During the The period of the French Revolution in the history of France covers the years between 1789 and 1799, in which democrats and republicans overthrew the absolute monarchy and the Roman Catholic Church was forced to undergo radical restructuring. While France would oscillate among republic, empire, and monarchy for 75 years... French Revolution, the 1793 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). Events January 2 - Russia and Prussia partition Poland January 9 - Jean-Pierre Blanchard becomes the first to fly in a balloon in the United States. January 21 - After being found guilty of treason by the French Convention, Citizen... 1793- 1796 was a leap year starting on Friday. (see link for calendar) Events February 1 - The capital of Upper Canada is moved from Newark to York March 9 - Widow Joséphine de Beauharnais marries General Napoléon Bonaparte. March 30 - Carl Gauss obtained conditions for the constructibility by... 1796 uprising in the Vendée is a département in west central France, on the Atlantics Bay of Biscay. The name Vendée is taken from the Vendée river which runs through the south-eastern part of the département. Administration History The area today called... Vendée, variously known as the Uprising, Insurrection, Revolt, or Wars in the Vendée, was the largest internal A counterrevolutionary is anyone who opposes a revolution, particularly those who act after a revolution to try to overturn or reverse it, in full or in part. Monarchists and supporters of the ancien regime following the French Revolution were counterrevolutionaries, and so were the monarchies that put down the various... counter-revolution to the new The French people proclaimed Frances First Republic on 21 September 1792 as a result of the French Revolution and of the abolition of the French monarchy. This marked the first occasion in many centuries where a major European state moved from monarchical to republican mode, and presaged a new... Republic.

The class differences were as great in the Vendée as in the capital and other French provinces, but the class conflicts that drove the revolution were lessened in this particularly rural and isolated part of France by the strong adherence of the populace to The Roman Catholic Church, most often spoken of simply as the Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with over one billion members. Members generally prefer the term Catholic Church, but this term has multiple meanings (see Catholicism); the term Roman Catholic Church is used in this article to avoid... Roman Catholicism. There were outbreaks of anti-Republic violence in 1791 and 1792, as the peasants perceived that their position had worsened, not improved since the fall of the Ancien Régime means Old Rule or Old Order in French; in English, the term refers primarily to the social and political system established in France under the Valois and Bourbon dynasties. More generally it means any regime which shares the formers defining features: a feudal system under... ancien régime. It was not until the social unrest combined with the external pressures from the The law of the Civil Constitution of the Clergy (Fr. Constitution Civile du Clerge), passed July 12, 1790 during the French Revolution, subordinated the France to the French government. It is often erroneously stated that this law confiscated the Churchs French land holdings or banned monastic vows: that had... Civil Constitution of the Clergy (1790) and then the Conscription is a general term for involuntary labor demanded by some established authority, e.g, Old Testament commentaries use the term to describe the levies of labor used to build the Temple, but it is most often used in the specific sense of government policies that require citizens to serve... Conscription (or "Levy") Decree (1793) that the region erupted.

The Civil Constitution required all clerics to swear allegiance to it and by extension to the increasingly anti-clerical The National Constituent Assembly (French: Assemblée nationale constituante) was formed from the National Assembly on July 9, 1789, during the first stages of the French Revolution. It dissolved September 30, 1791, succeeded by the Legislative Assembly. Background The Estates-General of 1789, which convened on May 5, had reached... National Constituent Assembly. The Vendean clergy almost universally refused to swear the oath and were replaced by clergy appointed and approved by the Revolutionary authorities, known as jurors, who were almost universally disliked - condemned as intruders. Nonjuring priests declared the new civic ceremonies as false and worthless; in response gangs of Republicans came from the cities into the countryside, closing and vandalizing the churches of nonjuring priests. When mass conscription was added ( March 7 is the 66th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (67th in Leap years). There are 299 days remaining. Events up to 19th century 1798 - The French army enters in Rome: the birth of the Roman Republic 1799 - Napoleon I of France captures Jaffa in Palestine and... March 7, 1793) to the already perceived injustices of the Republic, the people struck back. There were other levy riots across France, but in the Vendée there were few troops to control them, whereas the superficially more serious riots in This is about the region in France; for other meanings of Brittany and Bretagne, see Brittany (disambiguation). Brittany (French Bretagne, Breton Breizh, Gallo Bertaèyn) is a peninsula in north-west France, bordering the English Channel on the north and the Bay of Biscay on the south. It is also... Brittany were quickly broken.

