPD are characterised by destruction of the alveoli and are therefore referred to as parenchymal lung diseases. The alveoli (singular:alveolus), tiny hollow sacs which are continuous with the airways, are the sites of gas exchange with the blood. ...
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), also known as chronic obstructive airway disease (COAD), is a group of diseases characterized by limitation of airflow in the airway that is not fully reversible. ...
Signs of parenchymal lung disease include, but are not limited to, hypoxia (low oxygen in the blood) and hypercapnoea (high carbon dioxide in the blood). Hypoxia may refer to: Hypoxia (medical), the lack of oxygen in tissues Hypoxia or Oxygen depletion, a reduced concentration of dissolved oxygen in a water body leading to stress or even death in aquatic organisms This is a disambiguation page: a list of articles associated with the same title. ...
Hypercapnia (from the Greek hyper = above and kapnos = smoke), also known as CO2 Poisoning, is a condition where there is too much carbon dioxide (CO2) in the blood. ...
Chronic complications of parenchymal lung disease include reduced respiratory drive, right ventricular hypertrophy, and right heart failure (cor pulmonale). Right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH) is a form of ventricular hypertrophy affecting the right ventricle. ...
Cor pulmonale, also known as right heart failure, is a medical term used to describe a change in structure and function of the right ventricle of the heart as a result of a respiratory disorder. ...
Notable parenchymal diseases include:
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), also known as chronic obstructive airway disease (COAD), is a group of diseases characterized by limitation of airflow in the airway that is not fully reversible. ...
Diffuse parenchymal lung disease (DPLD), also known as interstitial lung disease, refers to a group of lung diseases, affecting the alveolar epithelium, pulmonary capillary endothelium, basement membrane, perivascular and perilymphatic tissues. ...
Vascular Lung Disease Vascular lung disease refers to conditions which affect the pulmonary capillary vasculature. Alterations in the vasculature manifest in a general inability to exchange blood gases such as oxygen and carbon dioxide, in the vicinity of the vascular damage (other areas of the lung may be unaffected). Pulmonary circulation is the portion of the cardiovascular system which carries oxygen-depleted blood away from the heart, to the lungs, and returns oxygenated blood back to the heart. ...
Signs of vascular lung disease include, but are not limited to, hypoxia (low oxygen in the blood) and hypercapnoea (high carbon dioxide in the blood). Hypoxia may refer to: Hypoxia (medical), the lack of oxygen in tissues Hypoxia or Oxygen depletion, a reduced concentration of dissolved oxygen in a water body leading to stress or even death in aquatic organisms This is a disambiguation page: a list of articles associated with the same title. ...
Hypercapnia (from the Greek hyper = above and kapnos = smoke), also known as CO2 Poisoning, is a condition where there is too much carbon dioxide (CO2) in the blood. ...
Chronic complications of vascular lung disease include reduced respiratory drive, right ventricular hypertrophy, and right heart failure (cor pulmonale). Right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH) is a form of ventricular hypertrophy affecting the right ventricle. ...
Cor pulmonale, also known as right heart failure, is a medical term used to describe a change in structure and function of the right ventricle of the heart as a result of a respiratory disorder. ...
Notable vascular lung diseases include:
In medicine, pulmonary hypertension (PH) is an increase in blood pressure in the pulmonary artery or lung vasculature, leading to shortness of breath, dizziness, fainting, and other symptoms, all of which are exacerbated by exertion. ...
Infectious Lung Disease Infectious Lung Diseases are, as the name suggests, typically caused by one of many infectious agents able to infect the mammalian respiratory system (for example the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae). Binomial name (Klein 1884) Chester 1901 Streptococcus pneumoniae, or pneumococcus, is a Gram-positive, alpha-hemolytic diplococcus bacterium and a member of the genus Streptococcus. ...
The clinical features and treatment options vary greatly between infectious lung disease sub-types as each type may be caused by a different infectious agent, with different pathogenesis and virulence. Features also vary between:
Upper respiratory infections, commonly referred to the acronym URI, is the illness caused by an acute infection which involves the upper respiratory tract: nose, sinuses, pharynx, larynx, or bronchi. ...
Strep throat (or Streptococcal pharyngitis, or Streptococcal Sore Throat) is a form of Group A streptococcal infection that affects the pharynx. ...
Rhinoviruses cause most common colds // Acute viral nasopharyngitis, or acute coryza, usually known as the common cold, is a highly contagious, viral infectious disease of the upper respiratory system, primarily caused by picornaviruses or coronaviruses. ...
While often used as a synonym for pneumonia, the rubric of lower respiratory tract infection can also be applied to other types of infection including lung abscess, acute bronchitis, and empyema. ...
This article is about human pneumonia. ...
Tuberculosis (abbreviated as TB for tubercle bacillus or Tuberculosis) is a common and deadly infectious disease caused by mycobacteria, mainly Mycobacterium tuberculosis. ...
Respiratory Tumour "Respiratory tumour" can refer to either neoplastic (cancerous) or non-neoplastic masses within the lungs or lung parenchyma.
Neoplastic respiratory tumours : Respiratory neoplasms are abnormal masses of tissue within the lungs or parenchyma whose cell of origin may or may not be lung tissue (many other neoplasms commonly metastasize to lung tissue). Respiratory neoplasms are most often malignant, although there are non-malignant neoplasms which can affect lung tissue. Lung cancer is the malignant transformation and expansion of lung tissue, and is the most lethal of all cancers worldwide, responsible for 1. ...
Respiratory neoplasms include the following:
Non-neoplastic respiratory tumours : Tuberculosis cysts, other non-neoplastic masses Lung cancer is a cancer of the lungs characterized by the presence of malignant tumours. ...
Lung cancer is a cancer of the lungs characterized by the presence of malignant tumours. ...
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