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Reuben Fine
Full name	Reuben Fine
Country	United States
Born	October 11, 1914(1914-10-11) New York City
Died	March 26, 1993 (aged 78)
Title	Grandmaster

Reuben Fine (October 11, 1914 – March 26, 1993) was one of the best chess players in the world from the mid 1930s through the early 1940s, an International Grandmaster, as well as a chess author, psychologist, and psychology author. Fine won five medals (four gold) in three chess Olympiads. Fine won the U.S. Open Chess Championship all seven times he entered (1932, 1933, 1934, 1935, 1939, 1940, 1941). He was the author of several chess books which are still popular today. After World War II, he earned his doctorate in psychology, and wrote many successful books in that field as well. Image File history File links Question_book-3. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... is the 284th day of the year (285th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1914 (MCMXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... New York, New York and NYC redirect here. ... March 26 is the 85th day of the year (86th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1993 (MCMXCIII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar). ... The title Grandmaster is awarded to world-class chess masters by the world chess organization FIDE. Apart from World Champion, Grandmaster is the highest title a chess player can attain. ... is the 284th day of the year (285th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1914 (MCMXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... March 26 is the 85th day of the year (86th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1993 (MCMXCIII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar). ... This article is about the Western board game. ... The title Grandmaster is awarded to world-class chess masters by the world chess organization FIDE. Apart from World Champion, Grandmaster is the highest title a chess player can attain. ... An Olympiad is a period of four years, associated with the Olympic Games of Classical Greece. ... The U.S. Open Championship is an open national chess championship that has been held in the United States annually since 1900. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... Psychological science redirects here. ...

Biography

Teenage Master

Fine was born in New York City to a poor Russian-Jewish^[1] family. He learned to play chess at age eight, and began tournament-level chess at the famous Marshall Chess Club in New York City, stomping grounds for many famous grandmasters like Bobby Fischer, later on. At this stage of his chess career Fine played a great deal of blitz chess, and he eventually became one of the best blitz chess players in the world. Even in the early 1930s, he could just about hold his own in blitz chess against the then world chess champion Alexander Alekhine, although Fine admitted that the few times he played Alekhine's predecessor José Raúl Capablanca, the latter beat him "mercilessly". New York, New York and NYC redirect here. ... The title Grandmaster is awarded to world-class chess masters by the world chess organization FIDE. Apart from World Champion, Grandmaster is the highest title a chess player can attain. ... Robert James Bobby Fischer (born March 9, 1943) is a United States-born chess Grandmaster who became famous as a teenager for his chess-playing ability, and in 1972 became the only US-born chessplayer to become the official World Chess Champion. ... Blitz chess (also known as speed chess or blitzkrieg chess) is a game of chess where each side is given very little time to make all of their moves. ... The 1984 World Chess Championship was between Anatoly Karpov (left) and Garry Kasparov (right). ... This article uses algebraic notation to describe chess moves. ... José Raúl Capablanca y Graupera (November 19, 1888 – March 8, 1942) was a Cuban world-class chess player in the early to mid-twentieth century. ...

Fine's first significant Master event was the 1930 New York Young Masters tournament, which was won by Arthur Dake. He narrowly lost a 1931 stakes match to fellow New Yorker Arnold Denker. Fine placed second at the 1931 New York State Championship with 8/11 behind Fred Reinfeld. Fine won the 15th Marshall Chess Club Championship of 1931 with 10.5/13, half a point ahead of Reinfeld. He defeated Herman Steiner by 5.5-4.5 at New York 1932; this was the first of three matches the two players would contest. Arthur Dake (Darkowski) (born 8 April 1910, Portland, Oregon – died 28 April 2000, Reno, Nevada) was an American chess master. ... Arnold Sheldon Denker (February 20, 1914 – January 2, 2005) was an American chess player. ... Fred Reinfeld (1910 - 1964) was an American chess player and writer. ... Herman Steiner (April 15, 1905 – November 25, 1955) was a U.S. chess player, organizer, and columnist. ...