Following the announcement there were spontaneous and uncoordinated riots on March 10 is the 69th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (70th in Leap years). There are 296 days remaining. Events up to 19th century 241 BC - First Punic War: Battle of the Aegates Islands - The Romans sinks the Carthaginian fleet; end of First Punic War. 1496 - Christopher... March 10- March 13 is the 72nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (73rd in leap years). There are 293 days remaining. Events 483 - St. Felix becomes Pope. 874 - The bones of Saint Nicephorus are interred in the Church of the Apostles, Constantinople. 1138 - Cardinal Gregory is elected anti-pope... 13 in many towns and villages. The representatives of the Republic — mayors, judges, During the early years of the French Revolution, the National Guard (fr: Garde Nationale) was a military force separate from the regular army. Initially under the command of the Marquis de la Fayette, then briefly that of the Marquis de Mandat, it was strongly identified with the middle class and... National Guardsmen, educationalists, priests and others — were singled out for attack and murder. In the bloodiest outburst, in Machecoul on March 11 is the 70th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (71st in Leap year). There are 295 days remaining. Events up to 19th century 1513 - Leo X is elected pope. 1649 - The Frondeurs (rebels) and the French government sign the Peace of Rueil. 1702 - The first regular... March 11 forty men were beatened and stabbed to death on the streets, before another four hundred or so were gathered up and arrested. The men were taken out in 'rosaries' (tied in a line with rope around the chest), made to dig ditches and shot - their bodies then tumbled into the grave they had dug.

The crowds then joined, moving from the smaller to the larger settlements, armed with captured weapons and led by gamekeepers and wheelwrights. Cholet and Chemillé in the north and Fontenay-le-comte in the south, quickly fell to the rebels, their numbers overwhelming the inadequate Republican garrisons. Local The Lords and Barons prove their Nobility by hanging their Banners and exposing their Coats-of-arms at the Windows of the Lodge of the Heralds.—After a Miniature of the Tournaments of King Réné ( Fifteenth Century) MSS. of the National Library of Paris. The nobility... nobles were approached, and while many declined, some (d'Elbée, Sapinaud de la Verrie, Charette) became the leaders of their local force, creating a small loyal force for each locality. The clergy were also fairly reticent, but certain prominent members played an important role in rallying the people.

Within a few weeks the rebel forces had formed a substantial, if ill-equipped, army, the Royal and Catholic Army, supported by two thousand Irregular soldiers in Beauharnois, Quebec, 19th century Irregular military refers to any non-standard military. Being defined by exclusion, there is a lot variance in what comes under the term. It can refer to the type of military organization, or to the type of tactics used. An irregular military organization... irregular An army unit consisting of mounted soldiers are commonly known as cavalry. Cavalry fight from the backs of their mounts, which most often are horses or camels. Infantry travelling by horse and fighting on foot are instead known as dragoons. Modern cavalry units are generally not mounted on horseback (save... cavalry and a few captured Historically, artillery refers to any engine used for the discharge of projectiles during war. The term also describes ground-based troops with the primary function of manning such weapons. Continental Artillery crew from the American Revolution Modern Artillery Modern artillery is distinguished by its large calibre, firing an explosive shell... artillery pieces. The main force of the rebels operated on a much smaller scale, using Guerrilla (also called a partisan) is a term borrowed from Spanish (from guerra meaning war) used to describe small combat groups. Guerrilla warfare operates with small, mobile and flexible combat groups called cells, without a front line. Guerrilla warfare is one of the oldest forms of asymmetric warfare. Primary contributors... guerilla tactics, supported by the insurgents' unparalleled local knowledge and the good-will of the people.

