Richard Howe, 1st Earl Howe (8 March 1726 – 5 August 1799) was a British admiral. Image File history File links Admiral_howe. ... March 8 is the 67th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (68th in Leap years). ... Events George Friderich Handel becomes a British subject. ... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... Motto (French) God and my right Anthem No official anthem specific to England — the United Kingdom anthem is God Save the Queen. ... is the 217th day of the year (218th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1799 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... For other uses, see Admiral (disambiguation). ... 1762 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... | Come and take it, slogan of the Texas Revolution 1835 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... (Mary Sophia) Charlotte Howe, Viscountess Howe (23 September 1703 – 13 June 1782) was a British courtier and poltician. ... is the 67th day of the year (68th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events George Friderich Handel becomes a British subject. ... is the 217th day of the year (218th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1799 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... For other uses, see Admiral (disambiguation). ...

Early career

Howe was born in London, the second son of Emanuel Scrope Howe, 2nd Viscount Howe, who died as governor of Barbados in March 1735, and of Charlotte, a daughter of Baroness von Kielmansegg, afterwards Countess of Darlington, the half-sister of King George II which does much to explain his early rise in the navy. Richard Howe entered the navy in the Severn, one of the squadron sent into the south seas with George Anson in 1740. The Severn failed to round Cape Horn and returned home. Howe next served in the West Indies aboard Burford and was present when she was severely damaged in the unsuccessful attack on La Guayra on February 18, 1742. He was made acting-lieutenant in the West Indies in the same year, and the rank was confirmed in 1744. This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... (Mary Sophia) Charlotte Howe, Viscountess Howe (23 September 1703 – 13 June 1782) was a British courtier and poltician. ... Sophia Charlotte von Kielmansegg, Countess of Leinster and Darlington and Baroness von Kielmansegg (1675–20 April 1725) was a German-born British courtier and a half-sister of George I of Great Britain. ... Earl of Darlington is a title that has been created twice, each time in the Peerage of Great Britain. ... George II King of Great Britain and Ireland George II (George Augustus) (10 November 1683–25 October 1760) was King of Great Britain and Ireland, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (Hanover) and Archtreasurer and Prince-Elector of the Holy Roman Empire from 11 June 1727 until his death. ... There have been nine ships and one submarine of the Royal Navy named HMS Severn after the River Severn: The first Severn was a fourth rate two-decked ship of 50 guns launched in 1693 and broekn up in 1734. ... George Anson, 1st Baron Anson (April 23, 1697 - 1762) was a British admiral and a wealthy aristocrat, noted for his circumnavigation of the globe. ... Cape Horn from the South. ... The Caribbean or the West Indies is a group of islands in the Caribbean Sea. ... La Guaira is the capital of the Venezuelan state of Vargas. ... is the 49th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... // Events January 24 - Charles VII Albert becomes Holy Roman Emperor. ...

