In This article needs cleanup. Please edit this article to conform to a higher standard of article quality. This article is about the business concept; Commerce is also the name of several places in the United States. Commerce is the exchange of something of value between two entities. That something may... commerce, a retailer buys goods or In marketing, a product is anything that can be offered to a market that might satisfy a want or need. However it is much more than just a physical object. It is the complete bundle of benefits or satisfactions that buyers perceive they will obtain if they purchase the product... products in large quantities from Manufacturing is the transformation of raw materials into finished goods for sale, or intermediate processes involving the production or finishing of semi-manufactures. It is a large branch of industry and of secondary production. Some industries, like semiconductor and steel manufactureres use the term fabrication. Although handicraft production has been... manufacturers or An importer is a person or company that imports products into a country and sells them there. Categories: Substubs | Business and financial operations occupations ... importers, either directly or through a In commerce, a wholesaler buys goods in large quantities from their manufacturers or importers, and then sells smaller quantities to retailers, who in turn sell to the general public. See also : distribution, retail, supply chain External links Wholesale411 - wholesale merchandise search engine Categories: Commercial item transport and distribution | Distribution... wholesaler, and then sells individual items or small quantities to the general public or end user A customer is someone who purchases or rents something from an individual or organisation. Types of Customer Customers can be classified into two main groups; internal and external customers. An internal customer is someone who works for the organisation, possibly in another department or another branch. External customers are essentially... customers, usually in a shop, also called store. Retailers are at the end of the A supply chain is a network of facilities and distribution options that performs the functions of procurement of materials; transformation of these material into intermediate and finished products; and distribution of these finished products to customers. (Source: Ganeshan & Harrison - Introduction to Supply Chain Management) A supply chain essentially has... supply chain. Traditionally, Marketing has been a term applied to the craft of linking the producers (or potential producers) of a product or service with customers, both existing and potential. This general definition fails to provide any direction to someone hoping to market their products or services effectively. With that, a more... Marketers see retailing as part of their overall Distribution is one of the four aspects of marketing. The other three parts of the marketing mix are product management, pricing, and promotion. Distribution deals with logistics: how to get the product or service to the customer. It must answer questions such as: What kind of distribution channel to use... distribution strategy.

Shops may be on residential streets, or in shopping streets with little or no houses, or in a shopping center or For the traditional meaning of the word mall, see mall. The Mall, an out-of-town shopping centre at Patchway, near Bristol, England. Escalators connect the upper and lower shopping levels. A shopping mall is a building or set of buildings that contain stores and have interconnecting walkways that make... shopping mall. Shopping streets may or may not be for A pedestrian at the intersection of Alinga Street and Northbourne Avenue, Canberra, Australia A pedestrian is a person travelling on foot, whether walking or running. In modern times, the term mostly refers to someone walking on a road but this was not the case historically. History During the eighteenth and... pedestrians only. Sometimes a shopping street has a partial or full A roof is the top covering of a building that prevents the ingress of weather into the building interior. Roofing comes in sloped or flat form, however roofs are never really truly flat. Flat roofs are often covered with tar and gravel and provided with drains to run off rain... roof to protect customers from In meteorology, precipitation is any kind of water that falls from the sky as part of the weather. This includes snow, rain, sleet, freezing rain, hail, and virga. Precipitation is a major part of the hydrologic cycle, and is responsible for depositing most of the fresh water on the planet... precipitation.

Shopping is Wiktionary has a definition of: Trade Trade centers on the exchange of goods and/or services. Exchanges may take place between two parties (bilateral trade) or amongst more than two parties (multilateral trade). In its original form trade necessarily used barter and the exchange of goods and services and recognized... buying things, sometimes as a Tigers playing in the water Recreation is the employment of time in a non-profitable way, in many ways also a refreshment of ones body or mind. Recreation is often distinguished from leisure. Where leisure is, or ought to be, restful, recreation is refreshing and diverting. As we lead... recreational activity. A cheap version of the latter is window shopping (just looking, not buying).