The Republic was quick to respond, dispatching over 45,000 troops to the area by the end of March. Unfortunately for the government, less than one bleu in twenty was adequately trained, the majority were raw young recruits - badly equipped, badly trained, badly fed, scared and with miserably low morale. Worse this force was scattered in "penny packets" of fifty to a hundred men throughout the region, allowing the brutality of the 'invading' bleus to anger many people, limiting control to a few urban centres, and providing many weak garrisons as targets.

The first pitched battle was on the night of March 19 is the 78th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (79th in leap years). There are 287 days remaining. Events up to 19th century 1279 - Mongolian victory in the Battle of Yamen ends the Song Dynasty in China. 1687 - The men under explorer Robert Cavelier de La... March 19. A Republican column of 2,000, under General de Marce, moving from The entrance to the old La Rochelle harbour, with the two 14th century towers. Location within France La Rochelle is a city or commune of western France, and a seaport on the Atlantic Ocean (population 76,584 in 1999). It is the préfecture (capital) of the Charente-Maritime... La Rochelle to For a place in Brazil, see Nantes, Brazil City motto: Favet Neptunus eunti. ( Latin: Shall Neptune favour the traveller) City proper ( commune) Région Pays-de-la-Loire Département Loire-Atlantique (44) Mayor Jean-Marc Ayrault ( PS) (since 1989) Area 65.19 km² Population 2004 estimate... Nantes was intercepted north of Chantonnay near the Lay. After six hours of fighting rebel reinforcements arrived and routed the Republican forces. The rebels advanced as far south as Niort is a commune of western France, préfecture (capital) of the Deux-Sèvres département. The Latin name of the city was Novio Rito. Niort is maybe best known as the centre of angelica cultivation in France. Niort was the birthplace of: Françoise dAubigné, marquise de... Niort. In the north, on March 22, another Republican force was routed near Chalonnes, leaving their equipment for the grateful Vendéans.

The Vendée Militaire covered the area between the The Loire is wide; here in Orléans, half of it is shown, up to a dividing half-flooded island. The Loire River, the longest river in France with a length of just over 1000 km, drains an area of 117,000 km², more than a fifth of... Loire and the Lay - covering the Vendée (Marais, Bocage Vendéen, Collines Vendéenes), part of Maine-et-Loire is a département in west-central France. History Mayenne-et-Loire was one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. The name was changed to Maine-et-Loire in 1791. It was created from part of the former... Maine-et-Loire west of the Layon, and the portion of Deux-Sèvres is a French département. Name Deux-Sèvres literally means two Sèvres: the Sèvre Nantaise and the Sèvre Niortaise are two rivers which have their sources in the département. External links Préfectures... Deux Sèvres west of the Thouet. Having secured their pays the deficiences of the Vendéan army became more apparent. Lacking a unified strategy (or army) and fighting a defensive campaign, the army lost cohesion and its special advantages from April onwards. Although successes continued - Thouars was taken in early May and Saumur is a small city and commune in the Maine-et-Loire département of France on the Loire River, with an approximate population of 30,000 (in 2001). Sights The region is noted for its beautiful centuries-old homes and churches, fine wines, and mushroom caves. At the Mus... Saumur in June, there were victories at Châtillon and Vihiers. But the Vendéans then turned to a protracted and wasteful siege of For a place in Brazil, see Nantes, Brazil City motto: Favet Neptunus eunti. ( Latin: Shall Neptune favour the traveller) City proper ( commune) Région Pays-de-la-Loire Département Loire-Atlantique (44) Mayor Jean-Marc Ayrault ( PS) (since 1989) Area 65.19 km² Population 2004 estimate... Nantes.