U.S. Open Champion

At age 17, Fine won his first of seven U.S. Open Chess Championships at Minneapolis 1932 with 9.5/11, half a point ahead of Samuel Reshevsky; this tournament was known as the Western Open at the time. Fine played in his first top-class international tournament at Pasadena 1932, where he shared 7-10th with 5/11; the winner was world chess champion Alexander Alekhine. Fine repeated as champion in the 16th Marshall Club Championship, held from Oct.-Dec. 1932, with 11.5/13, 2.5 points ahead of the runner-up. After graduating from City College of New York in 1932, at age 18, where he was a brilliant student, and where he captained CCNY to the 1931 National Collegiate team title, Fine decided to try the life of a chess professional for a few years. The U.S. Open Championship is an open national chess championship that has been held in the United States annually since 1900. ... This article is about the city in Minnesota. ... Samuel Herman (Sammy) Reshevsky (born Szmul Rzeszewski, November 26, 1911, Ozorków, (then German Empire, today Poland) - died April 4, 1992, New York, USA) was a leading American chess Grandmaster. ... Pasadena may refer to: Cities in the United States: Pasadena, Texas Pasadena, California Pasadena, Maryland Cities in Canada: Pasadena, Newfoundland Other place names called Pasadena: Pasadena, South Australia, a suburb of Adelaide South Pasadena, California South Pasadena, Florida Pasadena Hills, Missouri Pasadena Park, Missouri Other: USS Pasadena (SSN-752), a... The 1984 World Chess Championship was between Anatoly Karpov (left) and Garry Kasparov (right). ... This article uses algebraic notation to describe chess moves. ... “City College” redirects here. ...

Olympiad brilliance

Fine won the U.S. Team Selection tournament, New York 1933, with 8/10. This earned him the first of three national team berths for the chess Olympiads. Fine won five medals (including three team golds) representing the United States; his detailed record follows (from olimpbase.org). His totals are (+20 =19 -6), for 65.6 per cent.

• Folkestone 1933: board three, 9/13 (+6 =6 -1), team gold, board silver;
• Warsaw 1935: board one, 9/17 (+5 =8 -4), team gold;
• Stockholm 1937: board two, 11.5/15 (+9 =5 -1), team gold, board gold.

, Folkestone (IPA: ) is a resort town on the south coast of Kent, England, traditionally known as The Garden Coast. Situated at the foot of the North Downs, the town has stunning views of the surrounding countryside as well as the coast of France. ... For other uses, see Warsaw (disambiguation) and Warszawa (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Stockholm (disambiguation). ...

North American successes

Fine repeated as champion at the U.S./Western Open, Detroit 1933, with 12/13, half a point ahead of Reshevsky. Fine won the 17th Marshall Club Championship, 1933-34, with 9.5/11. He defeated Al Horowitz in a match at New York 1934 by 6-3. Fine shared 1st-2nd places at the U.S./Western Open, Chicago 1934, on 7.5/9 with Reshevsky. He then shared 1st-3rd places at Mexico City 1934, on 11/12, with Herman Steiner and Arthur Dake. At Syracuse 1934, Fine shared 3rd-4th places, on 10/14, as Reshevsky won. Fine won his fourth straight U.S./Western Open at Milwaukee 1935, scoring 6.5/9 in the preliminary round, and then 8/10 in the finals. Having had outstanding successes in North America, Fine tried his first European individual international tournament at Lodz 1935, where he shared 2nd-3rd places with 6/9 behind Savielly Tartakower. Fine won Hastings 1935-36 with 7.5/9, a point ahead of Salo Flohr. Motto: Speramus Meliora; Resurget Cineribus (We Hope For Better Things; It Shall Rise From the Ashes - this motto was adopted after the disastrous 1805 fire that devastated the city) Nickname: The Motor City and Motown Location in Wayne County, Michigan Founded Incorporated July 24, 1701 1815  County Wayne County Mayor... Israel Albert Horowitz (born November 15, 1907, died January 18, 1973) was an International Master of chess. ... For other uses, see Chicago (disambiguation). ... Nickname: Location of Mexico City Coordinates: , Country Federal entity Boroughs The 16 delegaciones Founded c. ... Herman Steiner (April 15, 1905 – November 25, 1955) was a U.S. chess player, organizer, and columnist. ... Arthur Dake (Darkowski) (born 8 April 1910, Portland, Oregon – died 28 April 2000, Reno, Nevada) was an American chess master. ... Clinton Square in Downtown Syracuse Syracuse is an American city in Central New York. ... This article is about Milwaukee in Wisconsin. ... . Łódź (pronunciation: ) is the second-largest city (population 776,297 in 2004) of Poland, located in the centre of the country. ... Ksawery Tartakower (generally known as Saviely or Savielly in English, from Polish Sawielly meaning little Saul, less often Xavier Tartacover or Xavier Tartakover; 1887–1956) was a leading Polish and French chess Grandmaster. ... This article needs to be wikified. ...

