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The storming of the Bastille, 14 July 1789 during the French Revolution.

A revolution (from Late Latin revolutio which means "a turn around") is a significant change that usually occurs in a relatively short period of time. Variously defined revolutions have been happening throughout human history. They vary in terms of numbers of their participants (revolutionaries), means employed by them, duration, motivating ideology and many other aspects. They may result in a socio-political change in the socio-political institutions, or a major change in a culture or economy. Image File history File links Padlock. ... The word revolution can refer to: Revolution, a sudden drastic change. ... Image File history File links Prise_de_la_Bastille. ... Image File history File links Prise_de_la_Bastille. ... Combatants French government Parisian militia (predecessor of Frances National Guard) Commanders Bernard-René de Launay† Prince de Lambesc Camille Desmoulins Strength 114 soldiers, 30 artillery pieces 600 - 1,000 insurgents Casualties 1 (6 or possibly 8 killed after surrender) 98 The Storming of the Bastille on July 14, 1789... July 14 is the 195th day (196th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 170 days remaining. ... 1789 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... The French Revolution (1789–1799) was a period of political and social upheaval in the political history of France and Europe as a whole, during which the French governmental structure, previously an absolute monarchy with feudal privileges for the aristocracy and Catholic clergy, underwent radical change to forms based on... Vulgar Latin, as in this political graffiti at Pompeii, was the way that ordinary people of the Roman Empire spoke, which was different from the Classical Latin used by the Roman elite. ... Look up Change in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... History is often used as a generic term for information about the past, such as in geologic history of the Earth. When used as the name of a field of study, history refers to the study and interpretation of the record of human societies. ... Revolutionary, when used as a noun, is a person who either advocates or actively engages in some kind of revolution. ... An ideology is an organized collection of ideas. ... It has been suggested that Social development be merged into this article or section. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... A social institution is any institution in a socity that works to socialize the groups or people in it. ... Political Institution is a web of relationships lasting over time, and an established structure of power. ... Culture (from the Latin cultura stemming from colere, meaning to cultivate), generally refers to patterns of human activity and the symbolic structures that give such activity significance. ...

Scholarly debates about what is and what is not a revolution center around several issues. Early study of revolutions primarily analyzed events in European history from psychological perspective^{[citation needed]}, soon however new theories were offered using explanations for more global events and using works from other social sciences such as sociology and political sciences. Several generations of scholarly thought have generated many competing theories on revolutions, gradually increasing our understanding of this complex phenomenon. This article discusses the history of the continent of Europe. ... Psychology (ancient Greek: psyche = soul and logos = word) is the study of mind, thought, and behaviour. ... The social sciences are groups of academic disciplines that study the human aspects of the world. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Political science is the field of the social sciences concerning the theory and practice of politics and the description and analysis of political systems and political behavior. ...

Etymology

The word derives from Late Latin revolutio- "a revolving," from Latin revolveree "turn, roll back". It entered English, from Old French révolution, in 1390, originally only applied to celestial bodies. Only circa 1450 was it being used to mean " [an] instance of great change in affairs". The new sense of the word came in connection with the publication of Copernicus' On the Revolution of the Celestial Spheres, which overthrew the official cosmology decreed by the Catholic Church. From that point on, the word "revolution" acquired its subversive political connotation. The presently dominant political meaning is first recorded 1600, again following French, and was especially applied to the expulsion of the Stuart king James II of England in 1688 and transfer of sovereignty in Britain to William III and Mary. Revolutionary as a noun is first attested 1850, from the adjective.^[1] Vulgar Latin, as in this political graffiti at Pompeii, was the way that ordinary people of the Roman Empire spoke, which was different from the Classical Latin used by the Roman elite. ... Latin is an ancient Indo-European language originally spoken in Latium, the region immediately surrounding Rome. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... Old French was the Romance dialect continuum spoken in territories corresponding roughly to the northern half of modern France and parts of Belgium and Switzerland from around 1000 to 1300 A.D. It was known at the time as the langue doïl to distinguish it from the langue... Events Births December 27 - Anne de Mortimer, claimant to the English throne (died 1411) Domenico da Piacenza, Italian dancemaster (died 1470) John Dunstable, English composer (died 1453) Engelbrekt Engelbrektsson, Swedish statesman and rebel leader (died 1436) Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester (died 1447) John VIII Palaeologus Byzantine Emperor (died 1448) Deaths... See also Lists of astronomical objects Category: ... // March - French troops under Guy de Richemont besiege the English commander in France, Edmund Beaufort, Duke of Somerset, in Caen. ... Nicolaus Copernicus (in Latin; Polish Mikołaj Kopernik, German Nikolaus Kopernikus - February 19, 1473 – May 24, 1543) was a Polish astronomer, mathematician and economist who developed a heliocentric (Sun-centered) theory of the solar system in a form detailed enough to make it scientifically useful. ... 1600 was a leap year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Tuesday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ... The Coat of Arms of King James I, the first British monarch of the House of Stuart The House of Stuart or Stewart was a royal house of the Kingdom of Scotland, later of the Kingdom of England, and finally of the Kingdom of Great Britain. ... James II of England/VII of Scotland (14 October 1633 – 16 September 1701) became King of Scots, King of England, and King of Ireland on 6 February 1685, and Duke of Normandy on 31 December 1660. ... // Events A high-powered conspiracy of notables, the Immortal Seven, invite William and Mary to depose James II of England. ... William III of England (The Hague, 14 November 1650 – Hampton Court, 8 March 1702; also known as William II of Scotland and William III of Orange) was a Dutch aristocrat and a Protestant Prince of Orange from his birth, Stadtholder of the main provinces of the Dutch Republic from 28... Mary II (30 April 1662–28 December 1694) reigned as Queen of England and Ireland from 13 February 1689, and as Queen of Scots (as Mary II of Scotland) from 11 April 1689 until her death. ... In English, a noun or noun substantive is a lexical category which can co-occur with (in)definite articles and attributive adjectives, and function as the head of a noun phrase. ... Year 1850 (MDCCCL) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... In grammar, an adjective is a part of speech that modifies a noun or a pronoun, usually by describing it or making its meaning more specific. ...