On August 1st is the 213th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (214th in leap years), with 152 days remaining. Events 500-1899 527 - Justinian I becomes Byzantine Emperor. 1291 - The Swiss Confederation is formed. 1492 - Ferdinand and Isabella drive the Jews out of Spain. 1461 - Edward IV crowned... August 1 the The Committee of Public Safety (French: le Haut Comit de la sant publique), set up by the National Convention on April 6, 1793, formed the de facto executive government of France during the Reign of Terror (1793 - 1794) of the French Revolution. Under war conditions and with national survival seemingly... Committee of Public Safety ordered General Jean-Baptiste Carrier (1756 - November 16, 1794) was a French Revolutionary. He was born at Yolet, a village near Aurillac in Upper Auvergne. In 1790 he was a country attorney (counsellor for the bailliage of Aurillac) and in 1792 became deputy to the National Convention. He was already known as... Jean-Baptiste Carrier to perform a ruthless pacification. The Republican army was reinforced, benefiting from the first men of the levée en masse and reinforcements from Map of Germany showing Mainz Mainz (French Mayence) is a city in Germany, which is the capital of the German federal state of Rhineland-Palatinate. Introduction Mainz is located on the left bank of the river Rhine, opposite the confluence of the Main river with the Rhine. Population (2002): 183... Mainz. The Vendéan army had its first serious defeat at Cholet on October 17 is the 290th (in leap years the 291st) day of the year according to the Gregorian calendar. There are 75 days remaining. Events 1200-1899 1244 - Battle of La Forbie: Crusaders were defeated by Khwarezmians & Egyptians 1346 - Battle of Nevilles Cross: King David II of Scotland... October 17, worse the rebel army was split. In October 1793 the main force, commanded by Henri de la Rochejaquelein and numbering some 25,000 (followed by thousands of civilians of all ages), crossed the Loire, headed for the port of Granville where they expected to be greeted by a British fleet and an army of exiled French nobles. Arriving at Granville, they found the city surrounded by Republican forces, with no British ships in sight. Their attempts to take the city were unsuccessful. During the retreat the extended columns fell prey to Republican forces, suffering from hunger and disease they died in their thousands, the force was finally shattered in the last, decisive battle at Savenay on December 23 is the 357th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (358th in leap years). There are 8 days remaining. Events 619 - Boniface V becomes Pope 1493 - The Latin edition of the Nuremberg Chronicle is published 1620 - Construction of Plymouth Colony begins 1823 - A Visit From St. Nicholas... December 23.

The government in The Eiffel Tower has become the symbol of Paris throughout the world. Paris is the capital city of France, as well as the capital of the Île-de-France région, whose territory encompasses Paris and its suburbs. The city of Paris proper is also a dé... Paris saw ineptitude, In law, treason is the crime of disloyalty to ones nation. A person who reneges on an oath of loyalty or a pledge of allegiance, and in some way willfully cooperates with an enemy, is considered to be a traitor. Orans Dictionary of the Law (1983) defines treason... treason and conspiracy in their defeats and enacted stern measures. The Reign of Terror (June 1793 - July 1794) was a period in the French Revolution characterized by brutal repression. The Terror (see also state terrorism) originated with a highly centralized political regime that suspended most of the democratic achievements of the Revolution, and intended to pursue the Revolution on social... The Terror, seen elsewhere in France, was extraordinarily brutal in the Vendée. Following the law of 14 Frimaire, in December alone over 6,000 prisoners were executed, a number in what was called the "national bath" - tied in groups in barges and then sunk into the Loire.

From February 1794 the Republican forces launched their final pacification (the Vendée-Vengé or "Vendée Avenged") - twelve columns, the colonnes infernales ("infernal columns") under Turreau, were marched through the Vendée, indiscriminately targeting not only the remaining rebels and the people who had given them support, but the innocent as well. Beyond this massacre there were formal orders for forced evacuation and 'scorched earth' - farms were destroyed, crops and forests burned, villages razed. There were many reported atrocities. When the campaign dragged to an end in March 1796 the estimated dead numbered between 40,000 and 250,000, out of a population of around 800,000.

The actions of the Republic have been condemned by some as Genocide has been defined as the deliberate killing of people based on their ethnicity, nationality, race, religion, or (sometimes) politics, as well as other deliberate actions leading to the physical elimination of any of the above categories. There is disagreement over whether the term genocide ought to be used for... genocide, while others argue that this is not a correct application of the term.

References

• Secher, Reynald A French Genocide: The Vendee Univ. of Notre Dame Press; (June 2003) ISBN 0268028656
• Fournier, Elie Turreau et les colonnes infernales, ou, L'échec de la violence A. Michel; (1985) ASIN: 2226025243
• Davies, Norman Europe: A History Oxford University Press; (1996)