Kinds of retailers

A large shop is called a superstore or megastore. A shop with many different kinds of articles is called a A department store organizes its goods by departments, such as womens clothes, home furnishings, electronics, and the like. Department stores range from collections of elaborate, fancy shops to practical outlets for ordinary merchandise. They differ from ordinary stores principally because of their size and range of merchandise. In the... department store.

Many shops are part of a chain: a number of similar shops with the same name selling the same products in different locations. The shops may be owned by one company, or there may be a This article or section should include material from Franchise agreement Franchising - from the French for Free, is a method of doing business wherein a franchisor licenses trademarks and methods of doing business to a franchisee in exchange for a recurring royalty fee. The term is commonly used to describe a... franchising company that has franchising agreements with the shop owners (see also A restaurant chain is a set of related restaurants, typically with the same name in many different locations either under shared corporate ownership (e.g. In-N-Out Burgers in the US) or franchising agreements. Typically, the restaurants within a chain are built to a standard format and offer a... restaurant chain).

Some shops sell second-hand goods. Often the public can also sell goods to such shops. In other cases, especially in the case of a A non-profit organization (often called non-profit org or simply non-profit or not-for-profit) can be seen as an organization that doesnt have a goal to make a profit. It may be entirely funded by voluntary donations. Structure It may be a formal incorporated not-for... nonprofit shop, the public donates goods to the shop to be sold (see also A charity shop (UK), thrift store (US) or op shop (Australia/NZ, from opportunity shop) is a retail establishment operated by a charitable organization for the purpose of fundraising. They usually sell second-hand goods donated by members of the public, and are often staffed by volunteers. Because the items... thrift store). In Give-away shops or freeshops are second-hand stores that are starting to appear in Northern European towns and cities, especially in the Netherlands and Germany. They are similar to charity shops, only everything is available free (no-cost). Whether it is a book, a piece of furniture, a garment... give-away shops goods can be taken for free.

The term retailer is also applied where a service provider services the needs of a large number of individuals, such as with A telephone handset A touch-tone telephone dial Telephone The telephone or phone (Greek: tele = far away and phone = voice) is a telecommunications device that transmits speech by means of electric signals. Generally attributed to the inventor Alexander Graham Bell, the first was built in Boston, Massachusetts, in 1876. However... telephone or Transmission lines in Lund, Sweden Electric power, often known as power or electricity, involves the production and delivery of electrical energy in sufficient quantities to operate domestic appliances, office equipment, industrial machinery and provide sufficient energy for both domestic and commercial lighting, heating, cooking and industrial processes. History Although electricity... electric power.

For details on the various types of retailers see:

• An army surplus store or navy surplus store is any store, usually retail, which sells military surplus--general equipment that was intended for the military but is unable to be used. These stores often sell camping equipment or military clothing (especially jackets and helmets). They are often noted for their... Army-navy_stores
• Categories: Bookstores | Stub ... Bookstore
• A convenience store is a small store or shop, generally accessible or local. They are often located alongside busy roads, or at gas/petrol stations. This can take the form of gas stations supplementing their income with retail outlets, or convenience stores adding gas to the list of goods on... Convenience store
• A department store organizes its goods by departments, such as womens clothes, home furnishings, electronics, and the like. Department stores range from collections of elaborate, fancy shops to practical outlets for ordinary merchandise. They differ from ordinary stores principally because of their size and range of merchandise. In the... Department store
• A 99 cent store A dollar store is a store that sells inexpensive items for one dollar each. A very popular concept throughout the world, the stores usually sell everything from cleaning supplies to childrens toys. Many products sold in such stores are not in brand name. Often the... Dollar store
• Electronic commerce or e-commerce consists of the buying, selling, marketing, and servicing of products or services over computer networks. The information technology industry might see it as an electronic business application aimed at commercial transactions. An alternative definition of e-commerce might view it as the conduct of business... Electronic commerce, Business-to-consumer electronic commerce (B2C) is typified by the publicly addressed forms of eCommerce such as webshops and TeleShopping. See also E-commerce Business_to_business electronic commerce E-business bricks and clicks disintermediation Business_to_employee electronic commerce (B2E) Online Shop External links MerchantPicks.com - Resource and Directory of E-Commerce marketplace... B2C
  • Online shops have both advantages and disadvantages over traditional off-line retaiers. One of the advantages is the vast collection of goods that can be sold at the site. In the case of selling goods like books and wine bottles, this is the significant advantage.
• A general store is usually a retailer located in a small town or in a rural area with a broad selection of merchandise crammed into a relatively small space. General stores often sell important food items such as milk and bread, and various breakfast items. The concept of the general... General store
• A hardware store sells hardware: for instance fasteners, keys, locks, hinges, wire, chains, plumbing supples, tools, utensils, cutlery and machine parts. These were once as much a part of American small town culture as the drug store soda fountain and local church, but in recent years larger building materials centers... Hardware store
• A hobby store is a place dedicated to the selling of things that people usually employ for their personal satisfaction. Hobby stores are particularly popular with men and children, less so with women, although many hobby stores today cater to womens interests too. Typical items to be found at... Hobby store
• In commerce, a hypermarket (from the French hypermarché) is a store which combines a supermarket and a department store. The result is a gigantic retail facility which carries an enormous range of products under one roof, including full lines of fresh groceries and apparel. When they are planned, constructed, and... Hypermarket
• Mail order is a term which describes the buying of goods or services by mail delivery. See also mail order bride External link Mail-order history Categories: Stub ... Mail order
• This page is about domestic animals. For several meanings of the acronym PET, see PET. A pet or companion animal is an animal that is kept by humans for companionship and enjoyment, rather than for economic reasons. The most popular are noted for their loyal or playful characteristics or their... Pet store
• Pharmacy (from the Greek φάρμακον = drug) is the profession of compounding and dispensing medication. More recently, the term has come to include other services related to patient care including clinical practice, medication review, drug information, etc. Some of these new roles are now... Pharmacy
• A sex shop is a shop that sells products such as sex toys, pornography, erotic lingerie, erotic books, and safer sex products such as condoms and dental dams. The terms Adult Video Store and Adult Book Store are commonly used to refer to sex shops that sell or rent pornographic... Sex shop
• Supermarket produce section A supermarket is a store that sells a wide variety of goods including food and alcohol, medicine, clothes, and other household products that are consumed regularly. It is often part of a chain that owns or controls (sometimes by franchise) other supermarkets located in the same or... Supermarket, grocery - food and commodities
• A surplus store sells items that are used, or purchased but never used, but no longer needed. The surplus is often military, government or industrial excess. The idea is related to a thrift store, though the latter is primarily consumer leftovers. A surplus store may also sell items that are... Surplus store
• A charity shop (UK), thrift store (US) or op shop (Australia/NZ, from opportunity shop) is a retail establishment operated by a charitable organization for the purpose of fundraising. They usually sell second-hand goods donated by members of the public, and are often staffed by volunteers. Because the items... Thrift store
• A travel agency is a store where individuals or families go to buy travel packages. What they do Travel agencies have been organized mostly since the start of commercial aviation although Thomas Cook was an early, pre-flight pioneer. Some travel agent companies operate with a chain of stores, such... Travel agency

