Rhine River
The Rhine is one of the most important rivers in Europe
Origin	Grisons, Switzerland
Mouth	North Sea, Hoek van Holland, the Netherlands
Basin countries	Belgium, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Austria, Germany, France, Luxembourg, Netherlands
Length	1,320 km (820 mi)
Source elevation	Vorderrhein: approx. 2,600 m (8,500 ft) Hinterrhein: approx. 2,500 m (8,200 ft)
Avg. discharge	Basel: 1,060 m³/s (37,440 ft³/s) Strasbourg: 1,080 m³/s (38,150 ft³/s) Cologne: 2,090 m³/s (73,820 ft³/s) Dutch border: 2,260 m³/s (79,823 ft³/s)
Basin area	185,000 km² (71,430 mi²)

The Rhine (Dutch: Rijn; French: Rhin; German: Rhein; Italian: Reno; Romansh: Rein) is one of the longest and most important rivers in Europe at 1,320 kilometres (820 miles), with an average discharge of more than 2,000 cubic meters per second. The name of the Rhine comes from the from the archaic German Rhine, which in turn comes from Middle High German: Rin, ultimately from the Greek Rhein^[1], literally "that which flows" (compare to Late Latin rhoe:"flow", rhoos: "a stream, a flowing"), from the Proto-Indo-European root *reie- ("to flow, run"). It is interesting to note that Rhein also is derived from the same root word as rain, both meaning "to flow aqueously". Download high resolution version (794x1114, 84 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... This article is 150 kilobytes or more in size. ... [[ == Headline text == This article does not cite its references or sources. ... Grisons or Graubünden (German: Graubünden; Italian: Grigioni; Romansh: Grischun) is the largest and easternmost canton of Switzerland. ... The North Sea is a sea of the Atlantic Ocean, located between the coasts of Norway and Denmark in the east, the coast of the British Isles in the west, and the German, Dutch, Belgian and French coasts in the south. ... Ferry terminal on the Nieuwe Waterweg Hoek van Holland (literally Corner of Holland, but known in English as the Hook or Hook of Holland) is a town in South Holland in the Netherlands. ... A drainage basin is the area within the drainage basin divide (yellow outline), and drains the surface runoff and river discharge (blue lines) of a contiguous area. ... [[ == Headline text == This article does not cite its references or sources. ... In hydrology, the discharge of a river is the volume of water transported by it in a certain amount of time. ... Basel (British English traditionally: Basle and more recently Basel , German: Basel , French: Bâle , Italian: Basilea ) is Switzerlands third most populous city (166,563 inhabitants (2004); 690,000 inhabitants in the metropolitan area stretching across the immediate cantonal and national boundaries made Basel Switzerlands second-largest urban area... City flag City coat of arms Location Coordinates Time Zone CET (GMT +1) Administration Country France Region Alsace Department Bas-Rhin (67) Intercommunality Urban Community of Strasbourg Mayor Fabienne Keller  (UMP) City Statistics Land area¹ 78. ... For other uses, see Cologne (disambiguation). ... Romansh (also spelled Rumantsch, Romansch or Romanche) is one of the four national languages of Switzerland, along with German, Italian and French. ... For other uses, see River (disambiguation). ... This article is 150 kilobytes or more in size. ... To help compare different orders of magnitude this page lists lengths between 106 and 107 m (1,000 and 10,000 km). ... Middle High German (MHG, German Mittelhochdeutsch) is the term used for the period in the history of the German language between 1050 and 1350. ... Vulgar Latin (in Latin, sermo vulgaris) is a blanket term covering the vernacular dialects of the Latin language spoken mostly in the western provinces of the Roman Empire until those dialects, diverging still further, evolved into the early Romance languages — a distinction usually assigned to about the ninth century. ... The Proto-Indo-European language (PIE) is the hypothetical common ancestor of the Indo-European languages. ... For the singer, see Rain (singer). ...

The Rhine and the Danube formed most of the northern frontier of the Roman Empire, and since those days the Rhine has been a vital navigable waterway, carrying trade and goods deep inland. It has also served as a defensive feature, and been the basis for regional and international borders. The many castles and prehistoric fortifications along the Rhine testify to its importance as a waterway. River traffic could be stopped at these locations, usually for the purpose of collecting tolls, by the state controlling that portion of the river. The Danube (ancient Danuvius, ancient Greek Istros) is the longest river of the European Union and Europes second-longest[3] (after the Volga). ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...

Geography

The Rhine canyon (Ruinaulta) in Graubünden in Switzerland

The Rhine just downstream from Lake Constance

The Marksburg near Koblenz was built in 1231

Rhine with chemical industry at Wesseling near Cologne

Download high resolution version (1600x1200, 595 KB) File links The following pages link to this file: Rhine Rivers of Switzerland List of European rivers with alternative names Categories: Rivers of Switzerland ... Download high resolution version (1600x1200, 595 KB) File links The following pages link to this file: Rhine Rivers of Switzerland List of European rivers with alternative names Categories: Rivers of Switzerland ... Graubünden or Grisons (German:  ; Italian: Grigioni; Romansh: Grischun, French: Grisons) is the largest and easternmost canton of Switzerland. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (3932x1762, 2018 KB) Eine Badi am Rhein zwischen dem Boden- und dem Untersee Source: Selber File links The following pages link to this file: Rhine ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (3932x1762, 2018 KB) Eine Badi am Rhein zwischen dem Boden- und dem Untersee Source: Selber File links The following pages link to this file: Rhine ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2008x1507, 354 KB) Description: Marksburg - view from west Photographer: Holger Weinandt (taken from the german Wikipedia, uploaded there by Schaengel) File links The following pages link to this file: Rhine Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2008x1507, 354 KB) Description: Marksburg - view from west Photographer: Holger Weinandt (taken from the german Wikipedia, uploaded there by Schaengel) File links The following pages link to this file: Rhine Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital... Die Marksburg The Marksburg on the Rhine above Braubach 2005 - from the southwest The Marksburg is a castle above the town of Braubach in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. ... Map of the Koblenz region Koblenz (also Coblenz in pre-1926 German spellings; French Coblence) is a city situated on both banks of the Rhine at its confluence with the Moselle, where the Deutsches Eck (German Corner) and its monument ( Emperor William I on horseback) are situated. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1254x840, 133 KB) Summary Rhine at Wesseling with chemical industrie own photo 2004 (bodoklecksel) Licensing I, the creator of this work, hereby grant the permission to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1254x840, 133 KB) Summary Rhine at Wesseling with chemical industrie own photo 2004 (bodoklecksel) Licensing I, the creator of this work, hereby grant the permission to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation... Wesseling is a city in Germany, located 20 km south of Cologne, in the Rhein-Erft-Kreis. ...

Switzerland

The Rhine's origins are in the Swiss Alps in the canton of Graubünden, where its two main initial tributaries are called Vorderrhein and Hinterrhein. The Vorderrhein (anterior Rhine) springs from Lake Tuma near the Oberalp Pass and passes the impressive Ruinaulta (the Swiss Grand Canyon). The Hinterrhein (posterior Rhine) starts from the Paradies glacier near the Rheinquellhorn at the southern border of Switzerland. One of the latter tributaries originates in Val di Lei in Italy. Both tributaries meet near Reichenau, still in Graubünden. From Reichenau, the Rhine flows north as the Alpenrhein passing Chur and forming the frontier with Liechtenstein and then Austria, and then emptying into Lake Constance. Emerging from Lake Constance, flowing west as the Hochrhein it passes the Rhine Falls and is joined by the Aare river which more than doubles its water discharge to an average of nearly 1,000 cubic meters per second. It forms the boundary with Germany until it turns north at the so-called Rhine knee at Basel. The west face of the Petit Dru above the Chamonix valley near the Mer de Glace. ... Graubünden or Grisons (German:  ; Italian: Grigioni; Romansh: Grischun, French: Grisons) is the largest and easternmost canton of Switzerland. ... Look up tributary in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... At 1,320 kilometres (820 miles) and an average discharge of more than 2,000 cubic meters per second, the Rhine (German Rhein, French Rhin, Dutch Rijn, Romansch: Rein, Italian: Reno) is one of the longest and most important rivers in Europe. ... At 1,320 kilometres (820 miles) and an average discharge of more than 2,000 cubic meters per second, the Rhine (German Rhein, French Rhin, Dutch Rijn, Romansch: Rein, Italian: Reno) is one of the longest and most important rivers in Europe. ... Road sign Oberalppass 2046 m. ... Ruinaulta is a canyon on the Vorder Rhine just upstream of its confluence with the Hinter Rhine at Reichenau, Eastern Switzerland. ... Alternate uses: Reichenau island Reichenau is a village in the municipality of Tamins in the canton of Graubünden, Switzerland, where the two Rhine tributaries Vorderrhein and Hinterrhein meet. ... At 1,320 kilometres (820 miles) and an average discharge of more than 2,000 cubic meters per second, the Rhine (German Rhein, French Rhin, Dutch Rijn, Romansch: Rein, Italian: Reno) is one of the longest and most important rivers in Europe. ... Chur is the capital of the Swiss canton of Graubünden and lies in the northern part of the canton. ... Map of the Bodensee; Schweiz is Switzerland, Deutschland is Germany, and Osterreich is Austria. ... At 1,320 kilometres (820 miles) and an average discharge of more than 2,000 cubic meters per second, the Rhine (German Rhein, French Rhin, Dutch Rijn, Romansch: Rein, Italian: Reno) is one of the longest and most important rivers in Europe. ... Rhine falls with castle Laufen The Rhine Falls (Rheinfall in German) are the largest waterfalls of Europe. ... For other possible meanings, see AAR, a disambiguation page The Aar (in German Aare) is the greatest river which both rises and ends entirely within Switzerland. ... The Rhine knee (or Rhines knee, in German Rheinknie) is the name of a few geographical curves in the Rhine river. ... Basel (British English traditionally: Basle and more recently Basel , German: Basel , French: Bâle , Italian: Basilea ) is Switzerlands third most populous city (166,563 inhabitants (2004); 690,000 inhabitants in the metropolitan area stretching across the immediate cantonal and national boundaries made Basel Switzerlands second-largest urban area...

Germany and France

Past Basel, as the Upper Rhine, it forms the southern part of the border between Germany and France in a wide valley, before entering Germany exclusively at Rheinstetten, near Karlsruhe. The Upper Rhine is the part of the Rhine that flows between Basel and Bingen. ...

At over 1000 kilometres in length, the Rhine is the longest river primarily within Germany. It is here that the Rhine encounters some of its main tributaries, such as the Neckar, the Main and later the Moselle, which contributes an average discharge of over 300 cubic meters per second. The Neckar is a 367 km long river in Germany, a major right tributary of the River Rhine, which it joins at Mannheim. ... For other uses, see Main (disambiguation). ... The Moselle (French Moselle, German Mosel, Luxembourgish Musel, Dutch Moezel, from Latin Mosella, little Meuse) is a river flowing through France, Luxembourg and Germany, joining the Rhine river at Koblenz. ...

Between Bingen and Bonn, the Middle Rhine flows through the Rhine Gorge, a formation created by erosion, which happened at about the same rate as an uplift in the region, leaving the river at about its original level, and the surrounding lands raised. This gorge is quite deep, and is the stretch of the river known for its many castles and vineyards. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site (2002) and known as "the romantic Rhine" with more than 40 castles and fortresses from the Middle Ages (see links) and many lovely wine villages. Bingen am Rhein, or Bingen, or Bingen on the Rhine is a modern-day city located at the junction of the rivers Rhine and Nahe in southwestern Germany near the city of Mainz. ... Bonn is the 19th largest city in Germany, located about 20 kilometres south of Cologne on the river Rhine in the Federal State of North Rhine-Westphalia. ... St. ... St. ... A tectonic uplift is a geological process most often caused by plate tectonics which increases elevation. ... Pierrefonds Castle, France Castle has a history of scholarly debate surrounding its exact meaning. ... A vineyard Vineyard with bird netting Wine grapes with netting as protection against birds A vineyard (vignoble in French, vigna or vigneto in Italian, vinha in Portuguese, viña or viñedo in Spanish, Weinberg in German) is a place where grapes are grown for making wine, raisins, or table... This is a list of the UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Europe. ... The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three ages: the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times, beginning with the Renaissance. ...

Though many industries can be found along the Rhine up into Switzerland, it is along the Lower Rhine in the Ruhr area that the bulk of them are concentrated, as the river passes the major cities of Cologne, Düsseldorf, and Duisburg. The Ruhr, which joins the Rhine at Duisburg, is surprisingly clean, given the amount of industry on its banks, and is used for drinking water. It adds another 70 cubic meters per second to the Rhine. However, other rivers from the Ruhr area, above all the Emscher, still bring a considerable degree of pollution. Approaching the Dutch border, the Rhine now has an average discharge of 2,290 cubic metres per second and an average width of more than 300 metres. i hate erin saunders ... Map of the Ruhr Area The Ruhr Area (German Ruhrgebiet, colloquially Ruhrpott or Kohlenpott or simply Pott) is an urban area in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, consisting of a number of large (former) industrial cities bordered by the rivers Ruhr to the south, Rhine to the west, and Lippe to... For other uses, see Cologne (disambiguation). ... Düsseldorf is the capital city of the German Federal State of North Rhine-Westphalia and (together with Cologne and the Ruhr Area) the economic center of Western Germany. ... Duisburg is a German city and port in the western part of the Ruhr Area (Ruhrgebiet) in North Rhine-Westphalia. ... For the conurbation see Ruhr Area. ... Map of the Ruhr Area The Ruhr Area (German Ruhrgebiet, colloquially Ruhrpott or Kohlenpott or simply Pott) is an urban area in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, consisting of a number of large (former) industrial cities bordered by the rivers Ruhr to the south, Rhine to the west, and Lippe to... The Emscher is a relatively small river flowing through the Ruhr area in North Rhine-Westphalia in western Germany. ... Pollution is the release of environmental contaminants. ...

Netherlands

The Rhine then turns west and enters the Netherlands, where together with the rivers Meuse and Scheldt it forms an extensive delta. Crossing the border into the Netherlands at Spijk, close to Nijmegen and Arnhem the Rhine is at its widest, but the river then splits into three main distributaries: the Waal, Nederrijn ("Lower Rhine") and IJssel branches. The Meuse (Maas) at Maastricht Meuse near Grave The Meuse (Dutch & German Maas) is a major European river, rising in France and flowing through Belgium and the Netherlands before draining into the North Sea. ... The Scheldt (Dutch: Schelde, French Escaut) is a 350 km[1] long river in northern France, western Belgium and the southwestern part of the Netherlands. ... Nile River delta, as seen from Earth orbit. ... Spijk () is a town in the Dutch province of Groningen. ... Country Netherlands Province Gelderland Area 57. ... Arnhem is a municipality and a city in the east of the Netherlands, located on the Lower Rhine, and the capital of the Gelderland province. ... distributary in Else and Hase at Melle A seasonal Distributary of the Kaveri river on the Kaveri delta, near Nannilam, India. ... Edited Satellite image of the Rhine-Waal fork, showing the beginning of river Waal (green). ... Categories: Netherlands geography stubs | Rivers of the Netherlands | Rhine-Meuse-Scheldt delta ... Satellite image of the IJssel basin River IJssel, sometimes called Gelderse IJssel (Gelderland IJssel) to avoid confusion with its Holland counterpart, is a 120 km long branch of the Rhine in the Dutch provinces of Gelderland and Overijssel. ...

From here the situation becomes more complicated, as the Dutch name "Rijn" no longer coincides with the main flow of water. Most of the Rhine water (two thirds) flows farther west through the Waal and then via the Merwede and Nieuwe Merwede and, merging with the Meuse, through the Hollands Diep and Haringvliet estuaries into the North Sea. The Beneden Merwede branches off near Hardinxveld-Giessendam and continues as the Noord, to join the Lek near the village of Kinderdijk to form the Nieuwe Maas, then flows past Rotterdam and continues via Het Scheur and the Nieuwe Waterweg to the North Sea. The Oude Maas branches off near Dordrecht, farther down rejoining the Nieuwe Maas to form Het Scheur. The Merwede (etymology uncertain, possibly derived from the ancient Dutch word meaning wide water) is the name of several interconnected stretches of river in The Netherlands, all part of the Rhine-Meuse-Scheldt delta. ... The Nieuwe Merwede (New Merwede) is a canal that was constructed in 1870 to form a branch in the Rhine-Meuse delta. ... Hollands Diep is a wide river in the Netherlands and an estuary of the Rhine and Meuse river. ... The Haringvliet is a large inlet of the North Sea, in the province of South Holland in the Netherlands. ... Estuaries and coastal waters are among the most productive ecosystems on Earth, providing ecological, economic, cultural, and aesthetic benefits. ... The North Sea is a sea of the Atlantic Ocean, located between the coasts of Norway and Denmark in the east, the coast of the British Isles in the west, and the German, Dutch, Belgian and French coasts in the south. ... The Beneden Merwede is a stretch of river in the Netherlands, the continuation of the Boven Merwede after the branching-off of the Nieuwe Merwede ship canal. ... Hardinxveld-Giessendam (population: 17,828 in 2004) is a municipality in the western Netherlands, in the province of South Holland. ... The Noord (North) is a stretch of river in South Holland in the Netherlands. ... Satellite image of the east bit of the Rhine-Meuse delta showing river Lek (e) — the Kromme Rijn stream is too small to show up on this picture. ... The windmills of Kinderdijk Kinderdijk is a village in the Netherlands, partly in the municipality Nieuw-Lekkerland, partly in the municipality of Alblasserdam. ... Satellite image of the northwest part of the Rhine-Meuse delta showing river Nieuwe Maas (n). ... Rotterdam Location Coat of arms The coat of arms reads Sterker door Strijd, i. ... Satellite image of the northwest part of the Rhine-Meuse delta showing river Het Scheur (s). ... Satellite image of the northwest part of the Rhine-Meuse delta showing the Nieuwe Waterweg (t) The Nieuwe Waterweg (New Waterway) is a ship canal in the Netherlands from het Scheur (a branch of the Rhine-Meuse delta) west of the town of Maassluis to the North Sea at Hook... Satellite image of part of the Rhine-Meuse delta, showing the Island of Dordrecht and the eponymous city (7) Dordrecht (population 119,649 (2004)), or in English: Dort, is a city in the Dutch province of South Holland, the third largest city of the province. ... Satellite image of the northwest part of the Rhine-Meuse delta showing river Nieuwe Maas (n). ... Satellite image of the northwest part of the Rhine-Meuse delta showing river Het Scheur (s). ...

The other third portion of the water flows through the Pannerdens Kanaal and redistributes in the IJssel and Nederrijn. The IJssel branch carries one ninth of the water volume north into the IJsselmeer (a former bay), while the Nederrijn flows west parallel to the Waal and carries approximately two ninths of the flow. However, at Wijk bij Duurstede the Nederrijn changes its name and becomes the Lek. It flows farther west to rejoin the Noord into the Nieuwe Maas and to the North Sea. Processed satellite image of the Rhine-Waal fork showing the location of the Pannerdens Kanaal (blue). ... Traditional boat on the IJsselmeer Landsat photo The IJsselmeer (or Lake IJssel) is a shallow lake of some 1250 km² in the central Netherlands bordering the provinces of Flevoland, North Holland and Friesland, with an average depth of 5 to 6 m. ... Wijk bij Duurstede is a municipality and a city in the central Netherlands. ... Satellite image of the east bit of the Rhine-Meuse delta showing river Lek (e) — the Kromme Rijn stream is too small to show up on this picture. ... The Noord (North) is a stretch of river in South Holland in the Netherlands. ... Satellite image of the northwest part of the Rhine-Meuse delta showing river Nieuwe Maas (n). ...

The name "Rijn" from here on is used only for smaller streams farther to the north which together once formed the main river Rhine in Roman times. Though they retained the name, these streams do not carry water from the Rhine anymore, but are used for draining the surrounding land and polders. From Wijk bij Duurstede, the old north branch of the Rhine is called Kromme Rijn ("Crooked Rhine") and past Utrecht, first Leidse Rijn ("Rhine of Leiden") and then Oude Rijn ("Old Rhine"). The latter flows west into a sluice at Katwijk, where its waters can be discharged into the North Sea. This branch once formed the line along which the Upper Germanic limes were built. This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Satellite image of Noordoostpolder, Netherlands (595. ... Satellite image of the central part of the Rhine-Meuse delta showing the city of Utrecht and its surroundings, including the Kromme Rijn branch (b). ... Utrecht ( (help· info)) is a municipality and the capital city of the Dutch province of Utrecht. ... Leyden redirects here. ... Sluice gates near Henley, on the River Thames A small wooden sluice in Magome, Japan, used to power a waterwheel. ... Katwijk Location Flag Country Netherlands Province South Holland Population 61. ... The North Sea is a sea of the Atlantic Ocean, located between the coasts of Norway and Denmark in the east, the coast of the British Isles in the west, and the German, Dutch, Belgian and French coasts in the south. ... The Upper Germanic Limes, also called Rhaetian Limes or simply the Limes, was the border between the Roman Empire and the unsubdued Germanic peoples. ...

Large cities

Basel, Strasbourg, Karlsruhe, Mannheim, Ludwigshafen, Wiesbaden, Mainz, Koblenz, Bonn, Cologne, Düsseldorf, Neuss, Krefeld, Duisburg, Arnhem (Nederrijn), Nijmegen (Waal), Utrecht (Kromme Rijn), Rotterdam (Nieuwe Maas). Basel (British English traditionally: Basle and more recently Basel , German: Basel , French: Bâle , Italian: Basilea ) is Switzerlands third most populous city (166,563 inhabitants (2004); 690,000 inhabitants in the metropolitan area stretching across the immediate cantonal and national boundaries made Basel Switzerlands second-largest urban area... City flag City coat of arms Location Coordinates Time Zone CET (GMT +1) Administration Country France Region Alsace Department Bas-Rhin (67) Intercommunality Urban Community of Strasbourg Mayor Fabienne Keller  (UMP) City Statistics Land area¹ 78. ... Karlsruhe (population 283,959 in 2005) is a city in the south west of Germany, in the Bundesland Baden-Württemberg, located near the French-German border. ... Mannheim is a city in Germany. ... Map of Germany showing Ludwigshafen am Rhein Panorama from the west Ludwigshafen am Rhein is a city in Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany, with about 162,000 inhabitants. ... Wiesbaden is a city in central Germany. ... Mainz is a city in Germany and the capital of the German federal state of Rhineland-Palatinate. ... Map of the Koblenz region Koblenz (also Coblenz in pre-1926 German spellings; French Coblence) is a city situated on both banks of the Rhine at its confluence with the Moselle, where the Deutsches Eck (German Corner) and its monument ( Emperor William I on horseback) are situated. ... Bonn is the 19th largest city in Germany, located about 20 kilometres south of Cologne on the river Rhine in the Federal State of North Rhine-Westphalia. ... For other uses, see Cologne (disambiguation). ... Düsseldorf is the capital city of the German Federal State of North Rhine-Westphalia and (together with Cologne and the Ruhr Area) the economic center of Western Germany. ... Neuss is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. ... Krefeld is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. ... Duisburg is a German city and port in the western part of the Ruhr Area (Ruhrgebiet) in North Rhine-Westphalia. ... Arnhem is a municipality and a city in the east of the Netherlands, located on the Lower Rhine, and the capital of the Gelderland province. ... Country Netherlands Province Gelderland Area 57. ... Utrecht ( (help· info)) is a municipality and the capital city of the Dutch province of Utrecht. ... Rotterdam Location Coat of arms The coat of arms reads Sterker door Strijd, i. ...

Smaller cities

Konstanz, Schaffhausen, Breisach, Speyer, Worms, Bingen, Rüdesheim, Neuwied, Andernach, Bad Honnef, Königswinter, Niederkassel, Wesseling, Dormagen, Zons, Monheim, Wesel, Xanten, Emmerich, Zutphen (IJssel), Deventer (IJssel), Zwolle (IJssel), Kampen (IJssel). Konstanz in 1925 seen from the lake Schnetztor, a section of the former city wall Another gate from city wall Shops in Konstanz The Konzilgebäude in Konstanz Konstanz (in English formerly known as Constance) is a university town of around 80,000 inhabitants at the western end of Lake... Schaffhausen (German:  , French: Schaffhouse, Italian: Sciaffusa) is a city in northern Switzerland and the capital of the canton of the same name; it has an estimated population of 33,527 as of March 31, 2005. ... now. ... Speyer (English formerly Spires) is a city in Germany (Rhineland-Palatinate) with approx. ... // Worms (pronounced ) is a city in the southwest of Germany. ... Bingen am Rhein, or Bingen, or Bingen on the Rhine is a modern-day city located at the junction of the rivers Rhine and Nahe in southwestern Germany near the city of Mainz. ... Rüdesheim is a German town located in the heart of the Rhine river area at the southern entrance to the Lorelei valley. ... Missing image Map of Germany showing Neuwied Neuwied is a town in the Rhineland-Palatinate in Germany, lies on the right bank of the Rhine, 8 miles below Coblenz, on the railway from Frankfurt am Main to Cologne. ... // Andernach (pronounced: [ˈandÉ™rËŒnax], the syllable -ach as in Gaelic) is a town in the district of Mayen-Koblenz, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany of currently about 30,000 inhabitants which are named der/die Andernacher (male singular and plural forms are identical), and the lady/-ies are die Andernacherin... Bad Honnef seen from the Drachenfels Bad Honnef is a spa town in Germany near Bonn in the Rhein-Sieg district, North Rhine-Westphalia. ... Königswinter is a town and summer resort of Germany in North Rhine-Westphalia, on the right bank of the Rhine, 24 m. ... Niederkassel is a town and a municipality in the Rhein-Sieg district, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. ... Wesseling is a city in Germany, located 20 km south of Cologne, in the Rhein-Erft-Kreis. ... Dormagen is a town in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany in the Rhein-Kreis Neuss. ... Wappen der Stadt Dormagen The city of Zons, or Feste Zons (Fortress Zons) is an old city in the Rhein-Kreis Neuss, Germany. ... Monheim am Rhein is a North-Rhine-Westphalian (Germany) medium-sized municipality in the district of Mettmann in the southern suburban area of Düsseldorf on the right shore of the river Rhine. ... Wesel is a city (population about 61,689 in 2004) in Germany, located at the point where the Lippe River empties into the Rhine. ... Xanten is a town in the North Rhine-Westphalia state of Germany, located in the district of Wesel. ... The city of Emmerich (or in full Emmerich am Rhein, meaning Emmerich on the Rhine; Dutch Emmerik) stands on the lower part of the River Rhine in the northwest of the German federal state of North Rhine-Westphalia. ... Zutphen (old alternate spelling: Zutfen) is a municipality and a town in the province of Gelderland in the Netherlands on the right bank of the IJssel at the influx of the Berkel, and a junction station 29 km by rail N.N.E. of Arnhem. ... Deventer is a municipality and a city in the eastern Netherlands in the province of Overijssel on the east bank of the IJssel river. ... Country: Netherlands Province: Overijssel Coordinates: 52°30′ N 6°5′ E Area - Land - Water 119. ... Kampen may refer: Kampen, Germany on the island Sylt Kampen, Netherlands a town a city district in Oslo, Norway a city district (in Finnish: Kamppi) in Helsingfors (Helsinki), Finland This is a disambiguation page: a list of articles associated with the same title. ...

Railway bridges

Railway bridges (with nearest train station on the left and right bank): A log bridge in the French Alps near Vallorcine. ... A typical North American steam train In rail transport, a train consists of rail vehicles that move along guides to transport freight or passengers from one place to another. ...

• Switzerland
  • Tens of bridges in Graubünden, too numerous to list

• Liechtenstein and Switzerland
  • between Schaan and Buchs SG

• Austria and Switzerland
  • between Lustenau and St. Margerethen

• Switzerland
  • between Feuerthalen and Neuhausen am Rheinfall
  • between Dachsen and Neuhausen am Rheinfall
  • between Eglisau and Hüntwangen-Will

• Switzerland and Germany
  • between Koblenz and Waldshut
  • between Basel SBB and Basel Badischer Bahnhof

• France — Germany
  • Strasbourg — Kehl
  • Roeschwoog — Rastatt-Wintersdorf (used as street bridge since 1949, line closed 1960, rails were preserved for strategic purpose until 1999)
• Germany
  

  

  Bridge at Karlsruhe
  • Karlsruhe-Maxau — Wörth am Rhein-Maximiliansau
  • Germersheim — Philippsburg
  • Ludwigshafen — Mannheim
  • Worms
  • Mainz
  • Koblenz (two bridges, either side of the town)
  • The Bridge at Remagen was in place until it was bombed out during World War II
  • 2 bridges at Cologne:
    • The first, a freight only bridge south of the City
    • And the six-track passenger bridge between Köln Hbf and Köln Deutz/Messe (Hohenzollernbrücke)
  • Düsseldorf
  • Duisburg

• Netherlands (in the delta the river splits and its name changes often)
  • between Nijmegen and Elst across Waal (Rhine delta main branch)
  • between Zaltbommel and Geldermalsen across Waal, made famous in a poem by Martinus Nijhoff
  • in Rotterdam across Nieuwe Maas (joint Rhein-Meuse river mouth), former bridge 'De Hef' - now replaced by a tunnel. Farther to the south, main bridge is at Moerdijk.
  • between Elst and Arnhem across Nederrijn (Rhine delta second-largest branch)
  • between Culemborg and Houten across Lek (Rhine delta second-largest branch farther downstream)
  • at Zutphen across IJssel (Rhine third-largest branch)
  • at Deventer across IJssel
  • at Zwolle across IJssel
  • near Alblas across Noord (a branch near Rotterdam), now being replaced by a tunnel.
  • between Utrecht and Zeist across Kromme Rijn (near Bunnik station)
  • At Utrecht central station across Vaartsche Rijn (canal)
  • At Utrecht central station across Oude Rijn (canalised into Leidschse Rijn).
  • between Utrecht and Vleuten, Woerden across Amsterdam Rijn-Canal
  • between Utrecht and Breukelen,Amsterdam across Amsterdam Rijn-Canal

Schaan is the biggest municipality of Liechtenstein. ... Buchs is a municipality in the Wahlkreis (constituency) of Werdenberg, in the canton of St. ... lo hallo| Federal State: || Vorarlberg Lustenau in Vorarlberg, Austria Lustenau is a town in the westernmost Austrian province of Vorarlberg, in the Dornbirn district. ... Neuhausen am Rheinfall (which was officially called Neuhausen until 1938) is a border municipality in the Canton of Schaffhausen. ... Eglisau is a city in the district of Bülach, in the Canton of Zürich, Switzerland. ... This article is about the Swiss town Koblenz. ... Waldshut is a district (Kreis) in the south of Baden-Württemberg, Germany. ... Basel (British English traditionally: Basle and more recently Basel , German: Basel , French: Bâle , Italian: Basilea ) is Switzerlands third most populous city (166,563 inhabitants (2004); 690,000 inhabitants in the metropolitan area stretching across the immediate cantonal and national boundaries made Basel Switzerlands second-largest urban area... City flag City coat of arms Location Coordinates Time Zone CET (GMT +1) Administration Country France Region Alsace Department Bas-Rhin (67) Intercommunality Urban Community of Strasbourg Mayor Fabienne Keller  (UMP) City Statistics Land area¹ 78. ... Kehl is a town in southwestern Germany in the Ortenaukreis, Baden-Württemberg. ... Map of Germany showing Rastatt Rastatt is a city in the District of Rastatt, Baden-Württemberg, Germany. ... 1949 (MCMXLIX) was a common year starting on Saturday (the link is to a full 1949 calendar). ... 1960 (MCMLX) was a leap year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1960 calendar). ... 1999 (MCMXCIX) was a common year starting on Friday, and was designated the International Year of Older Persons by the United Nations. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1278x605, 147 KB) File links The following pages link to this file: Rhine ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1278x605, 147 KB) File links The following pages link to this file: Rhine ... Karlsruhe (population 283,959 in 2005) is a city in the south west of Germany, in the Bundesland Baden-Württemberg, located near the French-German border. ... Karlsruhe (population 283,959 in 2005) is a city in the south west of Germany, in the Bundesland Baden-Württemberg, located near the French-German border. ... Wörth am Rhein is a town and a municipality in the district of Germersheim, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. ... Germersheim is a town in the Bundesland (State) of Rheinland-Pfalz (Rhineland-Palatinate), Germany and has abound 20,000 inhabitants. ... Philippsburg is a small town in Germany, in the district of Karlsruhe in Baden-Württemberg. ... Map of Germany showing Ludwigshafen am Rhein Panorama from the west Ludwigshafen am Rhein is a city in Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany, with about 162,000 inhabitants. ... Mannheim is a city in Germany. ... // Worms (pronounced ) is a city in the southwest of Germany. ... The Bridge at Remagen is a war film released in 1969. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... For other uses, see Cologne (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Cologne (disambiguation). ... Hohenzollern bridge, with Cologne Cathedral and Museum Ludwig in the background The Hohenzollernbrücke (German for: Hohenzollern bridge) is a bridge crossing the river Rhine in the German city of Cologne. ... Overbetuwe is a municipality in the province of Gelderland in the eastern Netherlands. ... Elst is the name of a number of Dutch towns: a former municipality, now part of Overbetuwe, in Gelderland a village in the municipalities of Amerongen and Rhenen, in the province of Utrecht a village in the municipality of Maasdonk, in North Brabant This is a disambiguation page — a... Edited Satellite image of the Rhine-Waal fork, showing the beginning of river Waal (green). ... Zaltbommel is a municipality and a city in the eastern Netherlands. ... Geldermalsen is a municipality and a town in the eastern Netherlands. ... Edited Satellite image of the Rhine-Waal fork, showing the beginning of river Waal (green). ... Martinus Nijhoff (b. ... Rotterdam Location Coat of arms The coat of arms reads Sterker door Strijd, i. ... Meuse is a département in northeast France, named after the Meuse River. ... Overbetuwe is a municipality in the province of Gelderland in the eastern Netherlands. ... Arnhem is a municipality and a city in the east of the Netherlands, located on the Lower Rhine, and the capital of the Gelderland province. ... Categories: Netherlands geography stubs | Rivers of the Netherlands | Rhine-Meuse-Scheldt delta ... Culemborg is a municipality and a city in the eastern Netherlands. ... Houten is a municipality and a town in the Netherlands, in the province of Utrecht. ... Satellite image of the east bit of the Rhine-Meuse delta showing river Lek (e) — the Kromme Rijn stream is too small to show up on this picture. ... Zutphen (old alternate spelling: Zutfen) is a municipality and a town in the province of Gelderland in the Netherlands on the right bank of the IJssel at the influx of the Berkel, and a junction station 29 km by rail N.N.E. of Arnhem. ... Satellite image of the IJssel basin River IJssel, sometimes called Gelderse IJssel (Gelderland IJssel) to avoid confusion with its Holland counterpart, is a 120 km long branch of the Rhine in the Dutch provinces of Gelderland and Overijssel. ... Deventer is a municipality and a city in the eastern Netherlands in the province of Overijssel on the east bank of the IJssel river. ... Satellite image of the IJssel basin River IJssel, sometimes called Gelderse IJssel (Gelderland IJssel) to avoid confusion with its Holland counterpart, is a 120 km long branch of the Rhine in the Dutch provinces of Gelderland and Overijssel. ... Country: Netherlands Province: Overijssel Coordinates: 52°30′ N 6°5′ E Area - Land - Water 119. ... Satellite image of the IJssel basin River IJssel, sometimes called Gelderse IJssel (Gelderland IJssel) to avoid confusion with its Holland counterpart, is a 120 km long branch of the Rhine in the Dutch provinces of Gelderland and Overijssel. ... Rotterdam Location Coat of arms The coat of arms reads Sterker door Strijd, i. ... Driebergen-Rijsenburg is a municipality and a town in the central Netherlands, in the province of Utrecht. ... Satellite image of the central part of the Rhine-Meuse delta showing the city of Utrecht and its surroundings, including the Kromme Rijn branch (b). ... Utrecht ( (help· info)) is a municipality and the capital city of the Dutch province of Utrecht. ... Utrecht ( (help· info)) is a municipality and the capital city of the Dutch province of Utrecht. ... Utrecht ( (help· info)) is a municipality and the capital city of the Dutch province of Utrecht. ... Woerden is a municipality and a city in the central Netherlands. ... Utrecht ( (help· info)) is a municipality and the capital city of the Dutch province of Utrecht. ... Amsterdam Location Flag Country Netherlands Province North Holland Population 741,329 (1 August 2006) Agglomeration - 1. ...

Tributaries

Vorderrhein

Tributaries from source to mouth: Image File history File links Download high resolution version (990x1488, 565 KB) Rhein vor dem Oberalppasses (nach der sog. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (990x1488, 565 KB) Rhein vor dem Oberalppasses (nach der sog. ... A tributary (or affluent or confluent) is a contributory stream, a river that does not reach the sea, but joins another major river (a parent river), to which it contributes its waters, swelling its discharge. ...

• Left
  • Thur
  • Töss
  • Aare (Aar)
  • Birs
  • Birsig
  • Ill (France)
  • Moder
  • Lauter
  • Nahe
  • Moselle (Mosel)
  • Nette
  • Ahr
  • Erft
  • Meuse (Maas) (joins part of the Rhine in the shared delta)

• Right
  • Hinterrhein
  • Ill (Austria)
  • Schussen
  • Wutach
  • Alb
  • Wiese
  • Elz
  • Kinzig
  • Rench
  • Acher
  • Murg
  • Alb
  • Pfinz
  • Neckar
  • Main
  • Lahn
  • Wied
  • Sieg
  • Wupper
  • Düssel
  • Ruhr
  • Emscher
  • Lippe
  • Oude IJssel (Issel)
  • Berkel

Thur is a 131 km long river in north-eastern Switzerland. ... The Töss is a river of the Canton of Zürich. ... Aar (disambiguation). ... The Birsig river is a small river, which sources in eastern France near the Swiss border. ... The Ill is a river of Alsace, in north-eastern France. ... The Nahe is a river in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany, a tributary to the Rhine. ... The Moselle (French Moselle, German Mosel, Luxembourgish Musel, Dutch Moezel, from Latin Mosella, little Meuse) is a river flowing through France, Luxembourg and Germany, joining the Rhine river at Koblenz. ... The Ahr is a tributary of the Rhine beginning at a height of approximately 520 meters above sea level in Blankenheim (the Eifel) in Fachwerkhauses to near the Blankenheimer Burg in North Rhine-Westphalia. ... The Erft is a river in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. ... The Meuse (Maas) at Maastricht Meuse near Grave The Meuse (Dutch & German Maas) is a major European river, rising in France and flowing through Belgium and the Netherlands before draining into the North Sea. ... At 1,320 kilometres (820 miles) and an average discharge of more than 2,000 cubic meters per second, the Rhine (German Rhein, French Rhin, Dutch Rijn, Romansch: Rein, Italian: Reno) is one of the longest and most important rivers in Europe. ... The Ill is a 72 km long tributary of the Rhine river in the western Austrian province of Vorarlberg. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... The Kinzig is a German river that runs for 95 km from the Black Forest through the Upper Rhine River Plains. ... The Rench is a river in Ortenau County, Baden-Württemberg, Germany and a right-side tributary of the Rhine River. ... The Acher is a river in Ortenau County, Baden-Württemberg, Germany and a tributary of the Rhine River. ... The Murg is a right tributary of the Rhine, located in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. ... The Pfinz is a right-side tributary of the Rhine in Baden-Württemberg. ... The Neckar is a 367 km long river in Germany, a major right tributary of the River Rhine, which it joins at Mannheim. ... For other uses, see Main (disambiguation). ... The river Lahn in Limburg The Lahn is a river in Germany. ... The Wied is a river in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. ... The Sieg is a river in North Rhine-Westphalia and Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany named after the folk of the Sigambrer. ... The Wupper is a tributary to the Rhine river in Northrhine-Westfalia of Germany. ... The Düssel is a small right tributary of the River Rhine in North Rhine Westphalia. ... For the conurbation see Ruhr Area. ... The Emscher is a relatively small river flowing through the Ruhr area in North Rhine-Westphalia in western Germany. ... The Lippe is a river in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. ... Satellite image of the IJssel basin River IJssel, sometimes called Gelderse IJssel (Gelderland IJssel) to avoid confusion with its Holland counterpart, is a 120 km long branch of the Rhine in the Dutch provinces of Gelderland and Overijssel. ... The Berkel is a tributary of the River IJssel in the Netherlands. ...

Distributaries

• IJssel
• Waal
• Lek

Satellite image of the IJssel basin River IJssel, sometimes called Gelderse IJssel (Gelderland IJssel) to avoid confusion with its Holland counterpart, is a 120 km long branch of the Rhine in the Dutch provinces of Gelderland and Overijssel. ... Edited Satellite image of the Rhine-Waal fork, showing the beginning of river Waal (green). ... Satellite image of the east bit of the Rhine-Meuse delta showing river Lek (e) — the Kromme Rijn stream is too small to show up on this picture. ...

Canals include

• Amsterdam-Rhine Canal
• Rhine-Main-Danube Canal
• Grand Canal of Alsace
• Scheldt-Rhine Canal
• Rhine-Herne Canal which is the connection to the Dortmund-Ems Canal and the Mittellandkanal.

The Amsterdam-Rhine Canal or Amsterdam-Rijnkanaal is a canal in the Netherlands that was built to connect the port city of Amsterdam to the main shipping artery of the Rhine. ... the Rhine-Main Danube Canal (in the foreground) near Nuremberg The Rhine-Main-Danube Canal (also called Main-Danube Canal, RMD Canal or Europa Canal) connects the Main and Danube from Bamberg by Nuremberg to Regensburg. ... Satellite image of the Scheldt delta showing the Scheldt-Rhine Canal (h and j) The Scheldt-Rhine Canal (Schelde-Rijn Kanaal) in the Netherlands connects Antwerp with the Volkerak, and thereby the Scheldt with the Rhine. ... This translation is incomplete. ... The Dortmund-Ems canal in winter The Dortmund-Ems Canal is a 269 km long canal in Germany between the river port of the city of Dortmund and Emden. ... The Mittellandkanal is, at 320 km, the longest artificial waterway in Germany. ...

Geologic History

Alpine Orogeny

Since the Rhine flows from the Alps, a precondition of its existence is the uplifting of the Alps, which began in the Alpine Orogeny. The stage was set in the Triassic Period of the Mesozoic Era, with the opening of the Tethys Sea between the Eurasian and African plates, between about 240 MBP and 220 MBP. The Mediterranean descends from this somewhat larger Tethys sea. The west face of the Petit Dru above the Chamonix valley near the Mer de Glace. ... The Alps arose as a result of the pressure exerted on sediments of the Tethys Ocean basin as its Mesozoic and early Cenozoic strata were pushed against the stable Eurasian landmass by the northward-moving African landmass. ... The Triassic is a geologic period that extends from about 251 to 200 Ma (million years ago). ... The Mesozoic Era is one of three geologic eras of the Phanerozoic eon. ... The Tethys Sea was a shallow inland body of water that existed between Laurasia and Gondwana, the geological ancestor of the modern Black, Caspian and Aral Seas. ... The tectonic plates of the world were mapped in the second half of the 20th century. ... Before Present (BP) years are the units of time (counted backwards to the past) used to report raw radiocarbon ages and dates referenced to the BP scale origin in the year AD 1950 (identical to 1950 CE). ... The Mediterranean Sea is an intercontinental sea positioned between Europe to the north, Africa to the south and Asia to the east, covering an approximate area of 2. ...

At about 180 MBP, in the Jurassic Period, the two plates reversed direction and began to compress the Tethys floor, causing it to be subducted under Eurasia and pushing up the edge of the latter plate in the Alpine Orogeny of the Oligocene and Miocene Periods. Several microplates were caught in the squeeze and rotated or were pushed laterally, generating the individual features of Mediterranean geography: Iberia pushed up the Pyrenees; Italy the Alps, and Anatolia, moving west, the mountains of Greece and the islands. The compression and orogeny continue today, as shown by the ongoing raising of the mountains a small amount each year and the active volcanoes. // The image above is believed to be a replaceable fair use image. ... The Oligocene epoch is a geologic period of time that extends from about 34 million to 23 million years before the present. ... The Miocene epoch is a period of time that extends from about 23 to 5. ... Pic de Bugatetin the Néouvielle Natural Reserve Central Pyrenees The Pyrenees (Spanish: Pirineos; French: Pyrénées; Catalan: Pirineus; Occitan: Pirenèus; Aragonese: Perinés; Basque: Pirinioak) are a range of mountains in southwest Europe that form a natural border between France and Spain. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

Just to the north of the Alpine Orogeny were highlands resulting from an earlier orogeny (Variscan) along similar lines. These highlands helped to divert the Rhine to the west; however, the Rhine's course is set by the Rhine graben, a rift that opened in the Eocene and Oligocene periods between the western Alps and the central Alps, caused by their moving in slightly different directions. The rift does not seem to be active now. The Variscan or Hercynian orogeny is a geologic mountain-building event recorded in the European mountains and hills called the Variscan Belt. ... The Eocene epoch (55. ... The Oligocene epoch is a geologic period of time that extends from about 34 million to 23 million years before the present. ... The west face of the Petit Dru above the Chamonix valley near the Mer de Glace. ...

Stream Capture

The watershed of the Rhine reaches into the Alps today, but it did not start out that way (Berendsen & Stouthamer, 2001; Fig. 2.2 [1]). In the Miocene period, the watershed of the Rhine reached south only to the Eifel and Westerwald hills, about 450 km north of the Alps. The Rhine then had the Sieg as a tributary, but not yet the Mosel. The northern Alps were drained by the Danube then. The west face of the Petit Dru above the Chamonix valley near the Mer de Glace. ... The Miocene epoch is a period of time that extends from about 23 to 5. ... The Eifel is a hilly region in Germany. ... The Westerwald is a mountain chain in Germany. ... The Sieg is a river in North Rhine-Westphalia and Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany named after the folk of the Sigambrer. ... The Moselle (French Moselle, German Mosel, Luxembourgish Musel, Dutch Moezel, from Latin Mosella, little Meuse) is a river flowing through France, Luxembourg and Germany, joining the Rhine river at Koblenz. ... The Danube (ancient Danuvius, ancient Greek Istros) is the longest river of the European Union and Europes second-longest[3] (after the Volga). ...

Through stream capture, the Rhine extended its watershed southward. By the Pliocene period, the Rhine had captured streams down to the Vosges mountains, including the Mosel, the Main, and the Neckar. The northern Alps were drained by the Rhône then. By the early Pleistocene period, the Rhine had captured most of its current Alpine watershed from the Rhône, including the Aare. Since that time, the Rhine has added the watershed above Lake Constance (Vorderrhein, Hinterrhein, Alpenrhein; captured from the Rhône), the upper reaches of the Main (beyond Schweinfurt), and the Vosges mountains (captured from the Meuse) to its watershed. Stream capture is a geological or hydrological phenomenon which occurs when a stream from a neighboring drainage system erodes through the divide between two streams and captures another stream which then is diverted from its former bed and now flows down the bed of the capturing stream. ... The Pliocene epoch (spelled Pleiocene in some older texts) is the period in the geologic timescale that extends from 5. ... The Vosges mountains are range of mountains in central-western Europe, stretching along the west side of the Rhine valley in a NNE direction, from Basel to Mainz, for a distance of 250 km (150 miles). ... For other uses, see Main (disambiguation). ... The Neckar is a 367 km long river in Germany, a major right tributary of the River Rhine, which it joins at Mannheim. ... The Rhônes course. ... The Pleistocene epoch (IPA: ) is part of the geologic timescale. ... For other possible meanings, see AAR, a disambiguation page The Aar (in German Aare) is the greatest river which both rises and ends entirely within Switzerland. ... Map of the Bodensee; Schweiz is Switzerland, Deutschland is Germany, and Osterreich is Austria. ... At 1,320 kilometres (820 miles) and an average discharge of more than 2,000 cubic meters per second, the Rhine (German Rhein, French Rhin, Dutch Rijn, Romansch: Rein, Italian: Reno) is one of the longest and most important rivers in Europe. ... At 1,320 kilometres (820 miles) and an average discharge of more than 2,000 cubic meters per second, the Rhine (German Rhein, French Rhin, Dutch Rijn, Romansch: Rein, Italian: Reno) is one of the longest and most important rivers in Europe. ... At 1,320 kilometres (820 miles) and an average discharge of more than 2,000 cubic meters per second, the Rhine (German Rhein, French Rhin, Dutch Rijn, Romansch: Rein, Italian: Reno) is one of the longest and most important rivers in Europe. ... Schweinfurt is a city in the Unterfranken region of Bavaria in Germany on the right bank of the canalized Main, which is here spanned by several bridges, 27 km North-East of Würzburg. ... The Meuse (Maas) at Maastricht Meuse near Grave The Meuse (Dutch & German Maas) is a major European river, rising in France and flowing through Belgium and the Netherlands before draining into the North Sea. ...

Ice Age

The Pleistocene (~2.5 million years ago - 10,000 years ago) was the geological period of the Ice Ages. Since approximately 600,000 years ago six major Ice Ages have occurred, in which sea level dropped 120 m, and much of the continental margins became exposed. In the Early Pleistocene, the Rhine followed a course to the northwest, through the present North Sea. During the so-called Elsterien glaciation (~420,000 yr BP, marine oxygen isotope stage 12) the northern part of the present North Sea was blocked by the ice, and a large lake developed that overflowed through the English Channel. This caused the Rhine's course to be diverted through the English Channel. Since then, during glacial times, the river mouth was located near Brest (France), and rivers like the Thames and the Seine became tributaries to the Rhine. During interglacials, when sea level rose to approximately the present level, the Rhine built a delta in what is now the Netherlands. The Pleistocene epoch (IPA: ) is part of the geologic timescale. ... Several places exist with the name Thames, and the word is also used as part of several brand and company names Most famous is the River Thames in England, on which the city of London stands Other Thames Rivers There is a Thames River in Canada There is a Thames... The Seine (pronounced in French) is a major river of north-western France, and one of its commercial waterways. ...

During the last Ice Age (~70,000-10,000 yr BP= Before Present), at the end of the Pleistocene, the lower Rhine flowed roughly west through the Netherlands and then to the southwest, through the English Channel, and finally to the Atlantic Ocean. The English and Irish Channels, the Baltic Sea and the North Sea were still dry land, mainly because sea level was approximately 120 m lower than today. At about 5000 BC, flooding and erosion began to open the English Channel. Variations in CO2, temperature and dust from the Vostok ice core over the last 400 000 years For the animated movie, see Ice Age (movie). ... The Pleistocene epoch (IPA: ) is part of the geologic timescale. ... The Baltic Sea is located in Northern Europe, from 53°N to 66°N latitude and from 20°E to 26°E longitude. ... The North Sea is a sea of the Atlantic Ocean, located between the coasts of Norway and Denmark in the east, the coast of the British Isles in the west, and the German, Dutch, Belgian and French coasts in the south. ...

Most of the Rhine's current course was not under the ice during the last Ice Age, although its source must then have been a glacier. A tundra with Ice Age flora and fauna stretched across middle Europe from Asia to the Atlantic Ocean. Such was the case during the Last Glacial Maximum, ca. 22,000-14,000 yr BP, when ice covered Scandinavia and the Baltic, Britain and the Alps, but left the space between as open tundra. The loess, or wind-blown dust over that tundra settled in and around the Rhine Valley, contributing to its current agricultural usefulness. In physical geography, tundra is an area where the tree growth is hindered by low temperatures and short growing seasons. ... Temperature proxies for the last 40,000 years The Last Glacial Maximum refers to the time of maximum extent of the ice sheets during the last glaciation, approximately 21 thousand years ago. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

These events were well within the residence of man. Meltwater adding to the ocean and land subsidence drowned the former coasts of Europe. The water is still rising, at the rate of about 1-3 mm per year. Further drowning is to come. A road destroyed by subsidence and shear. ...

Rapid warming and change of vegetation to open forest began about 13,000 BP. By 9000 BP, Europe was fully forested. About 7000-5000 BP a general warming encouraged migration up the Danube and down the Rhine by peoples to the east, who may also have been encouraged by the sudden massive expansion of the Black Sea as the Mediterranean burst into it through the Bosphorus about 7500 BP. At least one unsuccessful search for remains of villages on the floor of the Black Sea has been conducted. The Danube (ancient Danuvius, ancient Greek Istros) is the longest river of the European Union and Europes second-longest[3] (after the Volga). ... NASA satelite image of the Black Sea Map of the Black Sea The Black Sea is an inland sea between southeastern Europe and Anatolia that is actually a distant arm of the Atlantic Ocean by way of the Mediterranean Sea. ... Bosphorus - photo taken from International Space Station. ...

Prehistory

Palaeolithic

During the Middle Palaeolithic, ca 100,000-30,000 BP (the dates vary a great deal) western Europe, including the Rhine and Danube Valleys, was occupied by Neanderthal Man, to which belonged the Mousterian culture of stone tools. Mousterian sites are not considered intrusive. It is believed that the Neanderthals may have evolved from the preceding Homo erectus in the vicinity of the glaciers, but the question has by no means been settled definitively. In Europe and Africa the Middle Paleolithic or Palaeolithic is the period of the middle Paleolithic (early Stone Age) that lasted between around 120,000 and 40,000 years ago. ... Binomial name Homo neanderthalensis King, 1864 The Neanderthal or Neandertal was a species of genus Homo (Homo neanderthalensis) that inhabited Europe and parts of western Asia from about 230,000 to 29,000 years ago (in the Middle Palaeolithic, early Stone Age). ... Mousterian is a name given by archaeologists to a style of predominantly flint tools (or industry) associated primarily with Homo neanderthalensis and dating to the Middle Paleolithic, the middle part of the Old Stone Age. ... Binomial name †Homo erectus (Dubois, 1892) Synonyms † Pithecanthropus erectus † Sinanthropus pekinensis † Javanthropus soloensis † Meganthropus paleojavanicus Homo erectus (upright man) is an extinct species of the genus Homo. ...

Neanderthal sites are denser to the south, where open forest prevailed and the limestone terrain offered more caves as dwelling. The Rhine ran through an open tundra, where Neanderthals hunted big game, such as the woolly rhinoceros and the mammoth. Accordingly, open air Mousterian sites have been discovered in and around the Rhine valley. Binomial name Coelodonta antiquitatis (Blumenbach, 1807) The Woolly Rhinoceros (Coelodonta antiquitatis) is an extinct species of rhinoceros that lived during the Pleistocene epoch, but survived the last ice age. ... Species Mammuthus africanavus African mammoth Mammuthus columbi Columbian mammoth Mammuthus exilis Pygmy mammoth Mammuthus jeffersonii Jeffersonian mammoth Mammuthus trogontherii Steppe mammoth Mammuthus meridionalis Mammuthus subplanifrons South African mammoth Mammuthus primigenius Woolly mammoth Mammuthus lamarmorae Sardinian Dwarf Mammoth A mammoth is any of a number of an extinct genus of proboscidean...

Mesolithic

Before about 5600 BC, the Rhine Valley, along with most of Europe, was occupied by Cro-magnon man in the Mesolithic stage of cultural development; that is, they hunted and gathered, but owned a larger and more specialized tool kit than the Palaeolithic people, knew more about the plants and animals, and even may have kept a few animals. A Cro-Magnon male skull The Cro-Magnons (IPA: or anglicised IPA: ) form the earliest known European examples of Homo sapiens sapiens, from ca. ... The Mesolithic (Greek mesos=middle and lithos=stone or the Middle Stone Age) was a period in the development of human technology between the Paleolithic and Neolithic periods of the Stone Age. ... The Paleolithic or Palaeolithic – lit. ...

Iron Age

During the early Iron Age, both banks of the Rhine were inhabited by Celtic tribes. However, in the beginning of the Pre-Roman Iron Age, ca 600 BC, the Proto-Germanic tribes crossed the Weser River and the Aller River, and expanded the whole distance to the banks of the Rhine. This expansion is shown archaeologically in the form of the Jastorf culture. From ca 500 BC and onwards, the lower Rhine and not the Weser and the Aller would increasingly mark the border between the Celtic tribes and the Germanic tribes. Iron Age Axe found on Gotland This article is about the archaeological period known as the Iron Age, for the mythological Iron Age see Iron Age (mythology). ... This is a list of Celtic tribes with their geographical localization. ... A map of the area covered by the Pre-Roman Iron Age, ca 500 BC-1 AD The Pre-Roman Iron Age (also called the Celtic Iron Age) (ca 600 BC or 500 BC - ca 1 AD) designates the earliest part (i. ... Centuries: 8th century BC - 7th century BC - 6th century BC Decades: 650s BC 640s BC 630s BC 620s BC 610s BC - 600s BC - 590s BC 580s BC 570s BC 560s BC 550s BC Events and Trends Fall of the Assyrian Empire and Rise of Babylon 609 BC _ King Josiah... Map of the Pre-Roman Iron Age culture(s) associated with Proto-Germanic, ca 500 BC-50 BC. The area south of Scandinavia is the Jastorf culture Proto-Germanic, the proto-language believed by scholars to be the common ancestor of the Germanic languages, includes among its descendants Dutch, Yiddish... Weser watershed Orthographic projection centred over Bremen The Weser is a river of north-western Germany. ... The Aller is a river in Saxony-Anhalt and Lower Saxony, Germany. ... The Jastorf culture is an Iron Age material culture in northern Europe, dated from about 600 BC to 1. ... Centuries: 7th century BC - 6th century BC - 5th century BC Decades: 550s BC - 540s BC - 530s BC - 520s BC - 510s BC - 500s BC - 490s BC - 480s BC - 470s BC - 460s BC - 450s BC Events and Trends 509 BC - Foundation of the Roman Republic 508 BC - Office of pontifex maximus created... This is a list of Celtic tribes with their geographical localization. ... The term Germanic tribes (or Teutonic tribes) applies to the ancient Germanic peoples of Europe. ...

Old Saxony It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Duchy of Saxony. ...

Historic and Military Relevance

Loreley

The human history of the Rhine begins with the writers of the late Roman Republic and early Roman Empire. Nearly all the classical sources mention the Rhine, and the name is always the same: Rhenus in Latin, Greek Rhenos. The Romans viewed the Rhine as the outermost border of civilization and reason, beyond which were mythical creatures and the wild Germanic tribesmen, not far themselves from being beasts of the wilderness they inhabited. As it was a wilderness, the Romans were eager to explore it. This view is typified by Res Gestae Divi Augusti, a long public inscription of Augustus in which he (or his ghost writer) boasts of his exploits, including sending an expeditionary fleet north of the Rheinmouth to Old Saxony and Jutland, which no Roman had ever done (he says). Image File history File links Loreley, Rheinland-Pfalz, Deutschland Photograph: Luidger 23. ... Image File history File links Loreley, Rheinland-Pfalz, Deutschland Photograph: Luidger 23. ... The Rock of Lorelei by the Rhine Lorelei Lorelei Loreley sign on the bank of the Rhine View of the Rhine as seen by Lorelei The Lorelei (originally written as Loreley) is a rock on the eastern bank of the Rhine near St. ... See also Roman Republic (18th century) and Roman Republic (19th century). ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Res Gestae Divi Augusti, (Latin: The Deeds of the Divine Augustus) is the funerary inscription of the first Roman emperor, Augustus, giving a first-person record of his life and accomplishments. ... Augustus (Latin: IMP•CAESAR•DIVI•F•AVGVSTVS;[1] September 23, 63 BC–August 19, AD 14), known as Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus (English Octavian; Latin: C•IVLIVS•C•F•CAESAR•OCTAVIANVS) for the period of his life prior to 27 BC, was the first and among the most important of... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Duchy of Saxony. ... Jutland Peninsula Jutland (Danish: Jylland; German: Jütland; Frisian Jutlân; Low German Jötlann) is a peninsula in northern Europe that forms the only non-insular part of Denmark and also the northernmost part of Germany, dividing the North Sea from the Baltic Sea. ...

Throughout the long history of Rome, the Rhine was considered the border between Gaul or the Celts and the Germanic peoples, even though the border often was violated, as when the Germanics crossed it and joined with the Celts to form the Belgae (descending to Belgium). Typical of this point of view is a quote from Maurus Servius Honoratus, Commentary on the Aeneid of Vergil (On Book 8 Line 727): Map of Gaul circa 58 BC Gaul (Latin: ) was the name given, in ancient times, to the region of Western Europe comprising present-day northern Italy, France, Belgium, western Switzerland and the parts of the Netherlands and Germany on the west bank of the Rhine river. ... A Celtic cross. ... The Belgae were a group of nations or tribes living in north-eastern Gaul, on the west bank of the Rhine, in the 1st century BC, and later also attested in Britain. ... Maurus (or Marius) Servius Honoratius, Roman grammarian and commentator on Virgil, flourished at the end of the 4th century AD. He is one of the interlocutors in the Saturnalia of Ambrosius Theodosius Macrobius, and allusions in that work and a letter from Quintus Aurelius Symmachus to Servius show that he...

"(Rhenus) fluvius Galliae, qui Germanos a Gallia dividit"

"(The Rhein is a) river of Gaul, which divides the Germanic people from Gaul."

The Rhine in the earlier sources was always a Gallic river.

As the conflict between Rome and the Germanics grew, the Romans found it necessary to station troops along the Rhine. They kept two army groups there (exercitus), the inferior, or "lower", and the superior, or "upper", which is the first distinction between upper Germania and lower Germania. It originally probably only meant upstream and downstream, the Niederrhein and Oberrhein regions of the map included with this article.

The Romans kept eight legions in five bases along the Rhine. The actual number of legions present at any base or in all depended on whether a state or threat of war existed. Between about 14 AD and 180 AD the assignment of legions was as follows.

For the army of Germania Inferior, two legions at Vetera (Xanten): I Germanica and XX Valeria (Pannonian troops); two legions at oppidum Ubiorum ("town of the Ubii"), which was renamed to Colonia Agrippina, descending to Cologne. The legions were V Alaudae, a Celtic legion recruited from Gallia Transalpina, and XXI, possibly a Galatian legion from the other side of the empire. The Roman province of Germania Inferior, 120 AD Germania Inferior was a Roman province located on the left bank of the Rhine, in todays southern and western Netherlands, the whole of Belgium and Luxembourg, parts of north-eastern France, and western Germany. ... Xanten is a town in the North Rhine-Westphalia state of Germany, located in the district of Wesel. ... Legio I Germanica, the German legion, was a Roman legion, levied in 48 BC by Julius Caesar to fight for him in the civil war against Pompey. ... Legio XX Valeria Victrix was a Roman legion, probably raised by Augustus sometime after 31 BC. It served in Spain, Illyricum, and Germany before participating in the invasion of Britain in 43 AD, where it remained and was active until at least the beginning of the 4th century. ... Position of the Roman province of Pannonia Pannonia is an ancient country bounded north and east by the Danube, conterminous westward with Noricum and upper Italy, and southward with Dalmatia and upper Moesia. ... The Ubii were a Germanic tribe first encountered dwelling on the right bank of the Rhine in the time of Julius Caesar, who formed an alliance with them in 55 BC in order to launch attacks across the river. ... For other uses, see Cologne (disambiguation). ... Legio V Alaudae, the larks, sometimes known as Gallica, was levied by Julius Caesar in 52 BC from native Gauls. ... Transalpine Gaul was a Roman province whose name was chosen to distinguish it from Cisalpine Gaul. ... Legio XXI Rapax, the predator, was a Roman legion levied in 31 BC by Augustus, probably from men previously enlisted in other legions. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

For the army of Germania superior, one legion, II Augusta, at Argentoratum (Strasbourg), and one, XIII Gemina, at Vindonissa (Windisch). Vespasian had commanded II Augusta before his promotion to imperator. In addition were a double legion, XIV and XVI, at Moguntiacum (Mainz). Categories: Historical stubs | Ancient Roman provinces | German history | Germany | History of the Germanic peoples ... Legio II Augusta was a Roman legion, levied by Gaius Vibius Pansa Caetronianus in 43 BC, and still operative in Britannia in 4th century. ... City flag City coat of arms Location Coordinates Time Zone CET (GMT +1) Administration Country France Region Alsace Department Bas-Rhin (67) Intercommunality Urban Community of Strasbourg Mayor Fabienne Keller  (UMP) City Statistics Land area¹ 78. ... Sestertius minted in 248 by Philip the Arab to celebrate Dacia province and its legions, V Macedonica and XIII Gemina. ... Windisch is a municipality of the Canton of Aargau, Switzerland. ... Mainz is a city in Germany and the capital of the German federal state of Rhineland-Palatinate. ...

The two originally military districts of Germania Inferior and Germania Superior came to influence the surrounding tribes, who later respected the distinction in their alliances and confederations. For example, the upper Germanic peoples combined into the Alemanni. For a time the Rhine ceased to be a border when a union of all the west Germanics, the Franks, crossed the river and occupied Roman-dominated Celtic Gaul as far as Paris. The Roman province of Germania Inferior, 120 AD Germania Inferior was a Roman province located on the left bank of the Rhine, in todays southern and western Netherlands, the whole of Belgium and Luxembourg, parts of north-eastern France, and western Germany. ... Categories: Historical stubs | Ancient Roman provinces | German history | Germany | History of the Germanic peoples ... The Alamanni, Allemanni or Alemanni, are a Germanic tribe, first mentioned by Dio Cassius, under the year 213. ... For other uses, see Franks (disambiguation). ... Map of Gaul circa 58 BC Gaul (Latin: ) was the name given, in ancient times, to the region of Western Europe comprising present-day northern Italy, France, Belgium, western Switzerland and the parts of the Netherlands and Germany on the west bank of the Rhine river. ... City flag City coat of arms Motto: Fluctuat nec mergitur (Latin: Tossed by the waves, she does not sink) Paris Eiffel tower as seen from the esplanade du Trocadéro. ...

Subsequently language changes began to play a major political role. West Germanic dissimilated into Low Saxon, Low Franconian languages and High German languages roughly along the old lines. Perhaps it had been doing so all along. Charlemagne united all the Franks in the Holy Roman Empire, but he did not rule over a people of uniform language. After his death the empire split more or less along language lines, with the Low Franconian being spoken in the Netherlands and the Low Saxon and High German in what became Germany. The Romanized Franks became the French. The Rhine once again became a political border. The Germanic languages in Europe are divided into North (blue) and West Germanic (green and orange) Languages  Low Saxon-Low Franconian (Dutch)  High German (standard German, Schwyzerdütsch)  Insular Anglo-Frisian (English, Scots)  Continental Anglo-Frisian (Frisian)  East North Germanic (Danish, BokmÃ¥l Norwegian, Swedish)  West North Germanic (Nynorsk Norwegian... Low Saxon (in Low Saxon, Nedersaksisch, Neddersassisch, Plattdüütsch or Nedderdüütsch) is any of a variety of Low German dialects spoken in northern Germany and the Netherlands. ... Low Franconian is any of several West Germanic languages spoken in The Netherlands, northern Belgium, and South Africa. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... A portrait of Charlemagne by Albrecht Dürer that was painted several centuries after Charlemagnes death. ... The extent of the Holy Roman Empire in c. ...

The Rhine as border has been and is a mystical and political symbol. German authors and composers have written reams about it. During World War II, it was still considered the sacred border of Germany, and was still a defensive barrier. The Germans fought especially hard to defend it.

The Rhine is closely linked to many important historical events — particularly military ones — as well as myths. For example:

• The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest which finally established the Rhine as the northern frontier of the Roman Empire.

• It was a historic object of frontier trouble between France and Germany. Establishing "natural borders" on the Rhine was a long term goal of French foreign policy since the Middle Ages. French leaders such as Louis XIV and Napoleon Bonaparte tried with varying degrees of success to annex lands west of the Rhine. In 1840 the Rhine crisis evolved, because the French prime minister Adolphe Thiers started to talk about the Rhine border. In response, the poem and song Die Wacht am Rhein ("The Watch on the Rhine") was composed at that time, calling for the defense of the western bank of the Rhine against France. During the Franco-Prussian War it rose to the de-facto status of a national anthem in Germany. The song remained popular in World War I and was used in the movie Casablanca

• At the end of World War I the Rheinland was subject to the Treaty of Versailles. This decreed that it would be occupied by the allies until 1935, and after that it would be a demilitarised zone, with the German army forbidden to enter. The Treaty of Versailles in general, and this particular provision, caused much resentment in Germany and are often cited as helping Adolf Hitler's rise to power. The allies left the Rheinland in 1930, and the German army re-occupied it in 1936, which was enormously popular in Germany. Although the allies could probably have prevented the re-occupation, Britain and France were not inclined to do so, a feature of their policy of appeasement of Hitler.

• In World War II it was recognised that the Rhine would present a formidable natural obstacle to the invasion of Germany by the western allies. The Rhine bridge at Arnhem, immortalized in the book and film A Bridge Too Far, was a central focus of the battle for Arnhem during the failed Operation Market Garden of September 1944. The bridges at Nijmegen over the Waal distributary of the Rhine were also an objective of Market Garden. In a separate operation, the Rhine bridge at Remagen became famous when U.S. forces were able to capture it intact — much to their own surprise — after the Germans failed to demolish it. This also became the subject of a film, The Bridge at Remagen.

• Mainz Cathedral — this more than 1,000-year-old cathedral is seat to the Bishop of Mainz. It holds significant historic value as the seat of the once politically powerful secular prince-archbishop within the Holy Roman Empire. It houses historical funerary monuments and religious artifacts.

• The Nibelungenlied, an epic poem in Middle High German, tells the saga of Siegfried/Sigurd, who killed a dragon on the Drachenfels (Siebengebirge) ("dragons rock") near Bonn at the Rhine, of the Burgundians and their court at Worms at the Rhine, and Kriemhild's golden treasure which is thrown into the Rhine by Hagen

• Das Rheingold — inspired by the Nibelungenlied, the Rhine is one of the settings for the first opera of Richard Wagner's Ring cycle. The action of the epic opens and ends underneath the Rhine, where three Rheinmaidens swim and protect a hoard of gold.

• The Loreley/Lorelei is a rock on the eastern bank of the Rhine that is associated with several legendary tales, poems and songs.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Rhein

Combatants Germanic tribes (Cherusci, Marsi, Chatti, Bructeri and Chauci) Roman Empire Commanders Arminius (Hermann) Publius Quinctilius Varus † Strength Unknown 3 Roman legions, 3 alae and 6 auxiliary cohorts, probably 20,000 - 25,000 Casualties Unknown; but far less than Roman losses 15,000-20,000 The Battle of the Teutoburg... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Natural Borders are country borders which are composed of natural objects such as rivers, mountain ranges, or deserts. ... The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three ages: the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times, beginning with the Renaissance. ... Sun King redirects here. ... Napoleon I Bonaparte, Emperor of the French, King of Italy, Mediator of the Swiss Confederation and Protector of the Confederation of the Rhine (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821) was a general of the French Revolution, the ruler of France as First Consul (Premier Consul) of the French Republic from... 1840 is a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... A caricature of Adolphe Thiers charging on the Paris Commune, published in Le Père Duchêne illustré Louis Adolphe Thiers (April 16, 1797–September 3, 1877) was a French statesman and historian. ... Die Wacht am Rhein (English: The Watch/Guard on the Rhine) is a German patriotic anthem. ... Combatants Second French Empire North German Confederation allied with south German states (later German Empire) Commanders Napoleon III # Otto Von Bismarck Helmuth von Moltke the Elder Strength 400,000[] 1,200,000[] Casualties 150,000 dead or wounded 284,000 captured 350,000 civilian [] 70,000 dead or wounded 200... Combatants Allied Powers: Russian Empire France British Empire Italy United States Central Powers: Austria-Hungary German Empire Ottoman Empire Bulgaria Commanders Nicholas II Aleksei Brusilov Georges Clemenceau Joseph Joffre Ferdinand Foch Robert Nivelle Herbert Henry Asquith Sir Douglas Haig Sir John Jellicoe Victor Emmanuel III Luigi Cadorna Armando Diaz Woodrow... Casablanca is a 1943 romantic film set during World War II in the Vichy-controlled Moroccan city of Casablanca. ... Combatants Allied Powers: Russian Empire France British Empire Italy United States Central Powers: Austria-Hungary German Empire Ottoman Empire Bulgaria Commanders Nicholas II Aleksei Brusilov Georges Clemenceau Joseph Joffre Ferdinand Foch Robert Nivelle Herbert Henry Asquith Sir Douglas Haig Sir John Jellicoe Victor Emmanuel III Luigi Cadorna Armando Diaz Woodrow... The Rhineland (Rheinland in German) is the general name for the land on both sides of the river Rhine in the west of Germany. ... The Palace of Versailles, where the treaty was signed. ... Hitler redirects here. ... Appeasement is a policy of accepting the imposed conditions of an aggressor in lieu of armed resistance, usually at the sacrifice of principles. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... Arnhem is a municipality and a city in the east of the Netherlands, located on the Lower Rhine, and the capital of the Gelderland province. ... A Bridge Too Far, a book by Cornelius Ryan published in 1974, tells the story of Operation Market Garden, a failed Allied attempt to break through German lines at Arnhem in the occupied Netherlands during World War II. The title of the book comes from a comment made by British... A Bridge Too Far is a 1977 film based on the 1974 book of the same name. ... Combatants United Kingdom United States Canada Poland Germany Commanders Bernard Montgomery Walter Model Strength 35,000 20,000 Casualties 17,000 dead or wounded 4,000 - 8,000 dead or wounded Operation Market Garden (September 17-September 25, 1944) was an Allied military operation in World War II. Its tactical... Remagen is a city in Germany in the Bundesland of Rhineland-Palatinate, district Ahrweiler. ... The Bridge at Remagen is a war film released in 1969. ... Mainz Cathedral sits to the right in this sketch (c. ... Between 780/82 AD and 1802 AD the Archbishop of Mainz, was an influential ecclesiastic and secular prince of the middle ages. ... The extent of the Holy Roman Empire in c. ... The Nibelungenlied is an epic poem in Middle High German. ... Sigurd (Old Norse: Sigurðr, German: Siegfried) was a legendary hero of Norse mythology, as well as the central character in the Völsunga saga. ... Drachenfels in 1921. ... Bonn is the 19th largest city in Germany, located about 20 kilometres south of Cologne on the river Rhine in the Federal State of North Rhine-Westphalia. ... Das Rheingold (The Rhine Gold) is the first of the four operas that comprise Der Ring des Nibelungen (The Ring of the Nibelung), by Richard Wagner. ... The Nibelungenlied is an epic poem in Middle High German. ... Wilhelm Richard Wagner (Leipzig, May 22, 1813 – Venice, February 13, 1883) was an influential German composer, conductor, music theorist, and essayist, primarily known for his operas (or music dramas as he later came to call them). ... The Ring of the Nibelung or, in the original German, Der Ring des Nibelungen, is a series of four epic operas. ... General Name, Symbol, Number gold, Au, 79 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 11, 6, d Appearance metallic yellow Atomic mass 196. ... The Rock of Lorelei by the Rhine Lorelei Lorelei Loreley sign on the bank of the Rhine View of the Rhine as seen by Lorelei The Loreley (also written as Lorelei) is a rock on the eastern bank of the Rhine near St. ... Image File history File links Commons-logo. ...

References

• Berendsen, H.J.A. & E. Stouthamer (2001) [2]: Palaeogeographic development of the Rhine-Meuse delta, The Netherlands; Koninklijke van Gorcum, Assen; ISBN 90-232-3695-5

Further reading

• Blackbourn, David., (2006) The Conquest of Nature: Water, Landscape and the Making of Germany. The transformation of the Rhine since the eighteenth century.

External links

Tributaries of the Rhine

From the left: Vorderrhein | Thur | Töss | Glatt | Aare | Birs | Birsig | Ill | Sauer | Lauter (Wieslauter) | Queich | Speyerbach | Rehbach | Isenach | Eckbach | Eisbach | Pfrimm | Selz | Nahe | Moselle | Nette | Brohlbach | Ahr | Erft | Download high resolution version (794x1114, 84 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... At 1,320 kilometres (820 miles) and an average discharge of more than 2,000 cubic meters per second, the Rhine (German Rhein, French Rhin, Dutch Rijn, Romansch: Rein, Italian: Reno) is one of the longest and most important rivers in Europe. ... Thur is a 131 km long river in north-eastern Switzerland. ... The Töss is a river of the Canton of Zürich. ... Glatt is the name of a lesser affluent to the River Rhine in the Swiss canton of Zurich. ... Aar (disambiguation). ... The Birsig river is a small river, which sources in eastern France near the Swiss border. ... The Ill is a river of Alsace, in north-eastern France. ... The Sauer is a river in France (Alsace) and Germany (Rhineland-Palatinate). ... The Selz is a creek in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany, a tributary to the Rhine. ... The Nahe is a river in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany, a tributary to the Rhine. ... The Moselle (French Moselle, German Mosel, Luxembourgish Musel, Dutch Moezel, from Latin Mosella, little Meuse) is a river flowing through France, Luxembourg and Germany, joining the Rhine river at Koblenz. ... The Nette is a small river in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany, a left tributary of the Rhine. ... The Ahr is a tributary of the Rhine beginning at a height of approximately 520 meters above sea level in Blankenheim (the Eifel) in Fachwerkhauses to near the Blankenheimer Burg in North Rhine-Westphalia. ... The Erft is a river in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. ...

From the right: Hinterrhein | Landquart | Ill | Dornbirner Ach | Bregenzer Ach | Argen | Schussen | Radolfzeller Aach | Wutach | Murg | Wehra | Wiese | Elz | Kinzig | Rench | Acher | Murg | Federbach | Alb | Pfinz | Kraichbach | Saalbach | Neckar | Weschnitz | Modau | Main | Wisper | Lahn | Wied | Sieg | Wupper | Düssel | Ruhr | Emscher | Lippe | Oude IJssel/Issel | Berkel | Schipbeek At 1,320 kilometres (820 miles) and an average discharge of more than 2,000 cubic meters per second, the Rhine (German Rhein, French Rhin, Dutch Rijn, Romansch: Rein, Italian: Reno) is one of the longest and most important rivers in Europe. ... The Ill is a 72 km long tributary of the Rhine river in the western Austrian province of Vorarlberg. ... Dornbirner Ach is a river with its source up in the valley near the alpine village Ebnit. ... The Bregenzer Ach is the main river of the Bregenzerwald, in the Vorarlberg Province of Austria. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... The Elz is a river in Baden-Württemberg, Germany, a right tributary of the Rhine. ... The Kinzig is a German river that runs for 95 km from the Black Forest through the Upper Rhine River Plains. ... The Rench is a river in Ortenau County, Baden-Württemberg, Germany and a right-side tributary of the Rhine River. ... The Acher is a river in Ortenau County, Baden-Württemberg, Germany and a tributary of the Rhine River. ... The Murg is a right tributary of the Rhine, located in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. ... The Pfinz is a right-side tributary of the Rhine in Baden-Württemberg. ... Saalbach-Hinterglemm is a municipality in the district of Zell Am See/Pinzgau in the Austrian state of Salzburg. ... The Neckar is a 367 km long river in Germany, a major right tributary of the River Rhine, which it joins at Mannheim. ... For other uses, see Main (disambiguation). ... The Wisper is a 30 km long river in western Germany, right tributary of the Rhine. ... The river Lahn in Limburg The Lahn is a river in Germany. ... The Wied is a river in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. ... The Sieg is a river in North Rhine-Westphalia and Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany named after the folk of the Sigambrer. ... The Wupper is a tributary to the Rhine river in Northrhine-Westfalia of Germany. ... The Düssel is a small right tributary of the River Rhine in North Rhine Westphalia. ... For the conurbation see Ruhr Area. ... The Emscher is a relatively small river flowing through the Ruhr area in North Rhine-Westphalia in western Germany. ... The Lippe is a river in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. ... Oude IJssel (the Dutch name) or Issel (the German name) is an approx. ... The Berkel is a tributary of the River IJssel in the Netherlands. ... The Schipbeek is a tributary of the IJssel in the Netherlands and a continuation of the Buurser Beek. ...