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Encyclopedia > Reversal film
A single slide, showing a color transparency in a plastic frame
A single slide, showing a color transparency in a plastic frame

In photography, a reversal film is a still, positive image created on a transparent base using photochemical means. The terms slide and transparency are also used. Contrast with negative and print. ImageMetadata File history File links Slide. ... ImageMetadata File history File links Slide. ... Photography is the process of making pictures by means of capturing light on a light-sensitive medium, such as a sensor or film. ... Transparent glass ball In optics, transparency is the property of allowing light to pass. ... Color, positive picture (A) and negative (B), monochrome positive picture (C) and negative (D) In photography, a negative may refer to 3 different things, although they are all related. ... Photographic printing is the process of producing a final image for viewing, usually on sensitized paper from a previously prepared photographic negative. ...

Contents

History

The earliest practical color photography was the Autochrome process. This was an additive 'screen-plate' method which produced a color slide, but was fairly dim, and with the color resolution limited by the fineness of the screen-plate. An undated color photograph from 1905 to 1915 by Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorskii Color photography was explored throughout the 1800s. ... The Autochrome Lumière is an early color photography process. ...


The earliest practical method using a 'subtractive' method was the Kodachrome process, which produced much brighter color transparencies. Originally used mainly for news reportage, it gradually gained wider popularity. As a medium for serious amateur photographers, it gained popularity as an alternative to black and white print film starting in about 1945. Some amateurs were using Kodachrome for family snapshots as early as 1940 with many utilizing 35 mm roll film adaptors with common 4″×5″ "press cameras." At this time, color print film had many shortcomings including high cost of film and processing and short print life. Amateurs who could afford slide film and projection equipment used it extensively until about 1970, when color print film began to displace it. Kodachrome (also known as Tripack) is a brand of color transparency (slide) film sold by Kodak. ... Reportage can be a single journalists report of news (especially when witnessed first-hand), distributed through the media. ...


Through to about 1995, color transparencies were the only photographic medium used for serious publishing, and were widely used in commercial and advertising photography, reportage, sports, stock, and nature photography. Digital media have since gradually replaced transparencies in many of these applications. The use of slides for artists submitting to juried shows or applying for solo exhibitions, applying to art schools or for residencies (or the like), however, is still nearly universal for a number of reasons, among which is the actual or perceived lack of color fidelity in digital media. Commercialism redirects here. ... A digital system is one that uses discrete values (often electrical voltages), especially those representable as binary numbers, or non-numeric symbols such as letters or icons, for input, processing, transmission, storage, or display, rather than a continuous spectrum of values (ie, as in an analog system). ... Art school is a colloquial term for any educational institution (whether secondary, post-secondary/undergraduate, or graduate/postgraduate) with a primary focus on the visual arts, especially graphic design, illustration, painting, photography, and sculpture. ... For the financial services company, see Fidelity Investments. ... Bold textDigital media (as opposed to analog media) usually refers to electronic media that work on digital codes. ...


Characteristics

Slides are still generally preferred by professionals and many amateurs when working with traditional film. Slides are often sharper and have better color reproduction. Generally, slides have a longer life span than color prints. Kodachrome is well known for its archival qualities, with its color not fading for many years. Theoretically, they should last about 200 years; compared to 30 to 50 years for Ektachrome & Fujichrome process E6 color reversal film, 50-70 years for negative color process C41b film (e.g. Kodacolor or Agfacolor), and 20-30 years for Process RA4 color prints. The Kodachrome process K14 uses toxic and difficult-to-control chemicals; and remains in commercial use at only a single location worldwide: Dwayne's Photo, in Parsons, Kansas; with the Kodak lab in Lausanne Swizerland and Horiuchi Lab in Tokyo shutting down their K-Lab processors. Because of this situation regarding K14 processing, Ektachrome and Fujichrome slide films are the only remaining color reversal films that can be readily processed in many cities and larger professional photo studios. Kodachrome (also known as Tripack) is a brand of color transparency (slide) film sold by Kodak. ... An archive refers to a collection of records, and also refers to the location in which these records are kept. ... Ektachrome photographic films, produced by Kodak are available in most formats including 35mm. ... Fujifilm Holdings Corporation, or Fujifilm, is a Japanese company known for its photographic film and cameras. ... The E-6 process (sometimes abbreviated to just E-6) is a process for developing color reversal (transparency) photographic film. ... C-41 is the name given to the process for developing a specific type of color print film used in photography and often to the type of film itself. ... In still photography, Kodaks Kodacolor brand has been associated with various color negative films (i. ... RA-4 is a color print process used to develop color photographic paper. ... Kodachrome (also known as Tripack) is a brand of color transparency (slide) film sold by Kodak. ... Ektachrome photographic films, produced by Kodak are available in most formats including 35mm. ... Fujifilm Holdings Corporation, or Fujifilm, is a Japanese company known for its photographic film and cameras. ...