Retail pricing

The Pricing is one of the four aspects of marketing. The other three parts of the marketing mix are product management, promotion, and distribution. It is also a key variable in microeconomic price allocation theory. Pricing involves asking questions like: How much to charge for a product or service? What are... pricing technique used by most retailers is Cost-plus pricing is a pricing method commonly used by firms. It is used primarily because it is easy to calculate and requires little information. There are several varieties, but the common thread in all of them is you first calculate the cost of the product, then include an additional... cost-plus pricing. This involves adding a Markup is a term used in marketing to indicate how much the price of a product is above the cost of producing and distributing the product. It can be expressed as an fixed amount or as a percentage. There are numerous variations of each. As a Fixed Amount assume: retail... markup amount (or percentage) to the retailers cost. Another common technique is manufacturers suggested list pricing. This simply involves charging the amount suggested by the manufacturer and usually printed on the In marketing, a product is anything that can be offered to a market that might satisfy a want or need. However it is much more than just a physical object. It is the complete bundle of benefits or satisfactions that buyers perceive they will obtain if they purchase the product... product by the manufacturer.

In Western countries, retail For people whose family name is Price see Price (disambiguation). In economics and business, the price is the assigned numerical monetary value of a good, service or asset. The concept of price is central to microeconomics where it is one of the most important variables in resource allocation theory (also... prices are often so-called Retail prices are often expressed as odd prices: a little less than a round number, e.g. $19.99 or £6.95. Psychological pricing is a theory in marketing that these prices have a psychological impact that drives demand greater than would be expected if consumers were perfectly rational. Psychological... psychological prices or odd prices: a little less than a round number, e.g. $ 6.95. In Chinese societies, prices are generally either a round number or sometimes some lucky number. This creates Price points are prices for which demand is relatively high. In introductory microeconomics we are told that a demand curve is downward sloping to the right and either linear or gently convex to the origin. The first is usually true, but with regard to the second, in reality, price surveys... price points.

Often prices are fixed and displayed on signs or labels. Alternatively, there can be Price discrimination exists when sales of identical goods or services are transacted at different prices from the same provider. Theoretically, price discrimination is a feature only of monopoly markets, but in practice it occurs with oligopolies such as the airlines, and even in fully competitive retail or industrial markets. Although... price discrimination for a variety of reasons. The retailer charges higher prices to some customers and lower prices to others. For example, a customer may have to pay more if the seller determines that he or she is willing to. The retailer may conclude this due to the customer's wealth, carelessness, lack of knowledge, or eagerness to buy. Price discrimination can lead to a Negotiation is the process whereby interested parties resolve disputes, agree upon courses of action, bargain for individual or collective advantage, and/or attempt to craft outcomes which serve their mutual interests. It is usually regarded as a form of alternative dispute resolution. Given this definition, one can see negotiation occurring... bargaining situation often called haggling — an Argument may refer to: (in logic) a logical argument, that is, an attempt to prove a demonstration of the truth of a conclusion based on the truth of a set of premises (in mathematics) at least three different things: a parameter or independent variable that is the input to a... argument about the price. Economists see this as determining how the transaction's total surplus will be divided into This page deals with the various forms of economic surplus, including producer, consumer, government, and social/total surplus. For information about a budget surplus, see budget deficit. The term surplus is used in economics for several related quantities. The consumer surplus is the amount that consumers benefit by being able... consumer and producer surplus. Neither party has a clear advantage, because the threat of no sale exists, whence the surplus vanishes for both.