Political and socioeconomic revolutions

George Washington was a leader in the American Revolution

Perhaps most often, the word 'revolution' is employed to denote a socio-political change in the socio-political institutions.^[2][3][4] Jeff Goodwin gives two definitions of a revolution. A broad one, where revolution is "any and all instances in which a state or a political regime is overthrown and thereby transformed by a popular movement in an irregular, extraconstitutional and/or violent fashion"; and a narrow one, in which "revolutions entail not only mass mobilization and regime change, but also more or less rapid and fundamental social, economic and/or cultural change, during or soon after the struggle for state power."^[5] Jack Goldstone defines them as "an effort to transform the political institutions and the justifications for political authority in society, accompanied by formal or informal mass mobilization and noninstitutionalized actions that undermine authorities."^[6] Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (972x1184, 124 KB) Česky | Deutsch | English | Ελληνικά | Español | فارسی | Français | עברית | Indonesian | Italiano | 日本語 | 한국어 | Magyar | Nederlands | Polski | Português | Românǎ | Русский | Slovenščina | Српски | Sunda | 简体中文 | 正體中文 | Türkçe | Русский | Українська +/- File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (972x1184, 124 KB) Česky | Deutsch | English | Ελληνικά | Español | فارسی | Français | עברית | Indonesian | Italiano | 日本語 | 한국어 | Magyar | Nederlands | Polski | Português | Românǎ | Русский | Slovenščina | Српски | Sunda | 简体中文 | 正體中文 | Türkçe | Русский | Українська +/- File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other... George Washington (February 22, 1732 – December 14, 1799)[1] led Americas Continental Army to victory over Britain in the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783), and was later elected the first president of the United States under the U.S. Constitution. ... John Trumbulls Declaration of Independence, showing the five-man committee in charge of drafting the Declaration in 1776 as it presents its work to the Second Continental Congress The American Revolution refers to the period during the last half of the 18th century in which the Thirteen Colonies that... It has been suggested that Social development be merged into this article or section. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... A social institution is any institution in a socity that works to socialize the groups or people in it. ... Political Institution is a web of relationships lasting over time, and an established structure of power. ... Jeff Goodwin is a professor of sociology at New York University. ... American Civil Rights Movement is one of the most famous social movements of the 20th century. ... Mass mobilization (also known as social mobilization or popular mobilization) refers to mobilization of civilian population as part of the contentious politics. ... A state is a set of institutions that possess the authority to make the rules that govern the people in one or more societies, having internal and external sovereignty over a definite territory. ... Much of the recent sociological debate on power revolves around the issue of constraining and/or enabling nature of power. ... Jack A. Goldstone is an American sociologist and political scientist, specializing in studies of social movements, revolutions, and international politics. ...

