The resurrection of Jesus is an event in the New Testament in which "God raised him from the dead"^[1] after his death by crucifixion. It is celebrated by Christians on Easter Sunday. The chronology of Jesus depicts the traditional chronology established for the events of the life of Jesus by the four canonical gospels (which allude to various dates for several events). ... Jesus (8-2 BC/BCE — 29-36 AD/CE),[1] also known as Jesus of Nazareth, is the central figure of Christianity. ... This article presents a description of Jesus life, as based on the four gospels. ... For other uses, see Gospel (disambiguation). ... The Nativity refers to the birth of Jesus. ... Jacopo Bellinis Madonna and Child Blessing depicts the infant Jesus in the act of blessing the viewer The Child Jesus is a religious symbol based on the activities of Jesus as an infant up to the age of twelve that recurs throughout history, starting from around the third or... The Baptism of Christ, by Piero della Francesca, 1449 The Baptism of Jesus is the baptism of Jesus by John the Baptist. ... In Christianity, the temptation of Christ refers to the temptation of Jesus by Satan as detailed in the New Testament, specifically: Matthew 4:1-11 Mark 1:12-13 Luke 4:1-13 According to these Gospels, Jesus has fasted for forty days and nights in the desert or wilderness... The Sermon on the Mount by Carl Heinrich Bloch. ... The Twelve Apostles (in Koine Greek απόστολος apostolos [1], someone sent forth/sent out, an emissary) were probably Galilean Jewish men (10 names are Aramaic, 4 names are Greek) chosen from among the disciples, who were sent forth by Jesus of Nazareth to preach the Gospel to both Jews and Gentiles... Saint Francis exorcised demons in Arezzo, fresco of Giotto Exorcism is the practice of evicting demons or other evil spiritual entities which are supposed to have possessed (taken control of) a person or object. ... The word Transfiguration means a changing of appearance or form. ... Jesus vertreibt die Händler aus dem Tempel by Giovanni Paolo Pannini The narrative of Jesus and the Money Changers occurs in both the Synoptic Gospels and in the Gospel of John, although it occurs close to the end of the Synoptic Gospels (at Mark 11:15-19, Matthew 21... The Olivet discourse is a passage found in the Synoptic Gospels of Mark (at Mark 13) and of Matthew (at Matthew 24-25), occurring just before the narrative of Jesus passion begins with the Anointing of Jesus, and in the narrative is a discourse given by Jesus on the Mount... The Last Supper was the last meal Jesus shared with his apostles before his death. ... A depiction of the Sanhedrin trial, by Giotto The Sanhedrin Trial of Jesus is an event reported by all the Canonical Gospels. ... The Passion is the technical term for the suffering and Agony of Jesus that led directly to the Crucifixion, a central Christian event. ... Entombment of Christ by Pieter Lastman The death of Jesus is an event described by the New Testament, as occurring after the Passion of Jesus, as a result of his crucifixion. ... The Great Commission is a tenet in Christian theology emphasizing mission work and evangelism, particularly (but not exclusively) emphasized by evangelicals. ... The Christian doctrine of the Ascension holds that Jesus bodily ascended to heaven by His own power in presence of His disciples, following his resurrection. ... The Second Coming or Second Advent refers to the Christian belief in the return of Jesus to fulfill the rest of Messianic prophecy. ... John 21:1 Jesus Appears to His Disciples--Alessandro Mantovani: the Vatican, Rome. ... Entombment of Christ by Pieter Lastman The death of Jesus is an event described by the New Testament, as occurring after the Passion of Jesus, as a result of his crucifixion. ... Christianity is a monotheistic[1] religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth as recounted in the Gospels. ... Easter (also called Pascha) is generally accounted the most important holiday of the Christian year, observed March or April each year to celebrate the Resurrection of Jesus from the dead (after his death by crucifixion; see Good Friday), which Christians believe happened at about this time of year, almost two...

Most Christians accept the New Testament story as an historical account of an event central to their faith, though some do not accept a literal bodily resurrection. Also, a once large group of Christians known as the Gnostics argued against its singular importance, as they had a different opinion about how the passages should correctly be interpreted, sometimes arguing for docetism. Some liberal Christians and most non-Christians generally view the story as legend or as allegory, or as the Jesus Seminar concluded: "in the view of the Seminar, he did not rise bodily from the dead; the resurrection is based instead on visionary experiences of Peter, Paul, and Mary."[1] History is often used as a generic term for information about the past, such as in geologic history of the Earth. When used as the name of a field of study, history refers to the study and interpretation of the record of human societies. ... The word faith has various uses; its central meaning is similar to belief, trust or confidence, but unlike these terms, faith tends to imply a transpersonal rather than interpersonal relationship – with God or a higher power. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... This article discusses the relationship between Gnosticism and the New Testament. ... In Christianity, Docetism is the belief, regarded by most theologians as heretical, that Jesus did not have a physical body; rather, that his body was an illusion, as was his crucifixion. ... // For other senses of this word, see Legend (disambiguation). ... An allegory (from Greek αλλος, allos, other, and αγορευειν, agoreuein, to speak in public) is a figurative mode of representation conveying a meaning other than and in addition to the literal. ... The Jesus Seminar is a controversial research team of about one hundred academic New Testament scholars founded in 1985 by the late Robert Funk under the auspices of the Westar Institute. ... The vision hypothesis is a term used to cover a range of theories that question the physical resurrection of Jesus, and suggest that sightings of a risen Jesus were visionary experiences. ... According to tradition, Peter was crucified upside-down, as shown in this painting by Caravaggio. ... Saul, also known as Paul, Paulus, and Saint Paul the Apostle (c. ... Mary Magdalene is described, both in the canonical New Testament and in the New Testament apocrypha, as a devoted disciple of Jesus. ...

Resurrection accounts

It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Dramatic portrayals of Jesus Christ. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Jesus in popular culture. ... There are no undisputed historical images of Jesus; he sat for no portraits which are preserved and of unquestioned authenticity and undoubted provenance. ...

The New Testament

The primary accounts of the resurrection are in the last chapters of the Canonical Gospels: Matthew 28, Mark 16, Luke 24, John 20-21. There is a large amount of suspicion in scholarly circles that neither John 21, nor the traditional ending of Mark 16, were originally part of their respective Gospels ([2]), somewhat complicating matters. Many modern translations of Mark 16 end at Mark 16:8 with for they were afraid, sometimes adding the traditional ending in italics, or in a foot note; the New Revised Standard Version uses the so-called short ending after Mark 16:8, which doesn't make any explicit reference at all to Jesus having been resurrected. The Biblical canon is an exclusive list of books written during the formative period of the Jewish or Christian faiths; the leaders of these communities believed these books to be inspired by God or to express the authoritative history of the relationship between God and his people (although there may... For the genre of Christian-themed music, see gospel music. ... The Gospel of Matthew (literally: according to Matthew, Greek: Κατά Μαθθαίον or Κατά Ματθαίον ) is one of the four Gospel accounts of the New Testament. ... The Gospel of Mark is traditionally the second of the New Testament Gospels. ... The Gospel of Luke is the third of the four canonical Gospels of the New Testament, which tell the story of Jesus life, death, and resurrection. ... The Gospel according to John is a gospel document in the canon of the New Testament. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Mark 16 is the final chapter of the Gospel of Mark in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. ... The New Revised Standard Version (NRSV) of the Bible, released in 1989, is an update of the Revised Standard Version (RSV). ...