During the Jacobite Rising of 1745, he commanded the sloop Baltimore in the North Sea, and was severely wounded in the head while cooperating with a frigate in an engagement with two French privateers. In 1746, he became post-captain, and commanded Triton in the West Indies. As captain of Cornwall, the flagship of Sir Charles Knowles, he was in the battle with the Spaniards off Havana on October 2, 1748. Between the War of the Austrian Succession and the Seven Years' War, Howe held commands at home and on the west coast of Africa. In 1755, he went with Edward Boscawen to North America as captain of Dunkirk, and his capture of the French Alcide was the first shot fired in the war. From then until the peace of 1763, he served in the Channel in various more or less futile expeditions against the French coast, gaining a reputation as a firm and skilful officer. On November 20, 1759, he led Hawke's fleet as captain of Magnanime in the Battle of Quiberon Bay. The Jacobite Risings were a series of uprisings, rebellions, and wars in the British Isles occurring between 1688 and 1746. ... A sloop-rigged J-24 sailboat A sloop (From Dutch sloep) in sailing, is a vessel with a fore-and-aft rig. ... The North Sea is a sea of the Atlantic Ocean, located between the coasts of Norway and Denmark in the east, the coast of the British Isles in the west, and the German, Dutch, Belgian and French coasts in the south. ... For the Patrick OBrian novel, see Post Captain (novel). ... Eight vessels of the Royal Navy have been named HMS Triton or HMS Tryton, after Triton, the son of Poseidon and Amphitrite, and the personification of the roaring waters: Tryton, originally French ship Triton, was a 42-gun fifth-rate captured in 1702 at the battle of Vigo Bay, and... The Caribbean or the West Indies is a group of islands in the Caribbean Sea. ... HMS Cornwall was an 80-gun third-rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy, launched in 1692. ... A flagship is the ship used by the commanding officer of a group of naval ships. ... Combatants Britain Spain Commanders Charles Henry Knowles Andrés Reggio y Brachiforte Strength 7 ships of the line (428 guns) 6 ships of the line 1 frigate (420 guns) Casualties No ships lost 2 ships lost The Battle of Havana was an engagement between the British Caribbean squadron and a... Nickname: (Spanish) City of Columns Position of Havana in the Americas Coordinates: , Country  Cuba Province Ciudad de La Habana Municipalities 15 Founded 1515a Government  - Mayor Juan Contino Aslán Area  - City 721. ... is the 275th day of the year (276th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events April 24 - A congress assembles at Aix-la-Chapelle with the intent to conclude the struggle known as the War of Austrian Succession - at October 18 - The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle is signed to end the war Adam Smith begins to deliver public lectures in Edinburgh Building of... Combatants Prussia Spain France Electorate of Bavaria Kingdom of Naples Austria Great Britain Dutch Republic Electorate of Saxony Sardinia Russian Empire Commanders Frederick II Leopold I Leopold II Maurice de Saxe François-Marie de Broglie Charles VII Ludwig Khevenhüller Charles Alexander George II Charles Emmanuel III Empress Maria... Combatants Kingdom of Prussia Kingdom of Great Britain Electorate of Hanover Kingdom of Portugal Electorate of Brunswick Electorate of Hesse-Kassel Archduchy of Austria Kingdom of France Empire of Russia Kingdom of Sweden Kingdom of Spain Electorate of Saxony Kingdom of Naples and Sicily Kingdom of Sardinia The Seven Years... A world map showing the continent of Africa Africa is the worlds second-largest and second most-populous continent, after Asia. ... Edward Boscawen (August 10, 1711 - January 10, 1761) was a British (Cornish) admiral. ... North America North America is a continent[1] in the Earths northern hemisphere and (chiefly) western hemisphere. ... Four vessels of the British Royal Navy have been named HMS Dunkirk, after the Channel seaport of Dunkirk, France, site of the evacuation of 1940. ... is the 324th day of the year (325th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1759 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Edward Hawke, 1st Baron Hawke, (February 21, 1705 - October 16, 1781) was an admiral in the Royal Navy. ... The naval Battle of Quiberon Bay took place on 20 November 1759 during the Seven Years War in Quiberon Bay, off the coast of France near St. ...

After the death of his elder brother, killed near Ticonderoga on July 6, 1758, he became Viscount Howe in the Peerage of Ireland. In 1762, he was elected M.P. for Dartmouth, and held the seat until he was elevated to the House of Lords as Earl Howe in the Peerage of Great Britain. During 1763 and 1765, he was a member of the Admiralty board. From 1765 to 1770, he was treasurer of the navy. At the end of his tenure, Howe was promoted to Rear admiral, and then again, in 1775, to Vice admiral. The following year, he was appointed to the command of the North American station. Ticonderoga may refer to: Ticonderoga, New York Fort Ticonderoga in New York Battle of Ticonderoga, four separate battles at the fort USS Ticonderoga, five ships Ticonderoga-class aircraft carrier Ticonderoga-class cruiser Ticonderoga, a steam clipper Ticonderoga, a Lake Champlain steamboat Dixon Ticonderoga, a brand of pencils Category: ... is the 187th day of the year (188th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1758 (MDCCLVIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 11-day slower Julian calendar). ... Earl Howe is a title that has been created twice: once in the Peerage of Great Britain and another time in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. ... The Peerage of Ireland the term used for those peers created by British monarchs in their capacity as Lord or King of Ireland. ... The town seen from the River Dart Dartmouth is a town in Devon in the south-west of England. ... The House of Lords is the upper house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom and is also commonly referred to as the Lords. The Sovereign, the House of Commons (which is the lower house of Parliament and referred to as the Commons), and the Lords together comprise the Parliament. ... The Peerage of Great Britain comprises all extant peerages created in the Kingdom of Great Britain after the Act of Union 1707 but before the Act of Union 1800. ... The term Rear Admiral originated from the days of Naval Sailing Squadrons, and can trace its origins to the British Royal Navy. ... Vice Admiral is a naval rank of three star level, equivalent to Lieutenant General in seniority. ...