Political and socioeconomic revolutions have been studied in many social sciences, particularly sociology, political sciences and history. Among the leading scholars in that area have been or are Crane Brinton, Charles Brockett, Farideh Farhi, John Foran, John Mason Hart, Samuel Huntington, Jack Goldstone, Jeff Goodwin, Ted Roberts Gurr, Fred Halliday, Chalmers Johnson, Tim McDaniel, Barrington Moore, Jeffery Paige, Vilfredo Pareto, Terence Ranger, Eugen Rosenstock-Huessy, Theda Skocpol, James Scott, Eric Selbin, Charles Tilly, Ellen Kay Trimbringer, Carlos Vistas, John Walton, Timothy Wickham-Crowley and Eric Wolf, to name just a few.^[7] This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Political science is the field of the social sciences concerning the theory and practice of politics and the description and analysis of political systems and political behavior. ... History studies the past in human terms. ... (Clarence) Crane Brinton (Winsted, Connecticut 1898 –Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1968), American historian of France and the history of ideas|. His most famous work, The Anatomy of Revolution, compared the dynamics of revolutionary movements to the progress of fever. ... John Winston Foran (born March 13, 1952 in Newcastle, New Brunswick, Canada) is a New Brunswick politician and retired police officer. ... Samuel Phillips Huntington (born April 18, 1927) is a political scientist known for his analysis of the relationship between the military and the civil government, his investigation of coup detats, and his thesis that the central political actors of the 21st century will be civilizations rather than nation-states. ... Jack A. Goldstone is an American sociologist and political scientist, specializing in studies of social movements, revolutions, and international politics. ... Jeff Goodwin is a professor of sociology at New York University. ... Fred Halliday, academic and author, is a British academic specialist on the Middle East and international relations, with particular reference to Iran. ... Chalmers Ashby Johnson is a professor emeritus of the University of California, San Diego. ... Barrington Moore Jr. ... Please wikify (format) this article as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ... Terence Osborn Ranger is a prominent African historian, focusing much of his work on the colonial History of Zimbabwe. ... Eugen Rosenstock-Huessy (1888-1973) was a social philosopher, who taught at Dartmouth College from 1935 to 1957. ... Theda Skocpol (born May 4, 1947 in Detroit, Michigan) is a sociologist and political scientist at Harvard University, presently serving as Dean of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. ... James Scott is the name of several people. ... Charles Tilly (born 1929) is a well known sociologist who has written a large number of books on the relationship between politics, economics and society. ... People named John Walton include: John Walton (1738-1783), a Georgia delegate to the Continental Congress Sir John Walton, an Attorney General of England and Wales John C. Walton, former governor of Oklahoma John Thomas Walton (1946–2005), son of Walmart founder Sam Walton John Walton, BDO world professional darts... Eric Wolf (1923-1999) was an anthropologist best known for his studies of Latin America and his advocacy of Marxist perspectives within anthropology. ...

Vladimir Lenin was a leader in the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917.

Jack Goldstone differentiates four 'generations' of scholarly research dealing with revolutions.^[6] The scholars of the first generation such as Gustave Le Bon, Charles A. Ellwood or Pitirim Sorokin, were mainly descriptive in their approach, and their explanations of the phenomena of revolutions was usually related to social psychology, such as Le Bon's crowd psychology theory.^[2] Image File history File links Lenin. ... Image File history File links Lenin. ... Lenin redirects here. ... Red October redirects here. ... Jack A. Goldstone is an American sociologist and political scientist, specializing in studies of social movements, revolutions, and international politics. ... Gustave Le Bon (May 7, 1841 – December 13, 1931) was a French social psychologist, sociologist, and amateur physicist. ... Charles A. Ellwood (January 20, 1873 - September 25, 1946) was one of the leading American sociologists of the interwar period, studying intolerance, communication and revolutions, and employing tools from the sister social sciences of psychology and anthropology. ... Pitirim Alexandrovich Sorokin (1889-1968) immigrated from Russia to the United States in 1923 where he founded the Department of Sociology at Harvard University. ... The scope of social psychological research. ... Ordinary people typically can gain direct power by acting collectively. ...