All the Canonical Gospel accounts agree that Jesus was crucified late on Friday afternoon and placed in a tomb belonging to Joseph of Arimathea. On Sunday, after the Saturday Jewish day of rest, one or more of Jesus' female followers, one or more of whom were called Mary, returned to the tomb, to complete the burial rites. When they arrived they discovered that the tomb was empty, or more accurately it did not contain Jesus' body. They then conversed with (an) angel(s)/male youth who informed them that Jesus was resurrected/not there, and so they departed. According to the traditional ending of Mark 16, and the surviving versions of the other Gospels, the women returned with some of Jesus' disciples to confirm the emptiness of the tomb. However, ancient manuscripts of Mark 16 vary heavily after this point, some ancient manuscripts even halt at this point, and most scholars do not believe the traditional ending was the original one. Good Friday is a holy day celebrated by most Christians on the Friday before Easter or Pascha. ... Joseph of Arimathea, according to the Gospels, was the man who donated his own prepared tomb for the burial of Jesus after his crucifixion. ... This article concerns the Sabbath in Christianity. ... entering into the sepulchre, they saw a young man sitting on the right side, clothed in a long white garment - an image from the Pericopes of Henry II In the Gospels, the empty tomb is the first sign of the Resurrection of Jesus. ... Mark 16 is the final chapter of the Gospel of Mark in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. ...

Due to the synoptic problem and Markan priority, it is extremely difficult to tell what originally happened next, since the accounts in the other Canonical Gospels theoretically have a dependency on Mark 16. Some scholars have even argued that Mark never originally contained a resurrection narrative at all, and that the original ending was one which came to embarrass the church when the theology of a resurrection began to circulate, hence the text was altered to suit. There is a large variation between the Gospels from this point on, and those scholars who argue that the resurrection was not mentioned in Mark, also argue that the variation is due to the resurrection accounts in these Gospels also being later, artificial, additions; this is consequently one of the more active areas of research in textual studies of the Gospels. The synoptic problem concerns the literary relationship between and among the first three canonical gospels (the Gospels of Mark, Matthew, and Luke), known as the synoptic gospels. ... Markan priority is the hypothesis that the Gospel of Mark was the first written of the three Synoptic Gospels, and that the two other synoptic evangelists, Matthew and Luke, used Marks Gospel as one of their sources. ...

Both Peter (Acts 2:22-32) and Paul (1 Corinthians 15:19) argue that the resurrection event was the cornerstone of Christianity, and the resurrection is mentioned in nearly every New Testament book. Saint Peter, also known as Peter, Simon ben Jonah/BarJonah, Simon Peter, Cephas and Kepha — original name Simon or Simeon (Acts 15:14) — was one of the Twelve Apostles whom Jesus chose from among his original disciples. ... The Acts of the Apostles (Greek Praxeis Apostolon) is a book of the Bible, which now stands fifth in the New Testament. ... Saul, also known as Paul, Paulus, and Saint Paul the Apostle (c. ... (Redirected from 1 Corinthians) See also: Second Epistle to the Corinthians and Third Epistle to the Corinthians The First Epistle to the Corinthians is a book of the Bible in the New Testament. ...

In 1 Corinthians 15, Paul speaks to those who seek to discredit the idea of the resurrection of the dead. He does so by stating that if the dead are not raised, then Christ was not raised.^[2] Paul also states that people alive in his time would witness the resurrection of the dead, seemingly suggesting that it was imminent (Irenaeus found this particularly awkward to explain without resorting to gnosticism, complaining that all heretics always quote that passage). See also Second Coming#Biblical sources. It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Resurrection. ... An engraving of Saint Irenaeus (ca. ... The Second Coming or Second Advent refers to the Christian belief in the return of Jesus to fulfill the rest of Messianic prophecy. ...

Spreading the word

What happens once Mary (and Mary) has seen the occupier(s)/empty tomb is again one of the more variant parts of this narrative. According to Mark, even though the man in the tomb instructs Mary and Mary to inform the disciples and Peter, they flee as they are afraid, and do not tell anything to any man. The other Gospels completely contradict this, presenting the obvious - that Mary (and Mary) must have told someone for the Gospel writers to know about it. Like Mark, Matthew presents Mary and Mary as being instructed by the tomb's occupant to inform the disciples, but unlike Mark's account they happily do so, and Peter has no special status amongst the others. Luke, again, merely presents Mary and Mary as telling the eleven and the rest, but presents them as doing so apparently without being instructed. John's account is quite different; John only describes Mary (just the one) as informing two people - Peter and the Beloved Disciple, an individual that is usually considered, by both scholars and Christians, to be a self-reference by the author of John. Most modern scholars, however, feel that this is fraudulent testimony on John's part, since they consider that the Gospel was written at a later date, and that the Beloved Disciple is hence a fictional invention of the author, and the near-equation in status with Peter designed to claim that John has more authority than the synoptics with which it often varies substantively. The phrase disciple whom Jesus loved or Beloved Disciple is used several times in the Gospel of John. ...

John's account also recounts that Mary told them that a third party had taken the body and she didn't know where they had put it. The third party is not identified, and Brooke Foss Westcott, amongst others, considers there to be three possibilities as to who Mary is meant to be referring to: In a two-party system a third party is a party other than the two dominant ones. ...

• Grave robbers, as grave robbery was a problem in Palestine during the era
• Jewish leaders, though it is unclear what motive they could possibly have
• Grave keepers, merely moving the body to another tomb - aside from putting the body somewhere, the Greek word tihenai also can be translated as buried.

There are a couple of textual curiosities in John's account here; Mary refers to Jesus as lord while John had not previously described any of the followers as using this title, and Mary also states that we don't know where they put him even though only Mary is described as having been to the tomb, at this point. To those who believe in inerrancy, lord is used here because Jesus only gained the title on dying, and that we is evidence that John actually agrees with the synoptics and merely didn't regard the other women as worth mentioning. However, most textual scholars see this as a typical contradiction by John of the synoptic gospels, arguing that we is a later modification to hide the discrepancy, as evidenced by some ancient manuscripts of John which have I instead of we at this point. Brown, on the other hand, has proposed that as the remainder of the passage wasn't subjected to such harmonising, the speech by Mary must have been written by a different author from the rest of the gospel. Grave robbing is the act of uncovering a tomb or crypt to steal the artifacts inside or disinterring a corpse to steal the body itself or its personal effects. ... Biblical inerrancy is the belief that the Bible is without error. ...