Narrow misses at U.S. Championship

Although Fine was active and very successful in U.S. tournaments, he was never able to finish first in the U.S. Championship, usually placing behind his great American rival, Samuel Reshevsky. When in 1936 Frank Marshall voluntarily gave up the American Championship title he had held since 1909, the result was the first modern U.S. Championship tournament. Fine scored 10.5/15 in the U.S. Championship, New York 1936, a tied 3rd-4th place, as Reshevsky won. In the U.S. Championship, New York 1938, Fine placed 2nd with 12.5/16, with Reshevsky repeating as champion. In the U.S. Championship, New York 1940, Fine again scored 12.5/16 for 2nd, and Reshevsky won for the third straight time. Then in the 1944 U.S. Championship at New York, Fine scored 14.5/17 for 2nd, as Arnold Denker won. Fine tallied an impressive 50/64 in his four U.S. title attempts, for 78.1 per cent, but was never champion. See also: U.S. Womens Chess Championship Winner list: 2005 Hikaru Nakamura 2004 Alexander Shabalov 2003 Alexander Shabalov 2002 Larry Christiansen 2000 Joel Benjamin / Alexander Shabalov / Yasser Seirawan 1999 Boris Gulko 1998 Nick de Firmian 1997 Joel Benjamin 1996 Alex Yermolinsky 1995 Nick de Firmian / Patrick Wolff / Alexander Ivanov... Samuel Herman (Sammy) Reshevsky (born Szmul Rzeszewski, November 26, 1911, Ozorków, (then German Empire, today Poland) - died April 4, 1992, New York, USA) was a leading American chess Grandmaster. ... This article is about the early 20th century chess champion. ... See also: U.S. Womens Chess Championship Winner list: 2005 Hikaru Nakamura 2004 Alexander Shabalov 2003 Alexander Shabalov 2002 Larry Christiansen 2000 Joel Benjamin / Alexander Shabalov / Yasser Seirawan 1999 Boris Gulko 1998 Nick de Firmian 1997 Joel Benjamin 1996 Alex Yermolinsky 1995 Nick de Firmian / Patrick Wolff / Alexander Ivanov... This article is about the state. ... Arnold Sheldon Denker (February 20, 1914 – January 2, 2005) was an American chess player. ...

International triumphs

However, Fine's international tournament record in the 1930s was superior to Reshevsky's. By the end of 1937, Fine had won a string of strong European international tournaments, and was one of the most successful players in the world. Fine won at Oslo 1936 with 6.5/7, half a point ahead of Flohr. Fine captured Zandvoort 1936 with 8.5/11, ahead of Max Euwe, Savielly Tartakower, and Paul Keres. Fine shared 3rd-5th places at the elite Nottingham 1936 event with 9.5/14, just half a point behind winners José Raúl Capablanca and Mikhail Botvinnik. Fine shared 1st-2nd places at Amsterdam 1936 on 5/7 with Euwe, half a point ahead of Alekhine. Fine placed 2nd at Hastings 1936-37 with 7.5/9, as Alekhine won. The year 1937 would be Fine's most successful. He won at Leningrad 1937 with 4/5, ahead of Grigory Levenfish, who would win the Soviet Championship that year. Fine won at Moscow 1937 with 5/7. Those two victories make Fine one of a very few foreigners to win on Russian soil. Fine shared 1st-2nd places at Margate 1937 with Paul Keres on 7.5/9, 1.5 points ahead of Alekhine. Fine shared 1st-3rd places at Ostend 1937 with Paul Keres and Henry Grob on 6/9. At Stockholm 1937, Fine won with 8/9, 1.5 points ahead of Gideon Stahlberg. Fine then defeated Stahlberg by 5-3 in a match held at Goteborg 1937. Fine placed 2nd at the elite Semmering/Baden 1937 tournament with 8/14, behind Paul Keres. At Kemeri 1937, Fine had a rare relatively weak result, with just 9/17 for 8th place, as the title was shared by Reshevsky, Flohr, and Vladimirs Petrovs. Fine shared 4-5th places at Hastings 1937-38 with 6/9 as Reshevsky won. This article is about the capital of Norway. ... Zandvoort is a municipality and a town in the Netherlands, in the province of North Holland. ... Machgielis (Max) Euwe (last name is pronounced /ø:wÉ™/) (May 20, 1901 – November 26, 1981) was a Dutch chess Grandmaster and Mathematician. ... Ksawery Tartakower (generally known as Saviely or Savielly in English, from Polish Sawielly meaning little Saul, less often Xavier Tartacover or Xavier Tartakover; 1887–1956) was a leading Polish and French chess Grandmaster. ... Paul Keres Paul Keres (born January 7, 1916, in Narva, Estonia; died June 5, 1975, in Helsinki, Finland) was an Estonian chess grandmaster and one of the strongest chess players of all time, apart from the World chess champions. ... For other uses, see Nottingham (disambiguation). ... José Raúl Capablanca y Graupera (November 19, 1888 – March 8, 1942) was a Cuban world-class chess player in the early to mid-twentieth century. ... Mikhail Moiseyevich Botvinnik (IPA: ; Russian: ) (August 17 [O.S. August 4] 1911 - May 5, 1995) was a Russian International Grandmaster and long-time World Champion of chess. ... For other uses, see Amsterdam (disambiguation). ... Leningrad (Russian: Ленинград) may mean: St. ... Grigory Yakovlevich Levenfish (March 9, 1889 - February 9, 1961) was a leading Jewish Russian chess grandmaster of the 1920s and 1930s. ... For other uses, see Moscow (disambiguation). ... Margate is a town in Thanet, Kent, England (population about 60,000). ... Paul Keres Paul Keres (born January 7, 1916, in Narva, Estonia; died June 5, 1975, in Helsinki, Finland) was an Estonian chess grandmaster and one of the strongest chess players of all time, apart from the World chess champions. ... The esplanade with the Thermae Palace, the former Royal Residence and the casino For other uses, see Ostend (disambiguation). ... Paul Keres Paul Keres (born January 7, 1916, in Narva, Estonia; died June 5, 1975, in Helsinki, Finland) was an Estonian chess grandmaster and one of the strongest chess players of all time, apart from the World chess champions. ... For other uses, see Stockholm (disambiguation). ... Gideon Stahlberg (1908 - 1967) was a Swedish chess grandmaster. ... Gothenburg (Swedish: Göteborg [jøːtəbɔrj]) is a city and a municipality on the western coast of Sweden, in the County of Västra Götaland. ... The Semmering is a mountain pass in the Eastern Northern Limestone Alps connecting Lower Austria and Styria between which it forms a natural border. ... Baden is a historical state in the southwest of Germany, on the right bank of the Rhine. ... Paul Keres Paul Keres (born January 7, 1916, in Narva, Estonia; died June 5, 1975, in Helsinki, Finland) was an Estonian chess grandmaster and one of the strongest chess players of all time, apart from the World chess champions. ... Vladimirs Petrovs or Vladimir Petrov (1907 – 1943) was a Latvian chess player. ...