See also

• This is a list of department stores. Most of these stores have many branches. The location of the flagship store is given. This list does not include large specialist stores, which sometimes resemble department stores. Australia Anthony Horderns (long defunct) Daimaru (Australian branches now closed) David Jones Farmers (New... List of department stores
• Supermarkets, past and present, include: Transnational Originating (HQ) country first. The rest in alphabetical order. A&P - US and Canada Aldi - Germany, Australia, Netherlands, Republic of Ireland, Spain, United Kingdom, US. Auchan - France,Hungary, Spain(as Alcampo), Italy, China Carrefour - France, Argentina, Belgium, Brazil, China (mainland), Greece, Italy, Poland... List of supermarkets
• This is a list of over 200 articles on marketing topics. If you create a marketing article, please add it to this list. Marketing fundamentals marketing an overview consumer customer Customer lifetime value (CLV) customer relationship management (CRM) marketing mix marketing orientation also called customer focus or marketing concept sustainable... List of marketing topics
• Distribution is one of the four aspects of marketing. The other three parts of the marketing mix are product management, pricing, and promotion. Distribution deals with logistics: how to get the product or service to the customer. It must answer questions such as: What kind of distribution channel to use... Distribution
• Electricity retailing is the final process in the delivery of electricity from generation to the consumer. The other main processes are transmission and distribution. Beginnings Electricity retailing began at the end of the 19th century when the bodies who generated electricity for their own use made supply available to third... Electricity retailing
• In marketing generally and in retailing more specificly, a loyalty card, rewards card, points card, or club card is a plastic card, visually similar to a credit card or debit card, that identifies the card holder as a member in a commercial incentives programme. In the United Kingdom it is... Loyalty card
• Traditionally, Marketing has been a term applied to the craft of linking the producers (or potential producers) of a product or service with customers, both existing and potential. This general definition fails to provide any direction to someone hoping to market their products or services effectively. With that, a more... Marketing
• Markup is a term used in marketing to indicate how much the price of a product is above the cost of producing and distributing the product. It can be expressed as an fixed amount or as a percentage. There are numerous variations of each. As a Fixed Amount assume: retail... Markup
• For people whose family name is Price see Price (disambiguation). In economics and business, the price is the assigned numerical monetary value of a good, service or asset. The concept of price is central to microeconomics where it is one of the most important variables in resource allocation theory (also... MSRP
• A retailers cooperative or consumer cooperative is a business entity which employs economies of scale on behalf of its members to get discounts from manufacturers and to pool marketing. It is common for locally-owned grocery stores, hardware stores and pharmacies. a supermarket run by a retailers cooperative in the... Retailers' cooperative
• Customs and regulations for shopping hours (times that shops are open) vary from country to country. United States In the U.S., shopping hours vary widely. Key variables are the size of the metropolitan area, the type of store, and the size of the store. In major metropolitan areas like... Shopping hours
• A shopping cart/trolley A shopping cart (also called a buggy, or a trolley in British English; sometimes referred to as a carriage or shopping carriage in the U.S. region of New England) is a cart supplied by a shop, especially a supermarket, for use by customers inside the... Shopping cart
• For the traditional meaning of the word mall, see mall. The Mall, an out-of-town shopping centre at Patchway, near Bristol, England. Escalators connect the upper and lower shopping levels. A shopping mall is a building or set of buildings that contain stores and have interconnecting walkways that make... Shopping mall
• In sales, shrinkage (also commonly referred to as shrink) is the loss rate of products between point of manufacture and point of sale. Sometimes shrinkage may be as high as 15% to 20% of total volume, having a major negative impact on profits. The average shrink percentage in the retail... Shrinkage
• Sunday shopping refers to the ability of retailers to operate stores on Sundays, in countries where Christian tradition typically require a day of rest. Canada In 1982, the Supreme Court of Canada upheld the Lords Day Act. However, at that time, only the Canadian Bill of Rights existed. That... Sunday shopping
• Soda pop and snack machines A vending machine is a machine that dispenses merchandise when a customer deposits money sufficient to purchase the desired item (as opposed to a shop, where personnel is required for every purchase). It is believed to have been first invented by Hero of Alexandria, a... Vending machine
• An online shop, Internet shop, web shop or online store evokes the physical analogy of buying products or services at a bricks-and-mortar retailer or in a shopping mall. It is an electronic commerce application used for B2B or B2C. Steps when buying online Browse product categories Put items... Online Shop

External links

• Psychological prices (http://marketing-bulletin.massey.ac.nz/article8/research1b.asp) A study on psychological pricing.
• About Retail (http://www.aboutretail.net) Detailed Information about retailing.
• Sample of Shopping Online (http://www.launch-techs.com/)