Rhizaria Fossil range: Neoproterozoic - Recent
Live Ammonia tepida (Foraminifera)
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota (unranked) Rhizaria
Phyla
Cercozoa Foraminifera Radiolaria The Neoproterozoic Era is the unit of geologic time from 1,000 to 542 +/- 0. ... Operation Autumn Clouds: Israel Defense Forces troops kill two Palestinian terrorists in anorthern Gaza Strip operation. ... ImageMetadata File history File links Live_Ammonia_tepida. ... Orders Allogromiida Carterinida Fusulinida - extinct Globigerinida Involutinida - extinct Lagenida Miliolida Robertinida Rotaliida Silicoloculinida Spirillinida Textulariida incertae sedis    Xenophyophorea    Reticulomyxa The Foraminifera, or forams for short, are a large group of amoeboid protists with reticulating pseudopods, fine strands that branch and merge to form a dynamic net. ... Scientific classification or biological classification is a method by which biologists group and categorize species of organisms. ... Kingdoms Animalia - Animals Fungi Plantae - Plants Protista Alternative phylogeny Unikonta Opisthokonta Amoebozoa Bikonta Apusozoa Cabozoa Rhizaria Excavata Corticata Archaeplastida Chromalveolata Animals, plants, fungi, and protists are eukaryotes (IPA: ), organisms whose cells are organized into complex structures by internal membranes and a cytoskeleton. ... The Cercozoa are a group of protists, including most amoeboids and flagellates that feed by means of filose pseudopods. ... Orders Allogromiida Carterinida Fusulinida - extinct Globigerinida Involutinida - extinct Lagenida Miliolida Robertinida Rotaliida Silicoloculinida Spirillinida Textulariida incertae sedis    Xenophyophorea    Reticulomyxa The Foraminifera, or forams for short, are a large group of amoeboid protists with reticulating pseudopods, fine strands that branch and merge to form a dynamic net. ... Possible classes Polycystinea Acantharea Taxopodea Radiolaria are amoeboid protozoa that produce intricate mineral skeletons, typically with a central capsule dividing the cell into inner and outer portions, called endoplasm and ectoplasm. ...

The Rhizaria are a major line of protists. They vary considerably in form, but for the most part they are amoeboids with filose, reticulose, or microtubule-supported pseudopods. Many produce shells or skeletons, which may be quite complex in structure, and these make up the vast majority of protozoan fossils. Nearly all have mitochondria with tubular cristae. There are three main groups of Rhizaria: Typical phyla Chromista Heterokontophyta Haptophyta Cryptophyta (cryptomonads) Alveolata Dinoflagellata Apicomplexa Ciliophora (ciliates) Excavata Euglenozoa Percolozoa Metamonada Rhizaria Radiolaria Foraminifera Cercozoa Archaeplastida (in part) Rhodophyta (red algae) Glaucophyta (basal archaeplastids) Amoebozoa Choanozoa Many others; classification varies Protists (IPA: ) are a diverse group of organisms, comprising those eukaryotes that are not animals... Amoeba (Chaos diffluens) Foraminiferan (Ammonia tepida) Heliozoan (Actinophrys sol) Amoeboids are cells that move or feed by means of temporary projections, called pseudopods (false feet). ... Electron micrograph of a mitochondrion showing its mitochondrial matrix and membranes In cell biology, a mitochondrion (plural mitochondria) (from Greek μιτος or mitos, thread + χονδριον or khondrion, granule) is a membrane-enclosed organelle, found in most eukaryotic cells. ...

Cercozoa - Various amoebae and flagellates, usually with filose pseudopods and common in soil The Cercozoa are a group of protists, including most amoeboids and flagellates that feed by means of filose pseudopods. ...

Foraminifera - Amoeboids with reticulose pseudopods, common as marine benthos Orders Allogromiida Carterinida Fusulinida - extinct Globigerinida Involutinida - extinct Lagenida Miliolida Robertinida Rotaliida Silicoloculinida Spirillinida Textulariida incertae sedis    Xenophyophorea    Reticulomyxa The Foraminifera, or forams for short, are a large group of amoeboid protists with reticulating pseudopods, fine strands that branch and merge to form a dynamic net. ... In oceanography, marine geology and biology, benthos are the organisms and habitats of the sea floor; in freshwater biology they are the organisms and habitats of the bottoms of lakes, rivers, and creeks. ...

Radiolaria - Amoeboids with axopods, common as marine plankton Possible classes Polycystinea Acantharea Taxopodea Radiolaria are amoeboid protozoa that produce intricate mineral skeletons, typically with a central capsule dividing the cell into inner and outer portions, called endoplasm and ectoplasm. ... Photomontage of plankton organisms Plankton are any drifting organism that inhabits the water column of oceans, seas, and bodies of fresh water. ...

A few other groups may be included in the Cercozoa, but on some trees appear closer to the Foraminifera. These are the Phytomyxea and Ascetosporea, parasites of plants and animals respectively, and the peculiar amoeba Gromia. The different groups of Rhizaria are considered close relatives based mainly on genetic similarities, and have been regarded as an extension of the Cercozoa. The name Rhizaria for the expanded group was introduced by Cavalier-Smith in 2002, who also included the centrohelids and Apusozoa. Genera Lignieria Membranosorus Octomyxa Phagomyxa Plasmodiophora Polymyxa Sorodiscus Sorosphaera Spongospora Tetramyxa Woronina The Phytomyxea are a group of protists that are parasites of plants. ... Genera Haplosporidiidae    Haplosporidium    Minchina    Urosporidium Paramyxidae    Marteilia    Paramartelia    Paramyxa The Ascetosporea are a group of protists that are parasites of animals, especially marine invertebrates. ... Gromia is a widespread genus of marine and freshwater amoeboids, closely resembling some foraminiferans. ... Thomas Cavalier-Smith is a professor of evolutionary biology at the University of Oxford, and is winner of the International Prize for Biology 2004 and one of the most notable researchers concerning the relationships, development, and classification of living things. ... Families Raphidiophryidae Acanthocystidae Heterophryidae The centrohelids, or Centroheliozoa, are a large group of heliozoan protists, including both mobile and sessile forms found in both freshwater and marine environments, especially at some depth. ... Orders Apusomonadida Ancyromonadida Hemimastigida The Apusozoa comprise several genera of flagellate protozoa. ...

References

• Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (2002). "The phagotrophic origin of eukaryotes and phylogenetic classification of Protozoa". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 52 (2): 297-354. ISSN 1466-5026. Retrieved on 2007-06-08. 

• Nikolaev, Sergey I.; Cédric Berney, José F. Fahrni, Ignacio Bolivar, Stephane Polet, Alexander P. Mylnikov, Vladimir V. Aleshin, Nikolai B. Petrov, and Jan Pawlowski (2004). "The twilight of the Heliozoa and rise of the Rhizaria, an emerging supergroup of amoeboid eukaryotes". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 101 (21): 8066-8071. ISSN 0027-8424. Retrieved on 2007-06-08. 

Thomas Cavalier-Smith is a professor of evolutionary biology at the University of Oxford, and is winner of the International Prize for Biology 2004 and one of the most notable researchers concerning the relationships, development, and classification of living things. ... ISSN, or International Standard Serial Number, is the unique eight-digit number applied to a periodical publication including electronic serials. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is now the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... June 8 is the 159th day of the year (160th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, usually referred to as PNAS, is the official journal of the United States National Academy of Sciences. ... ISSN, or International Standard Serial Number, is the unique eight-digit number applied to a periodical publication including electronic serials. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is now the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... June 8 is the 159th day of the year (160th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

External links

• Molecular Phylogeny of Amoeboid Protists - Tree of Rhizaria