AVRO showdown

In 1938, Fine tied for first place with Paul Keres in the prestigious AVRO tournament in the Netherlands, on 8.5/14, with Keres placed first on tiebreak. This was one of the most famous tournaments of the 20th century, and some believe to this day that it is the strongest tournament ever staged. It was organized with the hope that the winner of AVRO, a double round-robin tournament, would be the next challenger to world champion Alexander Alekhine. Fine finished ahead of future champion Mikhail Botvinnik, current champion Alekhine, former world champions Max Euwe and Capablanca, and Grandmasters Samuel Reshevsky and Salo Flohr. Fine won both of his games against Alekhine. Paul Keres Paul Keres (born January 7, 1916, in Narva, Estonia; died June 5, 1975, in Helsinki, Finland) was an Estonian chess grandmaster and one of the strongest chess players of all time, apart from the World chess champions. ... The AVRO tournament was a chess tournament held in 1938. ... A round-robin tournament or all-play-all tournament is a type of group tournament in which each participant plays every other participant an equal number of times. ... This article uses algebraic notation to describe chess moves. ... Mikhail Moiseyevich Botvinnik (IPA: ; Russian: ) (August 17 [O.S. August 4] 1911 - May 5, 1995) was a Russian International Grandmaster and long-time World Champion of chess. ... Machgielis (Max) Euwe (last name is pronounced /ø:wə/) (May 20, 1901 – November 26, 1981) was a Dutch chess Grandmaster and Mathematician. ... This article needs to be wikified. ...

Wartime years

As World War II interrupted any prospects for a world championship match, Fine turned to chess writing. In 1941 he wrote Basic Chess Endings, a compendium of endgame analysis which, more than 60 years later, is still considered one of the best works on this subject. His The Ideas Behind the Chess Openings, though badly dated, is still useful for grasping the underlying ideas of many standard chess openings. During World War II Fine worked for the U.S. Navy, performing the task of calculating the probability of German U-boats surfacing at certain points in the water. Fine also worked as a translator. Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... EndGame is the name of a 1997 story arc of the Sonic the Hedgehog comic book published by published by Archie Comics. ... A chess opening is the group of initial moves of a chess game (the opening moves). ... The United States Navy (USN) is the branch of the United States armed forces responsible for naval operations. ... For other uses, see Submarine (disambiguation). ...