Checking the story

With Mary and Mary having told no one, Mark does not present any further involvement of the tomb. Matthew does not either, but unlike these two, John and Luke describe Peter as running to the tomb to check for himself, and John adds that the Beloved Disciple did so too. It is never explained why the disciple(s) move(s) from merely travelling to running, and it has often been speculated that running only occurred on the last stretch once the tomb had come within sight. John Calvin instead speculated that the rush was due to religious zeal. In particular, John describes the Beloved Disciple as outracing Peter, though waiting for Peter to arrive before entering the tomb, with some scholars seeing the out-racing as a metaphoric elevation of the Beloved Disciple above Peter. However, many Christian scholars object to this interpretation, instead arguing that since the Beloved Disciple is usually interpreted as a reference to the author of John, it would be necessary for him to be considerably younger than Peter, and hence his speed could be due simply to youthful vigour. The other question is why the Beloved Disciple pauses outside the tomb, and while many view it as being due to not wishing to violate death ritual by entering a tomb, hence attacking Peter who has no such qualm and instead enters immediately, most scholars believe he is simply being depicted as deferring to Peter, particularly as the Beloved Disciple enters the tomb once Peter is inside. John Calvin (July 10, 1509 – May 27, 1564) was an important French Christian theologian during the Protestant Reformation and is the namesake of the system of Christian theology called Calvinism. ... Death is the full cessation of vital functions in the biological life. ... A ritual is a set of actions, performed mainly for their symbolic value, which is prescribed by a religion or by the traditions of sex A ritual may be performed at regular intervals, or on specific occasions, or at the discretion of individuals or communities. ... A tomb is a small building (or vault) for the remains of the dead, with walls, a roof, and (if it is to be used for more than one corpse) a door. ... This page is a candidate to be copied to Wiktionary. ...

Although John describes the disciple only as making a cursory glance at the linen, Peter is described as carefully examining the scene. After making their examination, and the Beloved Disciple apparently drawing a conclusion, Luke merely states that after seeing the vacancy of the tomb, Peter was wondering what had happened. Luke and John both have the disciple(s) return home, but while several scholars view this as implying that (t)he(y) embarked on the long journey from Jerusalem back to Galilee, according to Brown the majority interpret home as the location that the disciple(s) had been staying in Jerusalem, and hence a substantially briefer journey. A few scholars believe that Peter and the Beloved Disciple departed to separate areas, since when Mary met them to tell them the news, she is described as meeting first Peter and then the Beloved Disciple, in a manner which these scholars consider to mean two separate meetings. Jerusalem (Hebrew: Yerushalayim; Arabic: al-Quds; Greek Ιεροσόλυμα; Latin Aelia Capitolina) is an ancient Middle Eastern city on the watershed between the Mediterranean Sea and the Dead Sea at an elevation of 650-840 meters. ... Galilee (Arabic al-jaleel الجليل, Hebrew hagalil הגליל), meaning circuit, is a large area overlapping with much of the North District of Israel. ... Father Raymond Edward Brown, S.S., (born May 22, 1928, died of aids August 8, 1998), was an American Roman Catholic priest appointed in 1972 and in 1996 to the Pontifical Biblical Commission, which advises the pontiff on scriptural matters, and professor emeritus at the Protestant Union Theological Seminary in... Jerusalem (Hebrew: Yerushalayim; Arabic: al-Quds; Greek Ιεροσόλυμα; Latin Aelia Capitolina) is an ancient Middle Eastern city on the watershed between the Mediterranean Sea and the Dead Sea at an elevation of 650-840 meters. ...

The belief of the Beloved Disciple

William Hole's interpretation of the Beloved Disciple joining Peter in the tomb

Once Peter has entered, John describes the Beloved Disciple as entering the tomb whereupon he believed as they knew not about the scripture. What exactly the Beloved Disciple believed, and who exactly they are, and what scripture exactly is being referenced, is not explained. The word used to mean scripture is singular and most of the time this form is used to refer to single quotations. Several passages from the Old Testament have been proposed as likely candidates for this source such as Psalm 16, Hosea 6:2, and Jonah 1:17. Since most of the New Testament was written before the Gospel of John, candidates have also been suggested from these texts. John only indicates that Peter and the Beloved Disciple were present, but it is possible that one or both of the people named Mary may also have been there, and thus some scholars, such as Hartmann, believe they refers to Peter and Mary being in ignorance about a resurrection. Image File history File links Disciples-visit-tomb. ... Image File history File links Disciples-visit-tomb. ... Many religions and spiritual movements hold certain written texts (or series of spoken legends not traditionally written down) to be sacred. ... In linguistics, the term grammatical number refers to ways of expressing quantity by inflecting words. ... Note: Judaism commonly uses the term Tanakh, but not Old Testament, because it does not recognize the concept of a New Testament. ... Psalms (Tehilim תהילים, in Hebrew) is a book of the Hebrew Bible or Tanakh, and of the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Book of Hosea. ... The Prophet Jonah, as depicted by Michelangelo in the Sistine Chapel Jonah (יוֹנָה Dove, Standard Hebrew Yona, Latin Ionas, Tiberian Hebrew Yônāh) was a person in the Biblical Old Testament and Jewish Tanakh, the son of Amittai, from the Galilean village of Gath-hepher, near Nazareth. ... John 21:1 Jesus Appears to His Disciples--Alessandro Mantovani: the Vatican, Rome. ...

Since the only mention in John of the tomb having any content describes it only as having grave clothes, this paucity of evidence for anything more than the body being stolen would make the Beloved Disciple rather gullible if it was a resurrection he suddenly believed in. A question also arises as to why, according to John, the Beloved Disciple doesn't tell Peter and them about this. A long line of major scholars including Augustine of Hippo and John Calvin have thus argued that the Beloved Disciple simply came to believe Mary Magdalene's story that the body was gone. Unlike Hartmann, and those sharing his view, most scholars regard they as referring to Peter and the Beloved Disciple, pointing to them both being ignorant about any resurrection, and pointing to the conclusion that the Beloved Disciple had come to believe some other issue. Aurelius Augustinus, Augustine of Hippo, or Saint Augustine (November 13, 354 – August 28, 430) was one of the most important figures in the development of Western Christianity. ... John Calvin (July 10, 1509 – May 27, 1564) was an important French Christian theologian during the Protestant Reformation and is the namesake of the system of Christian theology called Calvinism. ...