Second generation theorists sought to develop detailed theories of why and when revolutions arise, grounded in more complex social behaviour theories. They can be divided into three major approaches: psychological, sociological and political. The works of Ted R. Gurr, Ivo K. Feierbrand, Rosalind L. Feierbrand, James A. Geschwender, David C. Schwartz and Denton E. Morrison fall into the first category. They followed theories of cognitive psychology and frustration-aggression theory and saw the cause of revolution in the state of mind of the masses, and while they varied in their approach as to what exactly caused the people to revolt (ex. modernization, recession or discrimination), they agreed that the primary cause for revolution was the widespread frustration with socio-political situation. The second group, composed of academics such as Chalmers Johnson, Neil Smelser, Bob Jessop, Mark Hart, Edward A. Tiryakian, Mark Hagopian, followed in the footsteps of Talcott Parsons and the structural-functionalist theory in sociology; they saw society as a system in equilibrium between various resources, demands and subsystems (political, cultural, etc.). As in the psychological school, they differed in their definitions of what causes disequilibrium, but agreed that it is a state of a severe disequilibrium that is responsible for revolutions. Finally, the third group, which included writers such as Charles Tilly, Samuel P. Huntington, Peter Ammann and Arthur L. Stinchcombe followed the path of political sciences and looked at pluralist theory and interest group conflict theory. Those theories see events as outcomes of a power struggle between competing interest groups. In such a model, revolution happen when two or more groups cannot come to terms within a normal decision making process traditional for a given political system, and simultaneously possess enough resources to employ force in pursuing their goals.^[2] The second generation theorists saw the development of the revolutions as a two-step process; first, some change results in the present situation being different from the past; second, the new situation creates an opportunity for a revolution to occur. In that situation, an event that in the past would not be sufficient to cause a revolution (ex. a war, a riot, a bad harvest), now is sufficient — however if authorities are aware of the danger, they can still prevent a revolution (through reform or repression). The word theory has a number of distinct meanings in different fields of knowledge, depending on their methodologies and the context of discussion. ... In sociology, social behaviour means a behaviour directed at other people, but one that is not designed to induce any responce. ... Cognitive Psychology is the school of psychology that examines internal mental processes such as problem solving, memory, and language. ... Modernization is closely linked to classical liberalism. ... A recession is traditionally defined in macroeconomics as a decline in a countrys real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) for two or more successive quarters of a year (equivalently, two consecutive quarters of negative real economic growth). ... Manifestations Slavery · Racial profiling · Lynching Hate speech · Hate crime · Hate groups Genocide · Holocaust · Pogrom Ethnocide · Ethnic cleansing · Race war Religious persecution · Gay bashing Movements Discriminatory Aryanism · Neo-Nazism · Supremacism Fundamentalism · Kahanism Anti-discriminatory Abolitionism · Civil rights · Gay rights Womens/Universal suffrage · Mens rights Childrens rights · Youth rights... Chalmers Ashby Johnson is a professor emeritus of the University of California, San Diego. ... Neil J. Smelser was a University of California Berkeley sociologist who studied collective behavior. ... Mark Hart (born July 2, 1953. ... Talcott Parsons (December 13, 1902–May 8, 1979) was for many years the best-known sociologist in the United States, and indeed one of the best-known in the world. ... Structural functionalism is a range of theoretical perspectives within anthropology and sociology that addresses the relationship of social activity to an overall social system. ... Charles Tilly (born 1929) is a well known sociologist who has written a large number of books on the relationship between politics, economics and society. ... This article does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Niccolò Machiavelli, ca 1500, became the key figure in realistic political theory, crucial to political science Political Science is the systematic study of the allocation and transfer of power in decision making. ... Pluralism is, in the general sense, the affirmation and acceptance of diversity. ... An interest group (also called an advocacy group, lobbying group, pressure group (UK), or special interest) is a group, however loosely or tightly organized, doing advocacy: those determined to encourage or prevent changes in public policy without trying to be elected. ... Decision making is the cognitive process of selecting a course of action from among multiple alternatives. ... A political system is a social system of politics and government. ... In physics, force is an influence that may cause a body to accelerate. ... Look up Change in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Look up war in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... It has been suggested that this article be split into multiple articles accessible from a disambiguation page. ... Crops have been harvested by hand throughout most of human history. ... Reform can refer to: Reform (think tank) Reform, Alabama Reform Judaism Reform movement Reform of an individual, from conditions stemming from crime, drugs, or physical maladies. ... A repressed memory, according to some theories of psychology, a memory (often traumatic) of an event or environment which is stored by the unconscious mind but outside the awareness of the conscious mind. ...

Revolutions differ in many aspects. Soldiers of the victorious People's Liberation Army entered Beijing in June 1949 after many years of armed struggle.