Fine was unable to compete in Europe during the war, since it was cut off by the German naval blockade. However, Fine did play a few serious American events during World War II, and continued his successes, but there was little prize money even for winning. He won the U.S. Open at New York 1939 with 10.5/11, half a point ahead of Reshevsky. In the 23rd Marshall Club Championship of 1939, Fine won with 14/16. He won the 1940 U.S. Open at Dallas with a perfect 8/8 in the finals, three points ahead of Herman Steiner. Fine won the New York State Championship, Hamilton 1941, with 8/10, a point ahead of Reshevsky, Denker, and Isaac Kashdan. Fine won the 1941 Marshall Club Championship with 14/15, ahead of Frank Marshall. Fine won the 1941 U.S. Open at St. Louis, with 4/5 in the preliminaries, and 8/9 in the finals. Dallas redirects here. ... Herman Steiner (April 15, 1905 – November 25, 1955) was a U.S. chess player, organizer, and columnist. ... Isaac Kashdan (1905–1985) was an American chess player. ... This article is about the early 20th century chess champion. ... The Gateway Arch, shown here behind the Old Courthouse, is the most recognizable part of the St. ...

Fine won the 1942 Washington D.C. Chess Divan title with a perfect 7/7. He defeated Herman Steiner in match play for the second time by 3.5-0.5 at Washington 1944. Fine won the U.S. Speed Championships of both 1944 (10/11) and 1945 (10/11). In the Pan-American Championship, Hollywood 1945, Fine placed 2nd with 9/12 behind Reshevsky. He played in the 1945 USA vs USSR Radio team match, scoring 0.5/2 on board three against Isaac Boleslavsky. Then Fine travelled to Europe one last time to compete, in the 1946 Moscow team match against the USSR, scoring 0.5/2 on board three against Paul Keres. For the capital city of the United States, see Washington, D.C.. For other uses, see Washington (disambiguation). ... Herman Steiner (April 15, 1905 – November 25, 1955) was a U.S. chess player, organizer, and columnist. ... ... Isaac Yefremovich Boleslavsky (1919 – February 15, 1977) was a Ukrainian-Jewish chess grandmaster. ... Paul Keres Paul Keres (born January 7, 1916, in Narva, Estonia; died June 5, 1975, in Helsinki, Finland) was an Estonian chess grandmaster and one of the strongest chess players of all time, apart from the World chess champions. ...

After the war

As the war ended in late 1945, Fine was working on his doctorate in psychology. Once he completed this, he again played some competitive chess. He won at New York 1948 with 8/9, ahead of Miguel Najdorf, Max Euwe, and Herman Pilnik. Fine drew a match by 4-4 against Najdorf at New York 1949. He participated in the 1950 radio match USA vs Yugoslavia, drawing his game. Fine was named an International Grandmaster in 1950, on the inaugural list from the FIDE, the World Chess Federation. His last significant tournament was the Maurice Wertheim Memorial at New York 1951, where he scored 7/11 for 4th, as Reshevsky won. Miguel Najdorf (born as Mieczysław Najdorf; 1910 - 1997) was a Polish-Argentine chess player. ... Machgielis (Max) Euwe (last name is pronounced /ø:wÉ™/) (May 20, 1901 – November 26, 1981) was a Dutch chess Grandmaster and Mathematician. ... Herman Pilnik (8 January 1914, Stuttgart, Germany – 12 November 1981, Caracas, Venezuela) was an Argentine (German origin) chess grandmaster. ... The title Grandmaster is awarded to world-class chess masters by the world chess organization FIDE. Apart from World Champion, Grandmaster is the highest title a chess player can attain. ... The Fédération Internationale des Échecs or World Chess Federation is an international organization that connects the various national chess federations around the world. ...

1948 World Championship

After Alekhine died in 1946, FIDE (the World Chess Organization) organized a World Chess Championship tournament to determine the new champion. As co-winner in the AVRO tournament, Fine was invited to participate, but he declined, for reasons that are the subject of speculation. Fine had played a third match against Herman Steiner at Los Angeles 1947, winning 5-1; this match was training for his potential world championship appearance. The Fédération Internationale des Échecs or World Chess Federation is an international organization that connects the various national chess federations around the world. ... The 1948 World Chess Championship was a tournament played to determine a new World Chess Champion following the death of the previous champion Alexander Alekhine in 1946. ... Herman Steiner (April 15, 1905 – November 25, 1955) was a U.S. chess player, organizer, and columnist. ... Flag Seal Nickname: City of Angels Location Location within Los Angeles County in the state of California Coordinates , Government State County California Los Angeles County Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa (D) Geographical characteristics Area     City 1,290. ...

