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Retinal detachment is a disorder of the eye in which the retina peels away from its underlying layer of support tissue. Initial detachment may be localized, but without rapid treatment the entire retina may detach, leading to vision loss and blindness. It is a medical emergency. [1] The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify diseases and a wide variety of signs, symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances and external causes of injury or disease. ...
The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision (ICD-10) is a coding of diseases and signs, symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances and external causes of injury or diseases, as classified by the World Health Organization (WHO). ...
// H00-H59 - Diseases of the eye and adnexa (H00-H06) Disorders of eyelid, lacrimal system and orbit (H00) Hordeolum and chalazion (H000) Hordeolum and other deep inflammation of eyelid (H001) Chalazion (H01) Other inflammation of eyelid (H010) Blepharitis (H011) Noninfectious dermatoses of eyelid (H02) Other disorders of eyelid (H020) Entropion...
The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify diseases and a wide variety of signs, symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances and external causes of injury or disease. ...
The following is a list of codes for International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. ...
eMedicine is an online clinical medical knowledge base that was founded in 1996. ...
Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) is a huge controlled vocabulary (or metadata system) for the purpose of indexing journal articles and books in the life sciences. ...
A human eye Eyes are organs of vision that detect light. ...
Human eye cross-sectional view. ...
Visual loss results in the absence of vision where it existed before, which can happen either acutely (i. ...
Blindness is the condition of lacking visual perception due to physiological or psychological factors. ...
A medical emergency is an injury or illness that poses an immediate threat to a persons health or life which requires help from a doctor or hospital. ...
The retina is a thin disc-shaped layer of light-sensitive tissue on the back wall of the eye. It translates what we see into neural impulses and sends them to the brain via the optic nerve. Occasionally, injury or trauma to the eye or head may cause a small tear in the retina, which allows fluid to seep through, and peel it away like a bubble in wallpaper. The nervous system of an animal coordinates the activity of the muscles, monitors the organs, constructs and processes input from the senses, and initiates actions. ...
This article is about the anatomical structure. ...
Types - Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment - A rhegmatogenous retinal detachment occurs due to a hole, tear, or break in the retina that allows fluid to pass into the subretinal space between the sensory retina and the retinal pigment epithelium.
- Exudative, serous, or secondary retinal detachment - An exudative retinal detachment occurs due to inflammation, injury or vascular abnormalities that results in fluid accumulating underneath the retina without the presence of a hole, tear, or break.
- Tractional retinal detachment - A tractional retinal detachment occurs when fibrovascular tissue, caused by an injury, inflammation or neovascularization, pulls the sensory retina from the retinal pigment epithelium.
Prevalence The risk of retinal detachment in otherwise normal eyes is around 5 in 100,000 per year.[2] Detachment is more frequent in the middle-aged or elderly population with rates of around 20 in 100,000 per year.[3] The lifetime risk in normal eyes is about 1 in 300.[4] - Retinal detachment is more common in those with severe or extreme myopia (above 5-6 diopters), as their eyes are longer and the retina is stretched thin. The lifetime risk increases to 1 in 20.[5] Myopia is associated with 67% of retinal detachment cases. Patients suffering from a detachment related to myopia tend to be younger than non-myopic detachment patients.
- Retinal detachment can occur more frequently after surgery for cataracts. The estimate of risk of retinal detachment after cataract surgery is 5 to 16 per 1000 cataract operations.[6] The risk may be much higher in those who are highly myopic, with a frequency of 7% reported in one study.[7] Young age at cataract removal further increased risk in this study.
- Tractional retinal detachments can also occur in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy [8] or those with proliferative retinopathy of sickle cell disease.[9] In proliferative retinopathy, abnormal blood vessels (neovascularization) grow within the retina and extend into the vitreous. In advanced disease, the vessels can pull the retina away from the back wall of the eye causing a traction retinal detachment.
Although retinal detachment usually occurs in one eye, there is a 15% chance of developing it in the other eye, and this risk increases to 25-30% in patients who had cataracts extracted from both eyes.[5] Normal vision. ...
A dioptre (also diopter) is a unit of curvature equal to one per metre; that is, inverse metres, or 1/(metres). ...