Many of such early studies of revolutions usually concentrated on the four classic "Great Revolutions", seen as famous and uncontroversial examples fitting virtually all definitions of revolutions: the Glorious Revolution (1688), the French Revolution (1789–1799), the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the Chinese Revolution (1927-1949).^[6] In time, scholars began to analyze hundreds of other events as revolutions (see list of revolutions and rebellions), and differences in definitions and approaches gave rise to new definitions and explanations. The theories of the second generation have been criticized for their limited geographical scope, difficulty in empirical verification, as well as that while they may explain some particular revolutions, they did not explain why revolutions did not occur in other societies in very similar situations. Image File history File links Communists_enter_Beijing_(1949). ... Image File history File links Communists_enter_Beijing_(1949). ... This does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...   (Chinese:  ; Pinyin: BÄ›ijÄ«ng; IPA: ), a metropolis in northern China, is the capital of the Peoples Republic of China (PRC). ... The Revolution of 1688, commonly known as the Glorious Revolution, was the overthrow of James II of England in 1688 by a union of Parliamentarians and the Dutch stadtholder William III of Orange-Nassau (William of Orange). ... The French Revolution (1789–1799) was a period of political and social upheaval in the political history of France and Europe as a whole, during which the French governmental structure, previously an absolute monarchy with feudal privileges for the aristocracy and Catholic clergy, underwent radical change to forms based on... The Russian Revolution of 1917 was a series of political and social upheavals in Russia, involving first the overthrow of the tsarist autocracy, and then the overthrow of the liberal and moderate-socialist Provisional Government, resulting in the establishment of Soviet power under the control of the Bolshevik party. ... Combatants Chinese Nationalists Chinese Communists Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Mao Zedong Strength 4,300,000 (July 1946) 3,650,000 (June 1948) 1,490,000 (June 1949) 1,200,000 (July 1946) 2,800,000 (June 1948) 4,000,000 (June 1949) The Chinese Civil War (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese... Scene from the failed Canadian rebellion against British rule in 1837. ... Empirical is an adjective often used in conjunction with science, both the natural and social sciences, which means an observation or experiment based upon experience that is capable of being verified or disproved. ...

The criticism of the second generation led to the raise of a third generation of theories, with writers such as Theda Skocpol, Barrington Moore, Jeffrey Paige and others expanded on the old Marxist class conflict approach, turning attention to rural agrarian-state conflicts, state conflicts with autonomous elites and the impact of interstate economic and military competition on domestic political change. Particularly Skocpol's States and Social Revolutions became one of the most widely recognized works of the third generation; Skocpol defined revolution as "rapid, basic transformations of society's state and class structures...accompanied and in part carried through by class-based revolts from below", attributing revolutions to a conjunction of multiple conflicts involving state, elites and the lower classes.^[6] Theda Skocpol (born May 4, 1947 in Detroit, Michigan) is a sociologist and political scientist at Harvard University, presently serving as Dean of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. ... Barrington Moore Jr. ... Marxism is the political practice and social theory based on the works of Karl Marx, a 19th century philosopher, economist, journalist, and revolutionary, along with Friedrich Engels. ... Class conflict is both the friction that accompanies social relationships between members or groups of different social classes and the underlying tensions or antagonisms which exist in society. ... Alternative meaning: Elite (computer game) In sociology as in general usage, the elite (the elect; sometimes the French form élite is used) refers to a relatively small dominant group within a larger society, which enjoys privileged status and, almost invariantly, exploits individuals of lower social status. ... Economics (deriving from the Greek words οίκω [okos], house, and νέμω [nemo], rules hence household management) is the social science that studies the allocation of scarce resources to satisfy unlimited wants. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... States and Social Revolutions is a 1979 book by political scientist and sociologist Theda Skocpol explaining the causes of revolutions. ...

Protestors take to the street in support of Ayatollah Khomeini.