Publicly, Fine stated that he could not interrupt work on his doctoral dissertation in psychology. Negotiations over the tournament had been protracted, and for a long time it was unclear whether this World Championship event would in fact take place. Fine wrote that he didn't want to spend many months preparing and then see the tournament cancelled. However, it has also been suggested that Fine declined to play because he suspected there would be collaboration among the three Soviet participants to ensure that one of them won the championship. In the August 2004 issue of Chess Life, for example, GM Larry Evans gave his recollection that "Fine told me he didn't want to waste three months of his life watching Russians throw games to each other." Psychological science redirects here. ... Soviet redirects here. ... Chess Life is the official publication of the United States Chess Federation (USCF), and reaches more than a quarter of a million readers every month. ... Larry Melvyn Evans (born March 23, 1932) is an American chess player and journalist. ...

Edward Winter discusses the evidence further in a 2007 Chessbase column.^[2] Edward Winter is a noted journalist and author about chess. ... ChessBase is the dominant commercial database program for storing and searching records of games of chess. ...

Chess record

Lifetime scores against top players

Fine had a relatively short career in top-level chess, but scored very impressively against top players. He faced five World Champions: Emanuel Lasker (+1 =0 -0); Jose Raul Capablanca (+0 =5 -0); Alexander Alekhine (+3 =4 -2); Max Euwe (+2 =3 -2); and Mikhail Botvinnik (+1 =2 -0). His main American rivals were Samuel Reshevsky (+3 =12 -4); Herman Steiner (+21 =8 -4); Isaac Kashdan (+6 =6 -1); Albert Simonson (+6 =1 -1); Al Horowitz (+10 =7 -2); Arnold Denker (+7 =7 -6); Fred Reinfeld (+10 =7 -5); and Arthur Dake (a shocking +6 =5 -7, but three losses as a sixteen year old against Dake in his twenties). Internationally, Fine faced the best of his time, and usually more than held his own, with three exceptions. He struggled against Paul Keres (+1 =8 -3); Milan Vidmar (+0 =2 -1); and Isaac Boleslavsky (+0 =1 -1). But he handled everyone else: Miguel Najdorf (+3 =5 -3); Savielly Tartakower (+2 =4 -1); Salo Flohr (+2 =7 -0); Grigory Levenfish (+1 =0 -0); George Alan Thomas (+2 =3 -0); Erich Eliskases (+1 =2 -0); Viacheslav Ragozin (+1 =1 -0); Vladimirs Petrovs (+2 =1 -1); Efim Bogolyubov (+1 =1 -0); Jan Foltys (+2 =0 -0); Salo Landau (+4 -0 =1); George Koltanowski (+2 =1 -0); Igor Bondarevsky (+1 =0 -0); Geza Maroczy (+1 =0 -0); William Winter (+4 =0 -0); Ernst Gruenfeld (+1 =0 -0); Gideon Stahlberg (+4 =5 -2); Andor Lilienthal (+1 =0 -0); Laszlo Szabo (+0 =1 -0); Vladas Mikenas (+1 =1 -0); Rudolph Spielmann (+0 =1 -0); and Conel Hugh O'Donel Alexander (+1 =3 -0). Finally, against the new generation of American masters which emerged in the late 1940s, Fine proved he could still perform well: Arthur Bisguier (+1 =1 -0); Larry Evans (+0 =2 -0); George Kramer (+1 =1 -0); and Robert Byrne (+0 =1 -0). Emanuel Lasker (December 24, 1868 – January 11, 1941) was a German World Chess Champion, mathematician, and philosopher born at Berlinchen in Brandenburg (now Barlinek in Poland). ... José Raúl Capablanca y Graupera (November 19, 1888 - March 8, 1942) was a famous Cuban chess player in the early to mid twentieth century. ... This article uses algebraic notation to describe chess moves. ... Machgielis (Max) Euwe (last name is pronounced /ø:wÉ™/) (May 20, 1901 – November 26, 1981) was a Dutch chess Grandmaster and Mathematician. ... Mikhail Moiseyevich Botvinnik (IPA: ; Russian: ) (August 17 [O.S. August 4] 1911 - May 5, 1995) was a Russian International Grandmaster and long-time World Champion of chess. ... Samuel Herman (Sammy) Reshevsky (born Szmul Rzeszewski, November 26, 1911, Ozorków, (then German Empire, today Poland) - died April 4, 1992, New York, USA) was a leading American chess Grandmaster. ... Herman Steiner (April 15, 1905 – November 25, 1955) was a U.S. chess player, organizer, and columnist. ... Isaac Kashdan (1905–1985) was an American chess player. ... Albert Simonson (born 26 December 1914, New York City, died 16 November 1965, San Juan, Puerto Rico) was an American chess Master. ... Israel Albert Horowitz (born November 15, 1907, died January 18, 1973) was an International Master of chess. ... Arnold Sheldon Denker (February 20, 1914 – January 2, 2005) was an American chess player. ... Fred Reinfeld (1910 - 1964) was an American chess player and writer. ... Arthur Dake (Darkowski) (born 8 April 1910, Portland, Oregon – died 28 April 2000, Reno, Nevada) was an American chess master. ... Paul Keres Paul Keres (born January 7, 1916, in Narva, Estonia; died June 5, 1975, in Helsinki, Finland) was an Estonian chess grandmaster and one of the strongest chess players of all time, apart from the World chess champions. ... Milan Vidmar (June 22, 1885 – October 9, 1962) was a Slovene electrical engineer, chess player, chess theorist, philosopher and writer, born in Ljubljana, Austria-Hungary (now Slovenia). ... Isaac Yefremovich Boleslavsky (1919 – February 15, 1977) was a Ukrainian-Jewish chess grandmaster. ... Miguel Najdorf (born as Mieczysław Najdorf; 1910 - 1997) was a Polish-Argentine chess player. ... Ksawery Tartakower (generally known as Saviely or Savielly in English, from Polish Sawielly meaning little Saul, less often Xavier Tartacover or Xavier Tartakover; 1887–1956) was a leading Polish and French chess Grandmaster. ... This article needs to be wikified. ... Grigory Yakovlevich Levenfish (March 9, 1889 - February 9, 1961) was a leading Jewish Russian chess grandmaster of the 1920s and 1930s. ... Sir George Alan Thomas (b. ... Erich Gottlieb Eliskases (February 15, 1913 - February 2, 1997) was a leading chess player of the 1930s and 1940s who represented Austria, Germany and Argentina in international competition. ... Viacheslav Vasilyevich Ragozin (October 8, 1908 – March 11, 1962) was a Soviet chess Grandmaster, an International Arbiter of chess, and a World Correspondence Chess Champion. ... Vladimirs Petrovs or Vladimir Petrov (1907 – 1943) was a Latvian chess player. ... Jan Foltys (13 October 1908, Svinov – 11 March 1952, Ostrava), was a Czech chess master. ... Salo Landau (1903–1944) was a Dutch chess player, who died in a Nazi concentration camp. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Igor Zakharovich Bondarevsky (May 12, 1913, Rostov-on-the-Don, Russia – June 14, 1979, Piatigorsk) was a Soviet Russian chess grandmaster in both over the board and correspondence chess, International Judge, trainer and author of chess books. ... 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Top ten for eight years