Cataract is also used to mean a waterfall or where the flow of a river changes dramatically. ...
Diabetic retinopathy is retinopathy (damage to the retina) caused by complications of diabetes mellitus, which could eventually lead to blindness. ...
Sickle-shaped red blood cells Sickle cell anemia (American English), sickle cell anaemia (British English) or sickle cell disease is a genetic disease in which red blood cells may change shape under certain circumstances. ...
Symptoms A retinal detachment is commonly preceded by a posterior vitreous detachment which gives rise to these symptoms: A posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) is an ocular condition in which there is a separation of the vitreous humor from the retina. ...
- flashes of light (photopsia) - very brief in the extreme temporal (outside away from the nose) part of vision
- a sudden dramatic increase in the number of floaters
- a ring of floaters or hairs just to the temporal side of the central vision
- a slight feeling of heaviness in the eye
Although most posterior vitreous detachments do not progress to retinal detachments, those that do produce the following symptoms: Photopsia is the presence of perceived flashes of light. ...
This article refers to the entoptic phenomenon. ...
- a dense shadow that starts in the peripheral vision and slowly progresses towards the central vision
- the impression that a veil or curtain was drawn over the field of vision
- straight lines (scale, edge of the wall, road, etc.) that suddenly appear curved (positive Amsler grid test)
- central visual loss
The Amsler Grid, used since 1945, is a black and white grid of horizontal and vertical lines used to monitor a persons central visual field. ...
Visual loss results in the absence of vision where it existed before, which can happen either acutely or over a long period of time. ...
Treatment There are several methods of treating a detached retina which all depend on finding and closing the holes (tears) which have formed in the retina. - Cryopexy and Laser Photocoagulation
- Cryotherapy (freezing) and laser photocoagulation are treatments used to create a scar/adhesion around the retinal hole to prevent fluid from entering the hole and accumulating behind the retina and exacerbating the retinal detachment. Cryopexy and photocoagulation are generally interchangeable. However, cryopexy is generally used in instances where there is a lot of fluid behind the hole; laser retinopexy will not take.
- Scleral buckle surgery is an established treatment in which the eye surgeon sews one or more silicone bands (bands, tyres) to the outside of the eyeball. The bands push the wall of the eye inward against the retinal hole, closing the hole and allowing the retina to re-attach. The bands do not usually have to be removed. The most common side effect of a scleral operation is myopic shift. The operated eye generally will be 3-5 diopters more near sighted after the scleral buckle operation. Radial scleral buckle indicated to U-shaped tears or Fishmouth tears and posterior breaks. Circumferential scleral buckle indicated to multiple breaks, anterior breaks and wide breaks. Encircling buckles indicated to breaks more than 2 quadrant of retinal area, lattice degeration located on more than 2 quadrant of retinal area, undetecable breaks, proliferative vitreous retinopathy and inexperienced surgeon.[10]
- This operation is generally performed in the doctor's office under local anesthesia. It is another method of repairing a retinal detachment in which a gas bubble (SF6 or C3F8 gas) is injected into the eye after laser or freezing treatment is applied to surround the retinal hole. The patient's head is then positioned so that the bubble rests against the retinal hole. Patients may have to keep their heads tilted for several days to keep the gas bubble in contact with the retinal hole. The surface tension of the air/water interface seals the hole in the retina, and allows the retinal pigment epithelium to pump the subretinal space dry and pull the retina back into place. This strict positioning requirement makes the treatment of the retinal holes and detachments that occurs in the lower part of the eyeball impractical.
- Vitrectomy is an increasingly widely used treatment for retinal detachment in countries with modern healthcare systems. It involves the removal of the vitreous gel and is usually combined with filling the eye with a gas bubble (SF6 or C3F8 gas). Advantages of this operation is that there is no myopic shift after the operation. A disadvantage is that a vitrectomy always leads to more rapid progression of a cataract in the operated eye. Another major disadvantage of the operation is that, should a vitrectomy operation fail to work, the recurrent retinal detachment is much harder to repair. As such, except for special instances, the vitrectomy operation is not usually used as the initial operation to attempt to repair a rhegmatogenous retinal detachment.