From the late 1980s a new body of scholarly work begun questioning the dominance of the third generation's theories. The old theories were also dealt a significant blow by new revolutionary events that could not be easily explain by them. The Iranian and Nicaraguan Revolutions of 1979, the 1986 EDSA Revolution in the Philippines and the 1989 Autumn of Nations in Europe saw multi-class coalitions topple seemingly powerful regimes amidst popular demonstrations and mass strikes in nonviolent revolutions. Defining revolutions as mostly European violent state versus people and class struggles conflicts was no longer sufficient. The study of revolutions thus evolved in three directions. Firstly, some researchers were applying previous or updated structuralist theories of revolutions to events beyond the previously analyzed, mostly European conflicts. Secondly, scholars called for greater attention to conscious agency in the form of ideology and culture in shaping revolutionary mobilization and objectives. Third, analysts of both revolutions and social movements realized that those phenomena have much in common, and a new 'fourth generation' literature on contentious politics has developed that attempts to combine insights from the study of social movements and revolutions in hopes of understanding both phenomena.^[6] Iranians revolt during the 1979 Islamic Revolution Photo courtesy of Vanderbilt University File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Iranians revolt during the 1979 Islamic Revolution Photo courtesy of Vanderbilt University File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Ayatollah Khomeini founded the first modern Islamic republic Ayatollah Seyyed Ruhollah Khomeini (آیت‌الله روح‌الله خمینی in Persian) (May 17, 1900 – June 3, 1989) was an Iranian Shia cleric and the political... Sandinista! is also the name of a popular music album by The Clash. ... The EDSA Revolution, also referred to as the People Power Revolution and the Philippine Revolution of 1986, was a mostly nonviolent mass demonstration in the Philippines. ... The Autumn of Nations is the series of events in Central and Eastern Europe in the autumn of 1989, when various communist satellite states of the Soviet Union were overthrown in the space of a few months[1]. The name of this event refers to the Revolutions of 1848, known... A general strike is a strike action by an entire labour force in a city, region or country. ... A non-violent revolution is a revolution using mostly nonviolent protest against governments seen as entrenched and authoritarian to advocate democracy, liberalism, and national independence in their nation. ... Class struggle is class conflict looked at from a Marxist, libertarian socialist, or anarchist perspective. ... See also structural analysis and structural functionalism. ... Look up Agency in Wiktionary, the free dictionary In philosophy, law, and other fields, agency is the status of an agent. ... An ideology is an organized collection of ideas. ... Culture (from the Latin cultura stemming from colere, meaning to cultivate), generally refers to patterns of human activity and the symbolic structures that give such activity significance. ... This article describes military mobilization. ... American Civil Rights Movement is one of the most famous social movements of the 20th century. ... Contentious politics is the use of disruptive techniques to make a political point, or to change government policy. ...

While revolutions encompass events ranging from the relatively peaceful revolutions that overthrew communist regimes to the violent Islamic revolution in Afghanistan, they exclude coups d'états, civil wars, revolts and rebellions that make no effort to transform institutions or the justification for authority (such as Józef Piłsudski's May Coup of 1926 or the American Civil War), as well as peaceful transitions to democracy through institutional arrangements such as plebiscites and free elections, as in Spain after the death of Francisco Franco.^[6] The Eastern Bloc prior to the political upheavals of 1989. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... A coup détat (pronounced ), or simply coup, is the sudden overthrow of a government through unconstitutional means by a part of the state establishment — mostly replacing just the high-level figures. ... A civil war is a war in which parties within the same culture, society or nationality fight against each other for the control of political power. ... Look up rebellion in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Office Chief of State, Marshal of Poland Term of office from November 14, 1918 until December 9, 1922 Profession Statesman Political party none (see Sanacja for details), formerly PPS Spouse Maria PiÅ‚sudska Aleksandra PiÅ‚sudska Date of birth December 5, 1867 Place of birth Zułów, in todays... May Coup (Polish: Przewrót majowy or zamach majowy) was a coup detat successfully carried out in Poland by Józef PiÅ‚sudski between May 12 and May 14, 1926. ... This article is becoming very long. ... A referendum (plural: referendums or referenda) or plebiscite is a direct vote in which an entire electorate is asked to either accept or reject a particular proposal. ... Election of Michal Korybut Wisniowiecki as king of Poland at Wola, outside Warsaw ( 1669). ... Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo Teódulo Franco Bahamonde (4 December 1892–20 November or possibly 19 November[1] 1975), abbreviated Francisco Franco Bahamonde and commonly known as Caudillo or Generalísimo Francisco Franco (pron. ...

Types of political and socioeconomic revolutions

Some popular types of revolutions as discussed in social science literature include:

• Great revolutions - revolutions that transform economic and social structures as well as political institutions, such as the French Revolution of 1789 or Russian Revolution of 1917 and Islamic revolution of Iran^[8][9]
• Political revolutions - revolutions that change only state institutions
• Social revolutions - revolutions that involve autonomous lower-class revolts,
• Elite revolutions or revolutions from above - sweeping reforms carried out by elites who directly control mass mobilization
• Proletarian or communist revolutions - revolutions inspired by the ideas of Marxism that aims to replace capitalism with communism
• Failed or abortive revolutions - revolutions that fail to secure power after temporary victories or large-scale mobilization
• Non-violent revolutions (popularly known as color revolutions in the post-Cold War period) - relatively recent phenomena where revolutionary political change is combined with very low level of violence