Although FIDE, the World Chess Federation, did not formally introduce chess ratings for international play until 1970, it is nevertheless possible to retrospectively rate players' performances from before that time. The site chessmetrics.com, which specializes in historical ratings throughout chess history, ranks Fine in the world's top ten players for more than eight years, from March 1936 until October 1942, and then again from January 1949 until December 1950. Between those two periods, he was less active as a player, so his ranking dropped. Fine was #1 in the world from October 1940 until March 1941, was in the top three from December 1938 until June 1942, and reached his peak rating of 2762 in July 1941. However, chessmetrics.com is missing several of Fine's major events from its database. The Fédération Internationale des Échecs or World Chess Federation is an international organization that connects the various national chess federations around the world. ... Chessmetrics is a system for rating chess players devised by Jeff Sonas. ...

Notable games

• Reuben Fine vs Mikhail Botvinnik, Amsterdam AVRO 1938, French Defence, Winawer/Advance Variation (C17), 1-0 In the final position, "Black does not have a single move, and Rf3 is threatened. A combination of a splendid strategic idea with tactical subtleties." (Botvinnik)
• Reuben Fine vs Salomon Flohr, Amsterdam AVRO 1938, French Defence, Winawer/Advance Variation (C17), 1-0 Deep tactics in an unusual variant of French Defense.
• Reuben Fine vs Herman Steiner, Pan-American champ, Hollywood 1945. Queen's Gambit Accepted, Classical (D29), 1-0 Fine sees further than his opponent in a sharp tactical position.