- Ignipuncture is an outdated procedure that involves cauterization of the retina with a very hot pointed instrument.[11] It was pioneered and named by Jules Gonin in the early 1900s.[11]
After treatment, patients gradually regain their vision over a period of a few weeks, although the visual acuity may not be as good as it was prior to the detachment, particularly if the macula was involved in the area of the detachment. However, if left untreated, total blindness could occur in a matter of days. Cryosurgery (cryotherapy) is the application of extreme cold to destroy abnormal or diseased tissue. ...
Experiment with a laser (US Military) In physics, a laser is a device that emits light through a specific mechanism for which the term laser is an acronym: Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. ...
A scleral buckle is one of several ophthalmologic procedures that can be used to repair a retinal detachment. ...
In physics, surface tension is an effect within the surface layer of a liquid that causes that layer to behave as an elastic sheet. ...
The retinal pigment epithelium is the pigmented cell layer just outside the neurosensory retina that nourishes retinal visual cells, and is firmly attached to the underlying choroid and overlying retinal visual cells. ...
Vitreous humour is the clear gel that fills the eyeball, lying between the lens and the retina in the eye. ...
Sulfur hexafluoride is an inorganic compound with the formula SF6. ...
Octafluoropropane (C3F8) is a non-flammable greenhouse gas that is produced as a by-product of circuit board production. ...
Ignipuncture (Latin: Ignis (fire) + puncture) is the original procedure of closing a retina break in retinal separation by transfixation of the break with cautery. ...
Cauterization is a medical term describing the burning of the body to remove or close a part of it. ...
--Gurubrahma 04:11, 6 January 2006 (UTC) Category: ...
Traditional Snellen chart used for visual acuity testing. ...
Human eye cross-sectional view. ...
Blindness is the condition of lacking visual perception due to physiological or psychological factors. ...
Prevention Retinal detachment can be prevented in some. The most effective way of preventing retinal detachment is by educating people to seek ophthalmic medical attention if they suffer symptoms suggestive of a posterior vitreous detachment.[12] Early examination allows detection of retinal tears which can be treated with laser or cryotherapy. This reduces the risk of retinal detachment in those who have tears from around 1:3 to 1:20. A posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) is an ocular condition in which there is a separation of the vitreous humor from the retina. ...
There are some known risk factors for retinal detachment. There are also many activities which at one time or another have been forbidden to those at risk of retinal detachment, with varying degrees of evidence supporting the restrictions.
Cataract surgery is a major cause, and can result in detachment even a long time after the operation. The risk is increased if there are complications during cataract surgery, but remains even in apparently uncomplicated surgery. The increasing rates of cataract surgery, and decreasing age at cataract surgery, inevitably lead to an increased incidence of retinal detachment.
Trauma is a less frequent cause. Activities which can cause direct trauma to the eye (boxing, kickboxing, karate, etc.) may cause a particular type of retinal tear called a retinal dialysis. This type of tear can be detected and treated before it develops into a retinal detachment. For this reason governing bodies in some of these sports require regular ophthalmic examination.
Individuals prone to retinal detachment due to a high level of myopia are encouraged to avoid activities where there is a risk of shock to the head or eyes, although without direct trauma to the eye the evidence base for this may be unconvincing.[5] Some doctors recommend avoiding activities that increase pressure in the eye, including diving, skydiving, again with little supporting evidence. According to one medical website, retinal detachment does not happen as a result of straining your eyes, bending or, heavy lifting.[13] Therefore, heavy weightlifting would appear to be fine. However, two recent scientific articles [14][15] have noted cases of retinal detachment or maculopathy due to weightlifting (specifically with the Valsalva method), and a third documented an increase in blood pressure in the eye during weightlifting [16]. In medicine, the Valsalva maneuver is performed by forcibly exhaling against closed lips and pinched nose, forcing air into the middle ear if the Eustachian tube is open. ...
A sphygmomanometer, a device used for measuring blood pressure. ...
Activities that involve sudden acceleration or deceleration also increase eye pressure and are discouraged by some doctors. These include bungee jumping[5] and may also include rollercoaster rides.