Scholars of textual criticism, however, have in modern times argued that the passage does actually refer to belief in a resurrection, but that the reason it seems odd in light of the surrounding narrative, especially that it isn't mentioned again, is because the reference to him believing is a later addition to the text, a view expounded for example by Schnackenberg. The version of John in the ancient Codex Bezae has the passage reading that he saw and did not believe, which seems a more logically in keeping with the rest of the chapter, and may indicate that most modern texts are derived from an ancient scribal error, much like the typographic error in the Wicked Bible. Bultmann has called John 20:9 a gloss of the ecclesiastical redaction, also arguing that the verse is a later addition, particularly since it references scripture as indicating that Jesus must rise from the dead, which is out of character in John, since John almost always prefers instead to use the wording ascend from the dead. A few scholars however believe that the statement is original but misplaced, feeling it should follow John 20:11, though Bruce disagrees, arguing that since it presents itself as an explanation of a prior passage, it makes the link to the currently preceding text clear. Textual criticism or lower criticism is a branch of philology or bibliography that is concerned with the identification and removal of errors from texts. ... A sample of the Greek text from the Codex Bezae The Codex Bezae Cantabrigensis (Gregory-Aland no. ... A typographical error, or typo, is a mistake made during the typing process. ... Throughout history various minor errors have been printed in bibles published throughout the world. ... Frederick Fyvie Bruce (1910-1990) was a Bible scholar, and one of the founders of the modern evangelical understanding of the Bible. ...

Appearances after resurrection

Main article: Resurrection appearances of Jesus

In the Supper at Emmaus, Caravaggio depicted the moment the disciples recognise their risen lord

After the discovery of the empty tomb, the Gospels indicate that Jesus made a series of appearances to the disciples, with the most notable being to the disciples in the upper room, where Thomas did not believe until he was invited to put his finger into the holes in Jesus' hands and side (John 20:24-29); along the road to Emmaus, where people talked about their failed hopes that Jesus would be the messiah before recognising Jesus (Luke 24:13-32); and beside the Sea of Galilee to encourage Peter to serve his followers (John 21:1-23). His final appearance is reported as being forty days after the resurrection when he ascended into heaven (Luke 24:44-49), where he remains, until the Second Coming. In the Supper at Emmaus, Caravaggio depicted the moment the disciples recognise Jesus The Resurrection appearances of Jesus are reported by the Canonical Gospels to have occurred after the discovery of the empty tomb. ... Image File history File links Caravaggio. ... Image File history File links Caravaggio. ... Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio (September 28, 1573 – July 18, 1610), usually called Caravaggio after his hometown near Milan, was an Italian Baroque painter, whose large religious works portrayed saints and other biblical figures as ordinary people. ... The Upper Room can refer to a number of things: The Upper Room, a UK pop music band The Cenacle, site of The Last Supper. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Jude Thomas. ... Supper at Emmaus by Caravaggio, 1601 Emmaus is the name of two places in Palestine. ... The Sea of Galilee with the Jordan River flowing out of it to the south and into the Dead Sea Kineret redirects here; for the Amgen drug having this tradename, see Anakinra The Sea of Galilee is Israels largest freshwater lake, approximately 53 kilometers (33 miles) in circumference, about... Saint Peter, also known as Peter, Simon ben Jonah/BarJonah, Simon Peter, Cephas and Kepha — original name Simon or Simeon (Acts 15:14) — was one of the Twelve Apostles whom Jesus chose from among his original disciples. ... The Christian doctrine of the Ascension holds that Jesus bodily ascended to heaven by His own power in presence of His disciples, following his resurrection. ... Heaven is an afterlife concept found in many religions or spiritual philosophies. ... The Second Coming or Second Advent refers to the Christian belief in the return of Jesus to fulfill the rest of Messianic prophecy. ...

Both Peter (Acts 2:22-32) and Paul (1 Corinthians 15:19) argue that this event was the cornerstone of Christianity, and the resurrection of Jesus is mentioned in nearly every New Testament book. Saint Peter, also known as Peter, Simon ben Jonah/BarJonah, Simon Peter, Cephas and Kepha — original name Simon or Simeon (Acts 15:14) — was one of the Twelve Apostles whom Jesus chose from among his original disciples. ... The Acts of the Apostles (Greek Praxeis Apostolon) is a book of the Bible, which now stands fifth in the New Testament. ... Saul, also known as Paul, Paulus, and Saint Paul the Apostle (c. ... (Redirected from 1 Corinthians) See also: Second Epistle to the Corinthians and Third Epistle to the Corinthians The First Epistle to the Corinthians is a book of the Bible in the New Testament. ...

When compared, the accounts give different details and are difficult to reconcile into a single sequence of events according to some, though John Wenham and other scholars have argued that they are reconcilable. Also, Christians have answered by noting that multiple eyewitnesses to any event tend to give differing accounts and that the resurrection account has many details. (see below) John W. Wenham was a Anglican Bible scholar. ... The resurrection of Jesus is an event recounted in the New Testament where Jesus came back to life after his death. ...

Other Christian records

Although the event of the resurrection itself is not described in the Bible, many artists have depicted the scene, as in this example by Matthias Grünewald

Some of the earliest records of the resurrection outside the New Testament are found in the writings of Ignatius (50 - 115), Polycarp (69 - 155) Justin Martyr (100 - 165), and Tertullian (160 - 220), and also the first epistle of Clement. Download high resolution version (712x1185, 133 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Download high resolution version (712x1185, 133 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... The Crucifixion, central panel of the Isenheim Altarpiece Matthias Grünewald (1470-1528) is a highly regarded figure from the German Renaissance. ... John 21:1 Jesus Appears to His Disciples--Alessandro Mantovani: the Vatican, Rome. ... Icon of Ignatius being eaten by lions St. ... Polycarp of Smyrna (martyred in his 87th year, ca. ... Saint Justin Martyr (Justin the Martyr a. ... Quintus Septimius Florens Tertullianus, anglicized as Tertullian, (ca. ... The Epistles of Clement often referred to as 1 Clement and 2 Clement were not accepted in the canonic New Testament but they are part of the Apostolic Fathers collection. ...

Ignatius makes many passing references, but two extended discussions are found in the Letter to the Trallians and the Letter to the Smyrnaeans. The Letter to the Trallians was written by Saint Ignatius It mentions the resurrection of Jesus in chapter (9:1-2): Stop your ears, therefore, when any one speaks to you at variance with Jesus Christ, who was descended from David, and was also of Mary; who was truly born... The Letter to the Smyrnaeans was written by Saint Ignatius. ...

All of the main Creeds mention the resurrection, eg the Nicene Creed (325) states that "On the third day he rose again" This article is about statements of belief; Creed is also the name of a rock band, and a village in Cornwall A creed is a statement of belief—usually religious belief—or faith. ... Icon depicting the Holy Fathers of the First Council of Nicaea holding the Nicene Creed. ... Events May 20 - First Council of Nicaea - first Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church: The Nicene Creed is formulated, the date of Easter is discussed. ...

Several works that are now regarded as part of the New Testament apocrypha also make mention of the resurrection. Particularly the Gospel of Peter, and the Gospel of Nicodemus, which had a heavy influence over depictions in mediaeval and renaissance art, as well as being the source for the concept of the Harrowing of Hell, which does not biblically occur. The category of New Testament apocrypha reminds the modern reader of the wide range of responses that were engendered in the interpreting of the message of Jesus of Nazareth during the first several centuries of the Common Era, as mainstream Christianity emerged. ... The Gospel of Peter was a prominent passion narrative in the early history of Christianity, but over time passed out of common usage. ... The Acts of Pilate, also known as the Gospel of Nicodemus, is a book of the New Testament apocrypha. ... Christs Descent into Limbo by studio of Andrea Mantegna, c. ...