Direct positive slide film is less forgiving of exposure errors than the negative - print - and development process chain. With negatives, the overall value may be sensed after processing and the exposure of the positive image controlled to compensate. The simplest point and shoot and disposable cameras do not even control exposure, a demonstration of the wide exposure latitude of the processes. It is also more cumbersome to display if only a few images are to be shown, although small battery powered direct viewers are available and suitable for use by one or two viewers. A photograph with an exposure time of 25 seconds A photograph of a night-time sky with an exposure time of 8 seconds. ... A point and shoot camera with a zoom lens and built in flash A point and shoot camera, also called a compact camera, is a still camera designed primarily for simple operation. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...


A slide is a special type of transparency intended to be projected onto a screen using a slide projector. This allows the photograph to be viewed by a room-full of people at the same time. Slides were at one time an important medium for presentations, but LCD projectors, though inferior in resolution and color reproduction, have largely replaced traditional slide projectors for this purpose. [carousel slide projector, the most common form of projector] A slide projector is an opto-mechanical device to view photographic slides. ... An LCD projector is a device utilized for displaying video images or data. ...


The most common form of modern slide is the 35mm slide, essentially a positive-image printing onto the standard 35 mm film used in the movie industry, then placed inside a cardboard or plastic shell. Older projectors used a sliding mechanism to manually pull the transparency out of the side of the machine, where it could be replaced by the next image, and it is from this that we get the name "slide". Modern projectors typically use a carousel that holds a large number of slides, and viewed by a mechanism that automatically pulls a single slide out of the carousel and places it in front of the lamp. 35 mm film frames. ... Film is a term that encompasses individual motion pictures, the field of film as an art form, and the motion picture industry. ...


Transparency film, in sizes ranging from 35mm roll film up to 8x10" sheet film, are produced by Kodak, Fujifilm. Agfa, Konica, and 3M Scotch all discontinued all their film production. Essentially all reversal film sold today is developed with the E-6 process or the K-14 process, with the overwhelming majority using the E-6 process. Eastman Kodak Company (NYSE: EK) is a large multinational public company producing photographic equipment. ... Fujifilm TYO: 4901 , NASDAQ: FUJIY is a Japanese company known for its photographic film and cameras. ... Agfa was a company which produced a range of photographic products including films, photographic papers and cameras. ... Konica ) was a Japanese manufacturer of, among other products, film, film cameras, camera accessories, photographic and photo-processing equipment, photocopiers, fax machines and laser printers. ... The E-6 process (sometimes abbreviated to just E-6) is a process for developing color reversal (transparency) photographic film. ... K-14 is the name of the developing process for Kodaks Kodachrome transparency film. ...


Polaroid produced an instant slide film called Polachrome. It was packaged in cassettes like normal 35mm film. A separate processing unit was used to develop it after exposure. Polaroid Corporation was founded in 1937 by Edwin H. Land. ... Instant film is a photographic film that is designed to be used in an instant camera. ... Polavision was an instant movie camera system launched by Polaroid in the late 1970s. ... 135 Film Size, Kodak Tri-X 400 speed 135 (ISO 1007) is a film format for still photography. ...

Black and white

Black and white transparencies can be made directly with many types of black-and-white film using reversal-processing. It was once popular for presentation of lecture materials using 4" by 5" glass mount slides. Such positive black and white projection is now rarely done, except in motion pictures. Even where black and white positives are currently used, the process to create them typically uses an internegative with standard processing instead of a chemical reversal process. In the cinema black and white is used largely to reproduce a film noir appearance. Black-and-white or black and white) can refer to a general term used in photography, film, and other media (see black-and-white). ... In film developing, photographic developer (or just developer) is a chemical that makes the latent image on the film or print visible. ... An inch (plural: inches; symbol or abbreviation: in or, sometimes, ″ - a double prime) is the name of a unit of length in a number of different systems, including English units, Imperial units, and United States customary units. ... This still from The Big Combo (1955) demonstrates the visual style of film noir at its most extreme. ...


Black and white reversal films - which capture images in gray scales instead of colour as in color reversal films - are less common than color reversal films. Agfa discontinued manufacturing their Agfa SCALA 200x Professional black and white reversal film (along with their other B&W and color photo films), which can be developed either with their proprietary Scala processing procedure by Main Photo & Imaging Service of California, which processes much of the worldwide market for exposed Scala. The dr5 lab in Denver Colorado also reversal processes Scala, along with many other conventional B&W negative films using their proprietary dr5 process developed by David Wood, but with different, and many say more pleasing, results.


Black and white reversal films are more commonly used in production of motion pictures, i.e. footage of video shot in black and white. The Kodak TRI-X Reversal Film 7266 is a black and white reversal film for movie making.


Kodak also currently produces a kit for reversal processing of TMAX film.


External Links

See also


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* Reversal film - (Photography): Definition (293 words)
COLOR REVERSAL FILM PROCESSING Color transparency film forms dyes according to a reversed silver positive; for example, a yellow dye image forms in the top emulsion that corresponds to an absence of blue in the original scene.
Reversal Film: A type of film that produces positive images by being reversed from negative images during processing.
Reversal film mounted with plastic or cardboard for projection is often called a slide.
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