Alternative medicine Retinal detachment occurs more often if there is a high degree of myopia[citation needed]. It is difficult to find a proper explanation in books, although the Bates method suggests one explanation: the myopic eye has a different shape; it is larger. Bates explains that this is the result of the extreme tension in the oblique muscles,[citation needed] so when people succeed in getting rid of this tension, the myopic eye becomes normal and the risk of retinal detachment is gone, which is prevention.[citation needed] The Bates method is a program created by ophthalmologist William Horatio Bates, M.D., which aims to correct vision habits with relaxation techniques, exercises and optional activities and games. ...
References - ^ Retinal detachment. MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia. National Institutes of Health (2005). Retrieved on 2006-07-18.
- ^ Ivanisević M, Bojić L, Eterović D (2000). "Epidemiological study of nontraumatic phakic rhegmatogenous retinal detachment". Ophthalmic Res. 32 (5): 237-9. PMID 10971186.
- ^ Li X (2003). "Incidence and epidemiological characteristics of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment in Beijing, China". Ophthalmology 110 (12): 2413-7. PMID 14644727.
- ^ Evaluation and Management of Suspected Retinal Detachment - April 1, 2004 - American Family Physician. Retrieved on 2007-06-04.
- ^ a b c d eMedicine - Retinal Detachment : Article by Gregory Luke Larkin, MD, MSPH, MSEng, FACEP. Retrieved on 2007-06-04.
- ^ Ramos M, Kruger EF, Lashkari K (2002). "Biostatistical analysis of pseudophakic and aphakic retinal detachments". Seminars in ophthalmology 17 (3-4): 206-13. PMID 12759852.
- ^ Hyams SW, Bialik M, Neumann E (1975). "Myopia-aphakia. I. Prevalence of retinal detachment". The British journal of ophthalmology 59 (9): 480-2. PMID 1203233.
- ^ Diabetic Retinopathy: Retinal Disorders: Merck Manual Home Edition. Retrieved on 2007-06-04.
- ^ IU Opt Online CE: Retinal Vascular Disease: Sickle Cell Retinopathy. Retrieved on 2007-06-04.
- ^ The principles of retinal detachment by Pardianto G et al., in Mimbar Ilmiah Oftalmologi Indonesia.2005;2: 63-4.
- ^ a b Wolfensberger TJ. "Jules Gonin. Pioneer of retinal detachment surgery." Indian J Ophthalmol. 2003 Dec;51(4):303-8. PMID 14750617.
- ^ Byer NE (1994). "Natural history of posterior vitreous detachment with early management as the premier line of defense against retinal detachment". Ophthalmology 101 (9): 1503-13; discussion 1513-4. PMID 8090453.
- ^ Understanding retinal detachment. Retrieved on 2007-06-04.
- ^ Kocak N, Kaynak S, Kaynak T, Oner HF, Cingil G (2003). "Unilateral Purtscher-like retinopathy after weight-lifting". European journal of ophthalmology 13 (4): 395-7. PMID 12872799.
- ^ Chapman-Davies A, Lazarevic A (2002). "Valsalva maculopathy". Clinical & experimental optometry : journal of the Australian Optometrical Association 85 (1): 42-5. PMID 11952395.
- ^ Dickerman RD, Smith GH, Langham-Roof L, McConathy WJ, East JW, Smith AB (1999). "Intra-ocular pressure changes during maximal isometric contraction: does this reflect intra-cranial pressure or retinal venous pressure?". Neurol. Res. 21 (3): 243-6. PMID 10319330.
For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ...
is the 199th day of the year (200th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 2007 (MMVII) is now the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ...
June 4 is the 155th day of the year (156th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 2007 (MMVII) is now the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ...
June 4 is the 155th day of the year (156th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 2007 (MMVII) is now the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ...
June 4 is the 155th day of the year (156th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 2007 (MMVII) is now the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ...
June 4 is the 155th day of the year (156th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 2007 (MMVII) is now the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ...
June 4 is the 155th day of the year (156th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
See also Lattice degeneration is a disease of the eye where peripheral retinal atrophy is in a lattice pattern and may progress to retinal detachment. ...