Noteworthy non-Christian records

The Works of Josephus

A disputed passage known as the Testimonium Flavianum, which occurs in surviving copies of a 3rd century quotation by the Christian apologist Eusebius of Caesarea, in which he supposedly quotes the Jewish historian Flavius Josephus's Antiquities of the Jews, written in 93, stating that In A.D. 93, the Jewish historian Flavius Josephus published his work Antiquities of the Jews. ... Apologetics is the field of study concerned with the systematic defense of a position. ... Eusebius of Caesarea Eusebius of Caesarea (~275 – May 30, 339) (often called Eusebius Pamphili, Eusebius [the friend] of Pamphilus) was a bishop of Caesarea in Palestine and is often referred to as the father of church history because of his work in recording the history of the early Christian church. ... Josephus, also known as Flavius Josephus (c. ... Antiquities of the Jews was a work published by the Jewish historian Flavius Josephus in the year A.D. 93. ... Events Roman Empire Pliny the Younger was named a praetor. ...

[Jesus] appeared to [the disciples] alive again the third day; as the divine prophets had foretold - Testimonium Flavianum

Many scholars consider this passage a forgery since Josephus was a lifelong Jew, while the passage uses terminology only Christians would use, and the text reads more fluidly if the passage is cut out, as if the passage was crudely inserted. However, discoveries from the 8th century suggest that a more plausible, far less Christian, version of the passage may have existed originally.^{[citation needed]}

The Works of Tacitus

Cornelius Tacitus (55-120) was a Roman historian, who has the reputation of being the "greatest historian" of ancient Rome by scholars for his moral "integrity and essential goodness."^[3] In his work titled Annals, Tacitus writes: Gaius Cornelius Tacitus Publius (or: Gaius) Cornelius Tacitus (c. ...

Christus, the founder of the name, was put to death by Pontius Pilate, procurator of Judea in te reign of Tiberius: but the pernicious supersition, repressed for a time, borke out again, not only through Judea, where the mischief orginated, but through the city of Rome also.

This is a possible allusion to the conviction by the early church of Jesus' resurrection.^[4] Detractors point out that this statement could be referring to a number of other practices by Christians considered superstitious.

The Works of Suetonius

Suetonius was a Roman historian and court official under Emperor Hadrian, and in one of his works, Lives of the Caesars, he says: This article is about the Roman historian. ... A bust of Hadrian. ...

Punishment by Nero was inflicted on the Christians, a class of men given to a new and mischievous superstition.^[5]

Significance of the resurrection

In Noli me Tangere, Hans Holbein the Younger depicts one of the most striking accounts of the Gospel of John: the resurrected Jesus tells Mary Magdalene, who had just recognized him, "Touch me not".

The resurrection of Jesus perhaps the most significant part of the New Testament, where, according to Christian Theology, it is the point in scripture where Jesus gives his ultimate demonstration that he has power over life and death, thus he has the ability to give people eternal life. Detail of Noli me tangere (1524), by Hans Holbein the Younger, from the Web Gallery of Art, referenced in the Public Domain image resources page This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... Detail of Noli me tangere (1524), by Hans Holbein the Younger, from the Web Gallery of Art, referenced in the Public Domain image resources page This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... Portrait of Sir Thomas More, by Hans Holbein the Younger (1527). ... The Gospel according to John is a gospel document in the canon of the New Testament. ... Jesus (8-2 BC/BCE — 29-36 AD/CE),[1] also known as Jesus of Nazareth, is the central figure of Christianity. ... Mary Magdalene is described, both in the canonical New Testament and in the New Testament apocrypha, as a devoted disciple of Jesus. ... It has been suggested that Christian theological controversy be merged into this article or section. ... Immortality is the concept of existing for a potentially infinite or indeterminate length of time. ...

While Easter Sunday is the main day on which the resurrection of Jesus is celebrated directly, Roman Emperor Constantine I, in order to harmonise Christianity with the other main religion of the time, that of the Mithraic Sol Invictus (unconquerable sun), declared that weekly church gatherings would no longer occur on Saturdays (the Jewish Sabbath), but rather on the day of the week dedicated to Sol Invictus (since renamed to Sunday). Thus, effectively Sunday church gathering celebrates the resurrection. Easter (also called Pascha) is generally accounted the most important holiday of the Christian year, observed March or April each year to celebrate the Resurrection of Jesus from the dead (after his death by crucifixion; see Good Friday), which Christians believe happened at about this time of year, almost two... Roman Emperor is the term historians use to refer to rulers of the Roman Empire, after the epoch conventionally named the Roman Republic. ... Head of Constantines colossal statue at Musei Capitolini Gaius Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantinus[1] (February 27, 272–May 22, 337), commonly known as Constantine I, Constantine the Great, or (among Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Catholic[2] Christians) Saint Constantine, was a Roman Emperor, proclaimed Augustus by his troops on... Mithras and the Bull: fresco from the mithraeum at Marino, Italy, (3rd century) Mithras was the central savior god of Mithraism, a syncretic Hellenistic mystery religion of male initiates that developed in the Eastern Mediterranean in the 2nd and 1st centuries BC and was practiced in the Roman Empire from... Coin of Emperor Probus, circa 280, with Sol Invictus riding a quadriga, with legend SOLI INVICTO, to the undefeated Sun. Sol Invictus (the unconquered sun) or, more fully, Deus Sol Invictus (the unconquered sun god) was a religious title applied to three distinct divinities during the later Roman Empire. ... This article concerns the Sabbath in Christianity. ...

Jesus' death and resurrection subtend a variety of theological interpretations as to how salvation is granted to humanity. A common feature of all these interpretations is that they place greater emphasis on the death and resurrection than on the actual words said to have been taught by Jesus himself on the subject of atonement. (eg. Matthew 6:14-15). Sceptics, too, may find meaning in the resurrection, and summaries of the different perspectives follow: In Christianity, salvation is arguably the most important spiritual concept, second only to the divinity of Jesus. ... For other uses, see Salvation (disambiguation). ... The Atonement is the central doctrine of Christianity: everything else derives from it. ...

Roman Catholic view

Held by the majority of Christians, the Catholic view is that Jesus willingly sacrificed himself as an act of perfect obedience (the Gospels show him struggling with this in the Garden of Gethsemane), atoning for the disobedience of Adam, and thus cleansing Mankind of the stain of original sin. Jesus's sacrifice was an offering of love that pleased God more than man's sin offended God, so now all who believe in Jesus and keep his commandments may receive salvation in his name, see also Great Commission and Sermon on the Mount. The Garden of Gethsemane. ... Michelangelos The Creation of Adam, a fresco on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, shows God creating Adam, with Eve in His arm. ... Michelangelos painting of the original sin (the Fall) According to Christian tradition, Original sin describes the condition of sinfulness (lack of holiness) into which human beings are hereditarily born. ... The Great Commission is a tenet in Christian theology emphasizing mission work and evangelism, particularly (but not exclusively) emphasized by evangelicals. ... The Sermon on the Mount by Carl Heinrich Bloch. ...