Psychologist

Regardless, after receiving his doctorate in psychology from the University of Southern California, Fine abandoned professional chess to concentrate on his new profession. Fine continued playing chess casually throughout his life (including several friendly games played in 1963 against Bobby Fischer, one of which is included in Fischer's My Sixty Memorable Games). In 1956 he wrote an article, "Psychoanalytic Observations on Chess and Chess Masters," for a psychological journal. Later, Fine turned the article into a book, The Psychology of the Chess Player, in which he provided insights steeped in Freudian theory. (Fine is not the first person to examine the mind as it relates to chess—Alfred Binet, the inventor of the IQ test, had studied the mental functionality of good chess players, and found that they often had enhanced mental traits, such as a good memory.) He went on to publish A History of Psychoanalysis (1979) and a number of other books on psychology. Like many psychoanalysts of his day, Fine believed that homosexuality could be "cured", and his opinions on the subject were cited in legal battles over homosexuality, including the legislative battle over same-sex marriage in Hawaii. Fine served as a visiting professor at CCNY, the University of Amsterdam, the Lowell Institute of Technology, and the University of Florence. Fine founded the Creative Living Center in New York City. The Trojan Shrine, better known as Tommy Trojan located in the center of University of Southern California campus. ... Robert James Bobby Fischer (born March 9, 1943) is a United States-born chess Grandmaster who became famous as a teenager for his chess-playing ability, and in 1972 became the only US-born chessplayer to become the official World Chess Champion. ... Sigmund Freud (IPA: ), born Sigismund Schlomo Freud (May 6, 1856 – September 23, 1939), was an Austrian neurologist and psychiatrist who founded the psychoanalytic school of psychology. ... Alfred Binet Alfred Binet (July 8, 1857 – October 18, 1911), French psychologist and inventor of the first usable intelligence test, the basis of todays IQ test. ... IQ redirects here. ... Homosexuality refers to sexual interaction and / or romantic attraction between individuals of the same sex. ... Reparative therapy (also called conversion therapy and sexual reorientation therapy) refers to methods aimed at changing gay, lesbian, and bisexual peoples sexual orientations to heterosexual, or at eliminating or diminishing same-sex desires and behaviors. ... One of four newly wedded same-sex couples in a public wedding at Taiwan Pride 2006. ... This article is about the U.S. State. ... From Athenaeum Illustre to University In January 1632 two internationally acclaimed scientists, Caspar Barlaeus and Gerardus Vossius, held their inaugural speech in the Athenaeum Illustre - the illustrious school - which had its seat in the 14th-century Agnietenkapel. ... Lowell is the name of several places, families, persons, and institutions in the United States of America. ... The University of Florence (Università degli Studi di Firenze, UNIFI) is one of the largest and oldest universities in Italy. ...

Books by Reuben Fine

On Chess

• Basic Chess Endings, by Reuben Fine, 1941, McKay. Revised in 2003 by Pal Benko. ISBN 0-8129-3493-8.
• The Ideas Behind the Chess Openings, by Reuben Fine, 1943. Revised in 1989. McKay, ISBN 0-8129-1756-1.
• Practical Chess Openings, by Reuben Fine.
• The Middlegame in Chess, by Reuben Fine. ISBN 0-8129-3484-9.
• Modern Chess Openings, sixth Edition, by Reuben Fine.
• Chess the Easy Way, by Reuben Fine, 1942. 1986 Paperback re-issue. ISBN 0-6716-2427-X
• Chess Marches On, by Reuben Fine, 1946.
• Dr. Lasker's Chess Career, by Reuben Fine and Fred Reinfeld, 1935.
• Lessons From My Games, by Reuben Fine, 1958.
• The Psychology of the Chess Player, by Reuben Fine, 1967.
• Bobby Fischer's Conquest, by Ruben Fine 1973
• The World's Great Chess Games, by Reuben Fine; Dover; 1983. ISBN 0-486-24512-8.

Pál Benkő (born July 15, 1928 in Amiens) is a chess grandmaster, author, and composer of endgame studies and chess problems. ...

On Psychology

• Freud: a Critical Re-evaluation of his Theories, by Reuben Fine (1962).
• The Healing of the Mind, by Reuben Fine (1971).
• The Development of Freud's Thought, by Reuben Fine (1973).
• Psychoanalytic Psychology, by Reuben Fine (1975).
• The History of Psychoanalysis, by Reuben Fine (1979).
• The Psychoanalytic Vision, by Reuben Fine (1981).
• The Logic of Psychology, by Reuben Fine (1985).
• The Meaning of Love in Human Experience, by Reuben Fine (1985).
• Narcissism, the Self, and Society, by Reuben Fine (1986).
• The Forgotten Man: Understanding the Male Psyche, by Reuben Fine (1987).

References

1. ^ Encyclopaedia Judaica, art. "Fine, Reuben"
2. ^ Edward Winter presents: Unsolved Chess Mysteries (9), by Edward Winter, Chessbase, July 3, 2007

The Encyclopaedia Judaica is a 26-volume English-language encyclopedia of the Jewish people and their faith, Judaism. ... Edward Winter is a noted journalist and author about chess. ... ChessBase is the dominant commercial database program for storing and searching records of games of chess. ... is the 184th day of the year (185th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ...

Bibliography

• Aidan Woodger: Reuben Fine: A Comprehensive Record of an American Chess Career, 1929-1951, McFarland and Company, Inc., Publishers, Jefferson 2004.

External links

• Reuben Fine at ChessGames.com