Retinoschisis is an uncommon eye disease characterized by the abnormal splitting of the retinas sensory layers, usually in the outer plexiform layer, with resulting loss of visual function [1]. The retina, which consists of multiple layers of interconnected nerve and pigment cells, separates into separate layers resulting in a...
External links | Pathology of the eye (primarily H00-H59, 360-379) | | Eyelid, lacrimal system and orbit | Stye - Chalazion - Blepharitis - Entropion - Ectropion - Lagophthalmos - Blepharochalasis - Ptosis - Xanthelasma - Trichiasis - Dacryoadenitis - Epiphora - Exophthalmos - Enophthalmos | | Conjunctiva | Conjunctivitis - Pterygium - Pinguecula - Subconjunctival hemorrhage | | Sclera and cornea | Scleritis - Keratitis - Corneal ulcer - Snow blindness - Thygeson's superficial punctate keratopathy - Fuchs' dystrophy - Keratoconus - Keratoconjunctivitis sicca - Arc eye - Keratoconjunctivitis - Corneal neovascularization - Kayser-Fleischer ring - Arcus senilis | | Iris and ciliary body | Iritis - Uveitis - Iridocyclitis - Hyphema - Persistent pupillary membrane | | Lens | Cataract - Aphakia | | Choroid and retina | Retinal detachment - Retinoschisis - Retinopathy (Hypertensive retinopathy, Diabetic retinopathy, Retinopathy of prematurity) - Macular degeneration - Retinitis pigmentosa - Macular edema - Epiretinal membrane - Macular pucker | | Optic nerve and visual pathways | Optic neuritis - Papilledema - Optic atrophy | | Ocular muscles, binocular movement, accommodation and refraction | Paralytic strabismus: Ophthalmoparesis - Progressive external ophthalmoplegia - Palsy (III, IV, VI) - Kearns-Sayre syndrome Other strabismus: Esotropia/Exotropia - Hypertropia - Heterophoria (Esophoria, Exophoria) - Brown's syndrome - Duane syndrome Pathology (from Greek pathos, feeling, pain, suffering; and logos, study of; see also -ology) is the study of the processes underlying disease and other forms of illness, harmful abnormality, or dysfunction. ...
A human eye Eyes are organs of vision that detect light. ...
An eyelid is a thin fold of skin and muscle that covers and protects an eye. ...
Tears are a liquid produced by the bodys process of lacrimation to clean and lubricate the eyes. ...
In anatomy, the orbit is the cavity or socket of the skull in which the eye and its appendages are situated. ...
A stye or hordeolum {IPA|/ˌhoɹˈdi. ...
A chalazion, also known as a Meibomian gland lipogranuloma, is a cyst in the eyelid that is caused by inflammation of the meibomian gland, usually on the upper eyelid. ...
Blepharitis is inflammation of the eyelids. ...
Entropion is a medical condition in which the eyelids fold inward. ...
Ectropion is a condition of loose eyelids. ...
Lagophthalmos describes difficulty in complete closure of the eyelid over the eyeball. ...
Blepharochalasis is an inflammation of the eyelid that is characterized by exacerbations and remissions of eyelid edema, which results in a stretching and subsequent atrophy of the eyelid tissue. ...
In ophthalmology, ptosis is an abnormally low position (drooping) of the upper eyelid which may grow more or less severe during the day. ...
Xanthelasma (or xanthelasma palpebrarum) are sharply demarcated yellowish collections of cholesterol underneath the skin, usually around the eyes. ...
Trichiasis is a medical term for ingrown eyelashes. ...
Dacryoadenitis is inflammation of the lacrimal glands (the tear-producing glands). ...
Epiphora is excessive tear production, usually a result from an irritation of the eye. ...
Exophthalmos (or proptosis) is a bulging of the eye anteriorly out of the orbit. ...
Enophthalmos is recession of the eyeball within the orbit. ...
The conjunctiva is a membrane that covers the sclera (white part of the eye) and lines the inside of the eyelids. ...
A pterygium, meaning wing, is a benign growth of the conjunctiva. ...
A Pinguecula is a type of conjunctival degeneration in the eye. ...