Catholics believe one can fall from grace again if one continues to sin after being saved. One can be restored to grace through the Sacrament of Penance and Reconciliation (Confession).

Judicial view

By contrast, the Catholic view off-shoot titled the judicial view was held by Martin Luther, and a major cause of the Reformation. It is held by the majority of Protestants. Luther at age 46 (Lucas Cranach the Elder, 1529) The Luther seal Ancient wax seal, with the inscription D: M. Luther found in Rhone River, Germany Martin Luther (November 10, 1483 – February 18, 1546) was a German monk, [1] priest, professor, theologian, and church reformer, whose teachings inspired the Reformation... The Protestant Reformation was a movement in the 16th century to reform the Catholic Church in Western Europe. ... Protestantism is a general grouping of denominations within Christianity. ...

This view emphasizes God as Judge. Humanity had sinned and God was therefore required, in His justice, to punish humankind. However, God sent His Son, who was sinless, to take the sin of the world on his shoulders, so that anyone who accepted the gift of Jesus's act could be freed from the consequences of his sin, without violating God's judgement.

The result is that through Christ's death, the Old Covenant passed away and all things became new in a New Covenant. The veil separating man and God was torn, and the people were free to work out their own salvation through the only true Mediator, Jesus Christ, rather than seeking salvation through rituals, rules, or an exclusive priesthood. People who hold this view generally believe that only acceptance of Christ's sacrifice is necessary for salvation, not a ritual or a sacrament. See also Antinomianism. The Ten Commandments on a monument on the grounds of the Texas State Capitol This 1768 parchment (612x502 mm) by Jekuthiel Sofer emulated 1675 decalogue at the Esnoga synagogue of Amsterdam The Ten Commandments, or Decalogue, are a list of religious and moral imperatives which, according to religious tradition, were... Biblical Usage Some Bible translations use the term New Covenant. ... Antinomianism (Koine Greek αντι, against, νομος, law), or lawlessness (ανομια), in theology is the idea that members of a particular religious group are under no obligation to obey the laws of ethics or morality as presented by religious authorities. ...

This view of the theological significance of Jesus's resurrection is analogous to the Jewish Day of Atonement, by which the sins of the Israelites were put onto a flawless scapegoat, who was then released into the wilderness, taking the sins of the people with him. This article describes the Jewish religion; for a consideration of ethnic, historic, and cultural aspects of the Jewish identity refer to the article Jew. ... Yom Kippur (יום כיפור yom kippūr) is the Jewish holiday of the Day of Atonement. ...

Christus Victor

The Christus Victor view, which is more common among Lutherans (see, e.g. G. Aulen's book Christus Victor), and Eastern Orthodox Christians, holds that Jesus was sent by God to defeat death and Satan. Because of his perfection, voluntary death, and Resurrection, Jesus defeated Satan and death, and arose victorious. Therefore humanity was no longer bound in sin, but was free to rejoin God through faith in Jesus. Eastern Orthodoxy (also called Greek Orthodoxy and Russian Orthodoxy) is a Christian tradition which represents the majority of Eastern Christianity. ... Gustave Dores depiction of Satan from John Miltons Paradise Lost Satan (Standard Hebrew: , Satan Tiberian Hebrew ; Greek , Satanás; Aramaic: , ; Arabic: شيطان, Shaitan) is a Abrahamic term which is traditionally applied to an angel, demon, or minor god in many belief systems. ...

In contrast to the Judicial view, the Christus Victor model emphasizes a spiritual battle between good and evil. This battle is on a cosmic scale. The Judicial view would require Christians to believe that God voluntarily punished Jesus for their sins, whereas the Christus Victor view sees humanity as formerly in the power of Satan, who was defeated by Jesus; and God, through Jesus, broke us out of Satan's power.

The Christus Victor sometimes has also been used to argue that Jesus defeated sin and death for everyone, whether or not they hear of Jesus, granting non-Christians the chance of eternal life (or a guarantee thereof, depending on the particular theology in question).

First Man view

The First Man view, held by a small minority of Christians and some Pelagians, states that Jesus was a person just like the rest of humanity, but due to his remarkable faith, purity, sinlessness, and perfection, he earned eternal life, and was resurrected because Death could not hold him. They also believe that by following his teachings and example others may also ultimately earn eternal life. Pelagianism is the belief that original sin did not taint human nature (which, being created from God, was divine), and that mortal will is still capable of choosing good or evil without Divine aid. ...

The First Man view can be compared with the Old-Testament stories of Enoch and Elijah, who walked with God to such a degree of faithfulness that they were not required to die. Enoch 'was no more,' and Elijah was carried in a whirlwind. In the same way, Jesus was faithful to such a degree, that even though he was killed, his Faith earned him Eternal Life. And in the same way, if we are faithful to the same degree, we can also be free from death. Enoch (חֲנוֹךְ Initiated; dedicated; disciplined, Standard Hebrew Ḥanoḫ, Tiberian Hebrew Ḥănôḵ) can refer to Two names in the Generations of Adam Enoch, one of the names in the Generations of Adam, described as an ancestor of Noah, who walked with God, and was... Elijah (אֱלִיָּהוּ Whose/my God is the Lord, Standard Hebrew Eliyyáhu, Tiberian Hebrew ʾĔliyyāhû), also Elias (NT Greek Ἠλίας), is a prophet of the Hebrew Bible or Old Testament. ...

Liberal views

Liberal Christians consider the significance of the resurrection to be a religious symbol of hope, and accept it as a richly symbolic and spiritually nourishing myth. The question of the resurrection is not one of history but religious attitude. People holding this view sometimes deny that Jesus was literally and bodily resurrected, instead arguing either that reports of the event are actually only allegory, or that whether the resurrection actually happened is not important. // The word mythology (Greek: μυθολογία, from μυθος mythos, a story or legend, and λογος logos, an account or speech) literally means the (oral) retelling of myths – stories that a particular culture believes to be true and that use supernatural events or characters to explain the nature of the universe and humanity. ... An allegory (from Greek αλλος, allos, other, and αγορευειν, agoreuein, to speak in public) is a figurative mode of representation conveying a meaning other than and in addition to the literal. ...

Sceptical views

Almost all non-Christians do not accept the bodily resurrection of Jesus. They therefore either deny the resurrection as a form of myth, or agree with liberal Christians that the resurrection was a devoutly held, powerful myth (for instance, Carl Jung suggests in his essay "The Answer to Job" that the crucifixion-resurrection story was the forceful spiritual symbol of, literally, God-as-Yahweh becoming God-as-Job), Carl Jungs autobiographical work Memories , Dreams and Reflections, Fontana edition Carl Gustav Jung (July 26, 1875 – June 6, 1961) (IPA:) was a Swiss psychiatrist and founder of analytical psychology. ... Yahweh2 (ya·we) in the Bible, the God of Israel. ... JOB rolling papers are a popular brand of cigarette paper produced by Republic Tobacco in France. ...

The historicity of the resurrection

Main article: Historicity of the Resurrection of Jesus

For Christians, the historicity of the resurrection is seen as crucial, as most tend to assume that if Jesus has power over life and death, then he is the Son of God. The resurrection, then, becomes the point of falsifiability for Christianity, and is often the focus of religious debates. This article is written in the style of a debate rather than an encyclopedic summary. ... Historicity refers to the historical authenticity of a person, event, or place. ...

As with all study of ancient history, it is important to use proper historical methodology. In this process, the records of the accounts of the witnesses are analysed for their reliability and plausibility. Defending the resurrection's historicity is a field of study known as Christian apologetics. In more recent times, Christianity has come under pressure from academic analysis of history in fields such as Biblical criticism, as well as more amateur arguments against the resurrection occurring. Ancient history is the study of significant cultural and political events from the beginning of human history until the Early Middle Ages. ... The historical method comprises the techniques and guidelines by which historians use primary sources and other evidence to research and then to write history. ... Christian Apologetics is the field of study concerned with the systematic defense of Christianity. ... Biblical criticism seeks to analyze the Bible through asking certain questions of the text, such as: Who wrote it? When was it written? To whom was it written? Why was it written? What was the historical, geographical, and cultural setting of the text? How well preserved is the original text...

Historically, there was a tendency for most people to assume that the Gospel writers were not lying, and those who argued against the resurrection just believed that the Gospel accounts had been misinterpreted. Consequently several hypothesis have evolved:

• The stolen body hypothesis: the disciples stole the body from the tomb and then fabricated the resurrection.
• The swoon hypothesis: Jesus either fainted from exhaustion on the cross or was drugged, and was later revived in the tomb and survived.
• The vision hypothesis: Rather than a physical resurrection, Jesus appeared to various followers as either a divine vision or a hallucination.
• The Jewish view of Jesus as stated in the Toledoth Yeshu is that the body of the crucified Jesus was removed in the same night.
• The Islamic view of Jesus as stated in the Qur'an is that Jesus was not crucified, but someone who looked like Jesus died in his place - (Sura 4:156).
• The Gospel of Barnabas, written as mediaeval anti-Christian propaganda, claims that Jesus escaped crucifixion, Judas dying in his place.

The stolen body hypothesis is a theory which attempts to solve the problem of the empty tomb, suggesting that Jesus was not resurrected, but the apostles in fact stole the body, later fabricating the resurrection. ... The swoon hypothesis is a hypothesis which attempts to explain Jesus apparent resurrection from death described in the Gospels. ... The vision hypothesis is a term used to cover a range of theories that question the physical resurrection of Jesus, and suggest that sightings of a risen Jesus were visionary experiences. ... In religion, visions comprise inspirational renderings, generally of a future state and/or of a mythical being, and are believed (by followers of the religion) to come from a deity, directly or indirectly via prophets, and serve to inspire or prod believers as part of a revelation or an epiphany. ... An hallucination is a sensory perception experienced in the absence of an external stimulus, as distinct from an illusion, which is a misperception of an external stimulus. ... Christianity diverged from Judaism in the first century CE: for this reason, the Jewish view of Jesus is important for a historical understanding of Christianitys initial reception. ... This article is about references to the name Yeshu in classical Jewish rabbinic literature. ... Islam holds Jesus (Arabic: ‎ `Īsā) to have been a messenger and a prophet of God and the Messiah. ... The , (Arabic: recitation, also transliterated as Quran, Koran, and Al-Quran, Turkish Kuran), is the central religious text of Islam. ... Surat An-Nisa (The Women) is the 4th sura of the Quran, with 176 ayat. ... The Gospel of Barnabas is a work purporting to be a depiction of the life of Jesus by his disciple Barnabas. ...

See also

• Atonement of Christ
• Church of the Holy Sepulchre
• Christian apologetics
• The empty tomb
• Second Coming
• Resurrection
• Fleur de lys
• Holy trinity
• Easter
• Shroud of Turin
• The resurrection of Jesus at WikiChristian (note: currently underwritten)

The Atonement is the central doctrine of Christianity: everything else derives from it. ... Main Entrance to the Church of the Holy Sepulchre The Church of the Holy Sepulchre, called the Church of the Resurrection (Anastasis in Greek and Surp Harutyun in Armenian) by Eastern Christians, is a Christian church now within the walled Old City of Jerusalem. ... Christian Apologetics is the field of study concerned with the systematic defense of Christianity. ... entering into the sepulchre, they saw a young man sitting on the right side, clothed in a long white garment - an image from the Pericopes of Henry II In the Gospels, the empty tomb is the first sign of the Resurrection of Jesus. ... The Second Coming or Second Advent refers to the Christian belief in the return of Jesus to fulfill the rest of Messianic prophecy. ... This article concerns itself with Jewish, Christian , Islamic and other religious interpretations of the concept of the resurrection of the dead. ... Fleurs-de-lys on the flag of Quebec The fleur-de-lis (also spelled fleur-de-lys; plural fleurs-de-lis or -lys) is used in heraldry, where it is particularly associated with the France monarchy (see King of France). ... This article concerns the holy Trinity of Christianity. ... This article is about the Christian festival. ... The first photo of the Shroud of Turin, taken in 1898, had the surprising feature that the image on the negative was clearer than the positive image. ...

Footnotes and References

Bibliography

Ancient Texts

• Gospel of Barnabas, Published by Oxford University Press, London
• Flavius Josephus, (request for reference of exact books used)
• Julius Africanus, (request for reference of exact books used)
• Justin Martyr, (request for reference of exact books used)
• The New Testament, various editors have used different translations (NRSV, TNIV and others)
• The Qur'an
• Saint Ignatius, Letter to the Trallians
• Saint Ignatius, Letter to the Smyrnaeans
• Suetonius, (request for reference of exact books used)
• Tacitus, (request for reference of exact books used)
• Thallus, (request for reference of exact books used)
• The Toledoth Yeshu

The Gospel of Barnabas is a work purporting to be a depiction of the life of Jesus by his disciple Barnabas. ... Josephus, also known as Flavius Josephus (c. ... Sextus Julius Africanus, a Christian traveller and historian of the 3rd century, was probably born in Libya, and may have served under Septimius Severus against the Osrhoenians in AD 195. ... Saint Justin Martyr (Justin the Martyr a. ... John 21:1 Jesus Appears to His Disciples--Alessandro Mantovani: the Vatican, Rome. ... Categories: Stub | 1989 books | Bible versions and translations ... Todays New International Version (TNIV) is a Protestant translation of the Holy Bible into the English language. ... The , (Arabic: recitation, also transliterated as Quran, Koran, and Al-Quran, Turkish Kuran), is the central religious text of Islam. ... Ignatius of Loyola Saint Ignatius of Loyola, also known as Ignacio (Íñigo) López de Loyola (December 24, 1491 – July 31, 1556), was the principal founder and first Superior General of the Society of Jesus, a religious order of the Catholic Church professing direct service to the Pope in terms... The Letter to the Trallians was written by Saint Ignatius It mentions the resurrection of Jesus in chapter (9:1-2): Stop your ears, therefore, when any one speaks to you at variance with Jesus Christ, who was descended from David, and was also of Mary; who was truly born... Ignatius of Loyola Saint Ignatius of Loyola, also known as Ignacio (Íñigo) López de Loyola (December 24, 1491 – July 31, 1556), was the principal founder and first Superior General of the Society of Jesus, a religious order of the Catholic Church professing direct service to the Pope in terms... The Letter to the Smyrnaeans was written by Saint Ignatius. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Gaius Cornelius Tacitus Publius (or: Gaius) Cornelius Tacitus (c. ... Thallus was a chronologer/historian who flourished in the period from the middle of the 1st century to the late 2nd century. ... This article is about references to the name Yeshu in classical Jewish rabbinic literature. ...

Modern Apologist

• Barrett, C.K. The Gospel According to John, 2nd Edition. London:SPCK, 1978.
• Brown, Raymond E. "The Gospel According to John: XIII-XI" The Anchor Bible Series Volume 29A. New York: Doubleday & Company, 1970.
• Bruce, F.F. The Gospel According to John. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1983.
• Catholic Encyclopedia, The resurrection of Jesus Christ
• Craig, William Lane, The Bodily Resurrection of Jesus
• Craig, William Lane, The Son Rises. 2001
• Habermas, Gary, Overview of Dr. Habermas's analysis of 1 Corinthians 15:3-8
• Habermas, Gary, The Historical Jesus: Ancient Evidence for the Life of Christ (College Press: Joplin, MI 1996).
• Habermas, Gary and Licona, Michael, The Case for the Resurrection of Jesus. Kregel Publications, 2004.[3]
• Holding, James Patrick The Impossible Faith
• Holding, James Patrick Broken Vector Sinks Again (a reply to Richard Carrier)
• Leonard, W. "St. John." A Catholic Commentary on the Bible. D.B. Orchard ed. New York: Thomas Nelson & Sons, 1953.
• Schnackenberg, Rudolf . The Gospel According to St. John: Volume III. Crossroad, 1990.
• Williams, Rowan, Resurrection: Interpreting the Easter Gospel, 2003
• Westcott, B.F The Gospel of St. John. London: John Murray, 1889.
• Wenham, John. Easter Enigma: Do the Resurrection Stories Contradict One Another? Cambridge University Press, 1993.
• Wesley, John. The Wesleyan Bible Commnetary. Ralph Earle ed. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1964.
• Wright, N.T., The Resurrection of the Son of God. Fortress Press. 2003 Online excerpt
• Wright, N.T., Jesus’ Resurrection and Christian Origins
• Wright, N.T., The New Testament and the People of God Fortess Press
• Wright, N.T., Jesus and the Victory of God Fortess Press
• Wright, N.T., The Challenge of Jesus: Rediscovering who Jesus was and is. IVP 1996

Father Raymond Edward Brown, S.S., (born May 22, 1928, died of aids August 8, 1998), was an American Roman Catholic priest appointed in 1972 and in 1996 to the Pontifical Biblical Commission, which advises the pontiff on scriptural matters, and professor emeritus at the Protestant Union Theological Seminary in... The Anchor Bible Series is a scholarly and commercial co-venture that has been setting a high standard since the early 1960s, when individual volumes of the series began publication. ... Frederick Fyvie Bruce (1910-1990) was a Bible scholar, and one of the founders of the modern evangelical understanding of the Bible. ... The Catholic Encyclopedia (also referred to as the Old Catholic Encyclopedia today) is an English-language encyclopedia published in 1913 by the The Encyclopedia Press, designed to give authoritative information on the entire cycle of Catholic interests, action and doctrine. // History The writing of the encyclopedia began on January 11... William Lane Craig (born August 23, 1949) is an American philosopher, theologian, New Testament historian, and Christian apologist. ... Gary Habermas is an American Christian apologist, theologian, and philosopher of religion. ... James Patrick Holding is an American who is the President of Tekton Apologetics Ministries. ... Dr Rowan Williams Lord Archbishop of Canterbury The Most Reverend and Right Honourable Rowan Douglas Williams, FBA (born 14 June 1950) is the 104th Archbishop of Canterbury, a theologian, poet and lecturer. ... Brooke Foss Westcott (January 12, 1825–July 27, 1901) was an English churchman and theologian, Bishop of Durham from 1890 until his death. ... John W. Wenham was a Anglican Bible scholar. ... John Wesley (June 17, 1703–March 2, 1791) was an 18th-century Anglican clergyman and Christian theologian who was an early leader in the Methodist movement. ... Tom (N.T.) Wright is the Bishop of Durham of the Anglican Church and a leading British New Testament scholar. ...

Modern Sceptic

• Carrier, Richard, Why I Don't Buy the Resurrection Story. 2006.
• Farrell, Till, The Resurrection Maze
• Lapide, Pinchas, The Resurrection of Jesus: A Jewish Perspective
• Lowder, Jeffery Jay, The Historicity of Jesus' Resurrection: The Debate between Christians and Skeptics. 1995.
• Lowder, Jeffery Jay, Historical Evidence and the Empty Tomb Story: A Reply to William Lane Craig. 2001.
• Jung, Carl, The Answer to Job (essay)
• Price, Robert M., By This Time He Stinketh: The Attempts of William Lane Craig to Exhume Jesus. 1997.

Richard Carrier M.A., M.Phil. ... Carl Jungs autobiographical work Memories , Dreams and Reflections, Fontana edition Carl Gustav Jung (July 26, 1875 – June 6, 1961) (IPA:) was a Swiss psychiatrist and founder of analytical psychology. ... Robert McNair Price was born July 7, 1954 in Mississippi and is a Professor of Theology and Scriptural Studies. ...

Articles

• Calvert, D. G. A. "An Examination of the Criteria for Distinguishing the Authentic Words of Jesus," New Testament Studies 18 (1971-72): 209-18.
• Evans, Craig A. "Life-of-Jesus Research and Mythology," Theological Studies 54 (1993): 3-36.
• Edwards, James R. "Who Do Scholars Say That I Am?" Christianity Today, 4 April 1996, 15-20.
• Jesus Under Fire: Modern Scholarship Reinvents the Historical Jesus, ed. Michael J. Wilkins and J. P. Moreland, 207-29. Grand Rapids: Zondervan Publishing House, 1995. (See chapters by Craig, Habermas, McKnight, Wilkens, and Yamauchi).
• Woodward, Kenneth L. "Rethinking the Resurrection." Newsweek, 8 April 1996, 60-70.

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