American Revolution

At the beginning of the American Revolution, Howe was known to be sympathetic to the colonists. He had known Benjamin Franklin, who was a friend of his sister, a popular lady in London society. Howe had written to Franklin in a peacemaking effort. Because of his known sentiments, he was selected to command in America. He was joined in a commission with his brother, General Sir William Howe, head of the land forces, to attempt a reconciliation. A committee appointed by the Second Continental Congress conferred with the Howes in September 1776, but nothing came of it. The appointment of a new peace commission in 1778 offended the admiral deeply, and he resigned of his command. His resignation was reluctantly accepted by Lord Sandwich, then First Lord, but before it could take effect France declared war, and a powerful French squadron was sent to America under the Comte d'Estaing. Greatly outnumbered and forced to take a defensive stance, Howe nevertheless baffled the French admiral at Sandy Hook, and defeated d'Estaing's attempt to take Newport, Rhode Island by a fine combination of caution and calculated daring. On Admiral John Byron's arrival from England with reinforcements, Howe left his station in September 1778. Declining to serve afterwards, he cited distrust of Lord North and a lack of support during his command in America. He was further embittered by the supersession of himself and his brother as peace commissioners, as well as by attacks in the press against him by ministerial writers. John Trumbulls Declaration of Independence, showing the five-man committee in charge of drafting the Declaration in 1776 as it presents its work to the Second Continental Congress The American Revolution refers to the period during the last half of the 18th century in which the Thirteen Colonies that... Benjamin Franklin (January 17 [O.S. January 6] 1706 – April 17, 1790) was one of the most well known Founding Fathers of the United States. ... For the surrealist painter, see William Howe (painter). ... <smatest edits. ... John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich, 1783, by Sir Thomas Gainsborough For other persons of the same name, see John Montagu. ... Comte Jean Baptiste Charles Henri Hector d Estaing Portrait by Benson John Lossing in The pictorial field-book of the revolution Comte Jean Baptiste Charles Henri Hector d Estaing Comte Jean Baptiste Charles Henri Hector d Estaing (November 1729 - April 28, 1794) was a French admiral. ... Sandy Hook from the top of Twin Lights Lighthouse, Highlands, NJ. Sandy Hook is a narrow coastal spit of land, approximately 6 miles in length and 0. ... Newport is a city in Newport County, Rhode Island, about 30 miles (48 km) south of Providence. ... John Byron (November 8, 1723 – April 10, 1786) was a British vice-admiral. ... Frederick North, 2nd Earl of Guilford, KG, PC (13 April 1732 – 5 August 1792), more often known by his courtesy title, Lord North, which he used from 1752 until 1790, was Prime Minister of Great Britain from 1770 to 1782, and a major actor in the American Revolution. ...

French Revolution

Not until the fall of Lord North's ministry in March 1782 did Howe once again accept a command. That autumn, he carried out the relief of Gibraltar — a difficult operation, 46 French and Spanish ships-of-the-line against only 33 of his own. The exhausted state of the English homeland made it impossible for Howe to fit his ships properly or supply them with good crews, and Howe's progress to Gibraltar was hampered by the need to escort a large convoy carrying stores. Still, Howe handled his makeshift fleet brilliantly and took advantage of an awkward and unenterprising enemy. From 1783 until 1788, he served as First Lord of the Admiralty during the Younger Pitt's first ministry. The task was no pleasant one, for he had to agree to extreme budgetary constraints and disappoint the hopes of many officers who were left unemployed by the peace. On the outbreak of the War of the First Coalition against France in 1793, he was again given command of the Channel fleet. The following year would be the greatest of his career, including the victory of the "Glorious First of June". Although now nearly seventy years old, Howe displayed a tactical originality uncommon in such a veteran. Howe's active service ended after the campaign, but he continued to hold nominal command command of the Channel Fleet by the king's decree. In 1797, he was called on to pacify Spithead mutineers, and his powerful influence upon the sailors who revered him was conspicuously shown. (It also helped that in his talks with the mutineers, Howe saw the justice in their demands, and negotiated a settlement which satisfied most of them.) The First Lord of the Admiralty was a British government position in charge of the Admiralty. ... William Pitt the Younger (28 May 1759 – 23 January 1806) was a British politician of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. ... The name First Coalition (1793–1797) designates the first major concerted effort of multiple European powers to contain Revolutionary France. ... Satellite view of the English Channel The English Channel (French: , the sleeve) is an arm of the Atlantic Ocean that separates the island of Great Britain from northern France and joins the North Sea to the Atlantic. ... The Glorious First of June (also known as the Third Battle of Ushant and in French as the Bataille du 13 prairial an 2) was a naval battle fought in the Atlantic Ocean on June 1, 1794 between the Royal Navy and the navy of Revolutionary France. ... The Spithead and Nore mutinies were two major mutinies by sailors of the Royal Navy in 1797. ...

Richard Howe, from a mezzotint engraving by R. Dunkarton, after the painting by John Singleton Copley

Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Portrait of Copley by Gilbert Stuart. ...

Later career and legacy

In 1782, he was created Viscount Howe of Langar, and, in 1788, Baron and Earl Howe. In June 1797, he was made a Knight of the Garter. Though he did not seek his sailors's affection, he was popular with them, for they knew him to be just. His nickname "Black Dick" was given because of his swarthy complexion, and the portrait by Thomas Gainsborough shows it was apt. Howe was buried in his family vault at Langar. His monument by John Flaxman is in St Paul's Cathedral. A garter is one of the Orders most recognisable insignia. ... Thomas Gainsborough (14 May 1727 (baptised) – 2 August 1788) was one of the most famous portrait and landscape painters of 18th century Britain. ... John Flaxman (July 6, 1755 - December 7, 1826), was an English sculptor and draughtsman. ... This article is about the cathedral church of the diocese of London. ...