For other uses, see Revolution (disambiguation). ... The French Revolution (1789–1799) was a period of political and social upheaval in the political history of France and Europe as a whole, during which the French governmental structure, previously an absolute monarchy with feudal privileges for the aristocracy and Catholic clergy, underwent radical change to forms based on... The Russian Revolution of 1917 was a series of political and social upheavals in Russia, involving first the overthrow of the tsarist autocracy, and then the overthrow of the liberal and moderate-socialist Provisional Government, resulting in the establishment of Soviet power under the control of the Bolshevik party. ... Protestors take to the street in support of Ayatollah Khomeini. ... In the Trotskyist movement, the term political revolution refers to an unpheaval in which the government is replaced, or the form of government altered, but in which property relations are predominantly left intact. ... The term social revolution may have different connotations depending on the speaker. ... A communist revolution is a social revolution inspired by the ideas of Marxism that aims to replace capitalism with communism, normally with socialism (public ownership over the means of production) as an intermediate stage. ... It has been suggested that Proletarian revolution be merged into this article or section. ... Capitalism generally refers to an economic system in which the means of production are mostly privately[1] owned and operated for profit, and in which distribution, production and pricing of goods and services are determined in a largely free market. ... Communism is an ideology that seeks to establish a classless, stateless social organization based on common ownership of the means of production. ... A non-violent revolution is a revolution using mostly nonviolent protest against governments seen as entrenched and authoritarian to advocate democracy, liberalism, and national independence in their nation. ... Colour revolutions or Flower revolutions are the names given collectively to a series of related movements that developed in post-communist societies in Central and Eastern Europe and are possibly spreading elsewhere including some places in the Middle East. ... For other uses, see Cold War (disambiguation). ...

Cultural, intellectual, philosophical and technological revolutions

A Watt steam engine in Madrid. The development of the steam engine propelled the Industrial Revolution in Britain and the world. The steam engine was created to pump water from coal mines, enabling them to be deepened beyond groundwater levels.

The term revolution has been used to denote great changes outside the political sphere. They are usually recognized as having transformed in society, culture, philosophy and technology much more than political systems. Some can be global, while others are limited to single countries. Such revolutions include, in alphabetical order: Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Watt Steam Engine - showing the improvement of the separate condenser, which was not found on the Newcomen steam engine. ... Motto: De Madrid al Cielo (From Madrid to Heaven) Location Coordinates: Country Spain Autonomous Community Comunidad Autónoma de Madrid Province Madrid Administrative Divisions 21 Neighborhoods 127 Founded 9th century Government  - Mayor Alberto Ruiz-Gallardón (PP) Area  - Land 607 km² (234. ... // The term steam engine may also refer to an entire railroad steam locomotive. ... A Watt steam engine. ... An electrically driven pump (electropump) for waterworks near the Hengsteysee, Germany. ... Wyoming coal mine Coal mining is the mining of coal. ... Groundwater is water located beneath the ground surface in soil pore spaces and in the fractures of geologic formations. ... A political system is a social system of politics and government. ...

• Agricultural Revolutions, which include:
  • Neolithic Revolution (perhaps 13000 years ago), which formed the basis for human civilization to develop. It is commonly referred to as the 'First Agricultural Revolution'.
  • Green Revolution (1945- ), the use of industrial fertilizers and new crops greatly increased the world's agricultural output. It is commonly referred to as the 'Second Agricultural Revolution'.
  • British Agricultural Revolution (18th century), which spurred urbanisation and consequently helped launch the Industrial Revolution.
  • Scottish Agricultural Revolution (18th st century), which led to the Lowland Clearances.
• Cultural Revolution - a struggle for power within the Communist Party of China, which grew to include large sections of Chinese society and eventually brought the People's Republic of China to the brink of civil war, and which lasted from 1966 to 1976
• Digital Revolution - the sweeping changes brought about by computing and communication technology from the later half of the 20th Century till today
• Industrial Revolution - the major shift of technological, socioeconomic and cultural conditions in the late 18th st and early 19th century that began in Britain and spread throughout the world
  • Second Industrial Revolution (1871–1914)
• Price revolution - a series of economic events from the second half of the 15th century to the first half of the 17th, the price revolution refers most specifically to the high rate of inflation that characterized the period across Western Europe
• Quiet Revolution - a period of rapid change in Quebec, Canada, in the 1960s
• Scientific revolution - a fundamental transformation in scientific ideas around the 16th century
• Sexual revolution - a change in sexual morality and sexual behavior throughout the Western world, from 1960s till today
• Upper Paleolithic Revolution - The emergence of "high culture", new technologies and regionally distinct cultures

In the Earths history there have been a number of agricultural revolutions. ... It has been suggested that First agricultural revolution be merged into this article or section. ... The term Green Revolution is used to describe the transformation of agriculture in many developing nations that led to significant increases in agricultural production between the 1940s and 1960s. ... The British Agricultural Revolution describes a period of agricultural development in Britain between the 16th century and the mid-19th century, which saw a massive increase in agricultural productivity and net output. ... A Watt steam engine. ... The Agricultural Revolution in Scotland began in the mid-eighteenth century with the improvements of the lowland farmland and the beginning of a transformation of Scottish agriculture from one of the most backward into what was to become the most modern and productive system in Europe. ... The Lowland Clearances (Scottish Gaelic: Fuadaich nan Galltachd) in Scotland were one of the results of the British Agricultural Revolution, which changed the traditional system of agriculture which had existed in Lowland Scotland for hundreds of years. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... The Communist Party of China (CPC) (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: ), also known as the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), is the ruling political party of the Peoples Republic of China, a position guaranteed by the countrys constitution. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Memory (Random Access Memory) Look up computing in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The know-how that goes into a given medium. ... A Watt steam engine. ... The Second Industrial Revolution (1871–1914) is a phrase used by some historians to describe an assumed second phase of the Industrial Revolution. ... Used generally to describe a series of economic events from the second half of the 15th century to the first half of the 17th, the price revolution refers most specifically to the high rate of inflation that characterized the period across Western Europe, with prices on average rising perhaps sixfold... A common understanding of Western Europe in modern times. ... The Quiet Revolution (Révolution tranquille) was the 1960s period of rapid change in Quebec, Canada. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... // The event which most historians of science call the scientific revolution can be dated roughly as having begun in 1543, the year in which Nicolaus Copernicus published his De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres) and Andreas Vesalius published his De humani corporis fabrica (On the... The sexual revolution refers to a change in sexual morality and sexual behavior throughout the Western world. ... The Upper Paleolithic (or Upper Palaeolithic) is the third and last subdivision of the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age as it is understood in Europe, Africa and Asia. ...

See also

Look up Revolution in
Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• List of revolutions and rebellions
• List of revolutionaries
• Counterrevolution
• List of fictional revolutions and coups
• Revolutionary wave
• Catastrophe theory, the study of the behaviour of dynamical systems that undergo sudden changes; often applied to revolutions in the sense of this article

Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... It has been suggested that French Wiktionary be merged into this article or section. ... Scene from the failed Canadian rebellion against British rule in 1837. ... This page lists many leaders of revolutionary movements. ... A counterrevolutionary is anyone who opposes a revolution, particularly those who act after a revolution to try to overturn or reverse it, in full or in part. ... This is a list of fictional coups détat and revolutions in various media: instances that are mentioned or described in fictional works but have not occurred in reality. ... A revolutionary wave is a series of revolutions occurring in various locations. ... In mathematics, catastrophe theory is a branch of bifurcation theory in the study of dynamical systems; it is also a particular special case of more general singularity theory in geometry. ...

References

October 27 is the 300th day of the year (301st in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 65 days remaining. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... Jack A. Goldstone is an American sociologist and political scientist, specializing in studies of social movements, revolutions, and international politics. ... It has been suggested that World politics be merged into this article or section. ... John Winston Foran (born March 13, 1952 in Newcastle, New Brunswick, Canada) is a New Brunswick politician and retired police officer. ... Sociological theory can refer to: contemporary sociological theory social theory sociological paradigms (also known as perespectives or frameworks) See also list of theories in sociology. ... Jeff Goodwin is a professor of sociology at New York University. ...

External links

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to:

Revolution

• Hannah Arendt, On Revolution, 1963, Penguin Classics, New Ed edition: February 8, 1991. ISBN 014018421X
• Revolution in Political Risk Management
• John Kekes, Why Robespierre Chose Terror. The lessons of the first totalitarian revolution, City Journal, Spring 2006.
• Plinio Correa de Oliveira, Revolution and Counter-Revolution, Foundation for a Christian, Third edition, 1993. ISBN 1877905275
• Michael Barker, Regulating revolutions in Eastern Europe: Polyarchy and the National Endowment for Democracy, 1 November 2006.
• Polyarchy Documents: Revolution