A subconjunctival hemorrhage is a common and relatively minor post-LASIK complication. ...
Schematic diagram of the human eye. ...
The cornea is the transparent front part of the eye that covers the iris, pupil, and anterior chamber, providing most of an eyes optical power [1]. Together with the lens, the cornea refracts light and, as a result, helps the eye to focus. ...
Scleritis is a serious inflammatory disease that affects the white outer coating of the eye, known as the sclera. ...
A corneal ulcer is an inflammatory condition of the cornea involving loss of its outer layer. ...
For other meanings see Snowblind. ...
Thygesons superficial punctate keratopathy (TSPK) is a disease of the eyes. ...
Fuchs dystrophy is a slowly progressing corneal disease that usually affects both eyes and is slightly more common in women than in men. ...
Keratoconus (from Greek: kerato- horn, cornea; and konos cone), is a degenerative non-inflammatory disorder of the eye in which structural changes within the cornea cause it to thin and change to a more conical shape than its normal gradual curve. ...
Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS), also called keratitis sicca,[1] sicca syndrome,[1] xerophthalmia,[1] dry eye syndrome (DES),[1] or simply dry eyes,[1] is an eye disease caused by decreased tear production or increased tear film evaporation commonly found in humans and some animals[2]. Keratoconjunctivitis sicca is Latin and...
Arc eye, also known as arc flash, welders flash, corneal flash burns, or flash burns, is a painful ocular condition sometimes experienced by welders who have failed to use adequate eye protection. ...
Keratoconjunctivitis sicca or KCS is an eye disease caused by decreased tear production or increased tear film evaporation commonly found in people and small animals. ...
Corneal neovascularization is the excessive ingrowth of blood vessels from the limbal vascular plexus into the cornea. ...
Kayser-Fleischer rings are pigmented rings in the peripheral cornea, resulting from copper deposition in Descemets membrane. ...
Arcus senilis (or Arcus senilis corneae. ...
In anatomy, the iris (plural irises or irides) is the most visible part of the eye of vertebrates, including humans. ...
Schematic diagram of the human eye The ciliary body is the part of the eye containing the ciliary muscle and ciliary processes. ...
Iritis is a form of anterior uveitis and refers to the inflammation of the iris of the eye. ...
Uveitis specifically refers to inflammation of the middle layer of the eye, termed the uvea but in common usage may refer to any inflammatory process involving the interior of the eye. ...
Iridocyclitis, also known as anterior uveitis, is a condition in which the uvea of the eye suffers inflammation. ...
Caused by a blunt blow to the eye. ...
Persistent pupillary membrane (PPM) is a condition of the eye involving remnants of a fetal membrane that persist as strands of tissue crossing the pupil. ...
Light from a single point of a distant object and light from a single point of a near object being brought to a focus by changing the curvature of the lens. ...
Human eye cross-sectional view, showing position of human lens. ...
Aphakia is the absence of the lens of the eye, due to surgical removal, perforating wound or ulcer, or congenital anomaly; causes a loss of accommodation, hyperopia, and a deep anterior chamber. ...
The choroid, also known as the choroidea or choroid coat, is the vascular layer of the eye lying between the retina and the sclera. ...
Human eye cross-sectional view. ...
Retinoschisis is an uncommon eye disease characterized by the abnormal splitting of the retinas sensory layers, usually in the outer plexiform layer, with resulting loss of visual function [1]. The retina, which consists of multiple layers of interconnected nerve and pigment cells, separates into separate layers resulting in a...
Retinopathy is a general term that refers to some form of non-inflammatory damage to the retina of the eye. ...
Hypertension, or high blood pressure that does not respond to treatment, has several ocular manifestations. ...
Diabetic retinopathy is retinopathy (damage to the retina) caused by complications of diabetes mellitus, which could eventually lead to blindness. ...
Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), previously known as retrolental fibroplasia (RLF), is a disease of the eye that affects prematurely born babies. ...
Listen to this article · (info) · play in browser This audio file was created from an article revision dated 2005-07-19, and may not reflect subsequent edits to the article. ...
Normal vision. ...
Macular edema occurs when fluid and protein deposits collect on or under the macula, causing it to thicken and swell. ...
Human eye cross-sectional view. ...
Human eye cross-sectional view. ...
This article is about the anatomical structure. ...
The visual system is the part of the nervous system which allows organisms to see. ...
Optic neuritis, sometimes called retrobulbar neuritis, is the inflammation of the optic nerve that may cause a complete or partial loss of vision. ...
Papilledema is optic disc swelling that is caused by increased intracranial pressure. ...
Optic atrophy is a pathological term and somewhat misleading. ...
MRI scan showing lateral and medial rectus muscles. ...
Binocular vision is vision in which both eyes are used together. ...
Light from a single point of a distant object and light from a single point of a near object being brought to a focus by changing the curvature of the lens. ...
The straw seems to be broken, due to refraction of light as it emerges into the air. ...
Ophthalmoparesis is a physical finding in certain neurologic illnesses. ...
Progressive external ophthalmoplegia is a disorder of the mitochondria. ...
Damage to the oculomotor nerve, termed oculomotor nerve palsy is known by the down n out symptoms. ...
Fourth nerve palsy is a condition present at birth characterized by a vertical misalignment of the eyes due to a weakness or paralysis of the superior oblique muscle. ...
Sixth nerve palsy, or abducens nerve palsy, is a disorder associated with dysfunction of cranial nerve VI (the abducens nerve) which is responsible for contracting the lateral rectus muscle to abduct (i. ...
Kearns-Sayre syndrome (abbreviated KSS) is a disease caused by a 5,000 base deletion in the mitochondrial DNA. As such, it is a rare genetic disease in that it can be heteroplasmic, that is, more than one genome can be in a cell at any given time. ...
For the protein Strabismus, see Strabismus (protein) Strabismus, also known as heterotropia, squint, crossed eye, cockeyed, wandering eye,weak eye or wall eyed, is a condition in which the eyes are not properly aligned with each other. ...
Person exhibiting esotropia of the right eye Esotropia is a form of strabismus where one or both of the eyes turn inward. ...
Exotropia is a form of strabismus where the eyes are deviated outward. ...
Hypertropia is a condition of misalignment of the eyes (strabismus), whereby the visual axis of one eye is higher than the fellow fixating eye. ...
Heterophoria is a type of eye condition where the motion of the eyes is not parallel to each other. ...
Esophoria is characterised by inward deviation of the eye usually due to extra-ocular muscle imbalance. ...
This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...
Browns syndrome is due to fibrous adhesions in the upper medial quadrant of the orbit. ...
An individual diagnosed with Duane syndrome in the left eye. ...
Other binocular: Conjugate gaze palsy - Convergence insufficiency - Internuclear ophthalmoplegia - One and a half syndrome Conjugate gaze palsy refers to an inability of both eyes to move in the same direction at the same time. ...
Convergence insufficiency is a sensory and neuromuscular anomaly of the binocular vision system, characterized by an inability to converge the eyes or sustain convergence. ...
Internuclear ophthalmoplegia is a physical finding, or sign, that is a particular form of [[[ophthalmoparesis]]. It can affect either the right or left eye. ...
Schematic representation of most common extra-ocular movement abnormality in one and a half syndrome. ...
Refractive error: Hyperopia/Myopia - Astigmatism - Anisometropia/Aniseikonia - Presbyopia | | Visual disturbances and blindness | Amblyopia - Leber's congenital amaurosis - Subjective (Asthenopia, Hemeralopia, Photophobia, Scintillating scotoma) - Diplopia - Scotoma - Anopsia (Binasal hemianopsia, Bitemporal hemianopsia, Homonymous hemianopsia, Quadrantanopia) - Color blindness (Achromatopsia) - Nyctalopia - Blindness/Low vision | | Pupil | Anisocoria - Argyll Robertson pupil - Marcus Gunn pupil/Marcus Gunn phenomenon - Adie syndrome | | Infectious diseases | Trachoma - Onchocerciasis | | Other | Nystagmus - Mydriasis - Glaucoma - Floater - Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy - Red eye - Keratomycosis - Xerophthalmia - Aniridia | |
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