Lord Howe was married on March 10, 1758 to Mary Hartop, the daughter of Colonel Chiverton Hartop of Welby in Leicestershire, and had two daughters. His Irish title descended to his brother, General William Howe, who died childless in 1814. The earldom and the viscountcy of the United Kingdom, being limited to male heirs, became extinct. The barony passed to his daughter, Sophia Charlotte (1762-1835), who married the Hon. Penn Assheton Curzon. Their son, Richard Curzon-Howe, succeeded his paternal grandfather as Viscount Curzon in 1820 and was created Earl Howe in 1821; he was succeeded by his son, George(1821-1876). March 10 is the 69th day of the year (70th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1758 (MDCCLVIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 11-day slower Julian calendar). ... For the surrealist painter, see William Howe (painter). ... Richard William Penn Curzon-Howe, 1st Earl Howe, GCH, PC (11 December 1796–12 May 1870) was a British peer and courtier. ... George Augustus Howe, 3rd Viscount Howe (c. ...

Four British warships have borne the name HMS Howe in his honour. Several ships of the Royal Navy have been named HMS Howe, after Admiral Richard Howe: Howe, launched 1860, was a 121-gun ship of the line, renamed Bulwark, and then renamed Impregnable in 1886. ...

Genealogy

According to The Family of Hoge by James Hoge Tyler (Greensboro, North Carolina: Jos. J. Stone & Co. printers, 1927), Richard Howe had a brother, Major Joseph Howe, who came to America in 1758 to join their brother George, "and finding his brother dead, he drifted southward and finally settled at what came to be known as "Sunnyside," in Pulaski County, Virginia." James Hoge Tyler (1846 - 1925) was a U.S. political figure. ...

Richard Howe was also brother to General George Augustus Howe, 3rd Viscount and Sir William Howe, 5th Viscount Howe. The Family of Hoge quotes The Encyclopedia Britannica as having this to say about the Howes: George Augustus Howe, 3rd Viscount Howe (c. ... For the surrealist painter, see William Howe (painter). ...

"The friendliness of the brothers, Admiral Richard Howe and General William Howe, to the colonies led to their selection for the command of the British forces in the Revolutionary War. It was thought that they could negotiate a settlement with the American forces."

In addition to Major Joseph Howe, The Family of Hoge tells us there was a sister friendly to Benjamin Franklin who may have inherited the considerable Howe fortune. Benjamin Franklin (January 17 [O.S. January 6] 1706 – April 17, 1790) was one of the most well known Founding Fathers of the United States. ...

"Joseph Howe is reputed to have been of robust physique. His English home was one of refinement and wealth from which he was separated by reason of his sympathy for the Colonists - a thing the more intolerable because of the prominence of his relations on the British side. It is not known that any of the English estate reverted to him although it was considerable and although two of his three brothers (or his cousins) died without issue. All of the property may have gone to an only sister, whom the Encyclopedia Britannica mentions as a friend of Benjamin Franklin."

Bibliography

• Gruber, Ira. Howe Brothers and the American Revolution (1975), the standard biography

Literature

• British Magazine and Review, June, 1783, (London, 1783)
• Sir John Barrow, Life of Richard, Earl Howe, (London, 1838)
• Memoir of the Life of Admiral Sir Edward Codrington, edited by Lady Bourchier, (London, 1873)
• J. K. Laughton, From Howard to Nelson, (London, 1899)
• E. Chevalier, Histoire de la marine francaise, (Paris, 1900)

See also

Places named after Howe:

• Cape Howe, on the New South Wales / Victoria border, Australia
• Lord Howe Island, off the east coast of Australia
• Howe Sound, British Columbia, Canada
• Chapter IV, Howe: The General Officer, as Tactician in Types of Naval Officers, available at Project Gutenberg., by A. T. Mahan

Cape Howe is a coastal headland in Australia, forming the border of New South Wales and Victoria. ... For the island off Solomon Islands, see Ontong Java Atoll Lord Howe Island is a small island in the Pacific Ocean 600 km (373 mi) east of the Australian mainland. ... // Description Howe Sound is a fjord situated immediately northwest of Vancouver, Canada, fronting on one of the citys suburbs, West Vancouver. ... Project Gutenberg, abbreviated as PG, is a volunteer effort to digitize, archive, and distribute cultural works. ... Rear Admiral Alfred Thayer Mahan (September 27, 1840–December 1, 1914) was a United States Navy officer, geostrategist, and educator. ...

Reference

• This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain.