Richard Lynn (born 1930) is a British Professor Emeritus of Psychology who is known for his controversial views on racial and ethnic differences^[1]. Lynn claims there exists race differences and sex differences in intelligence. Year 1930 (MCMXXX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display 1930 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The meaning of the word professor (Latin: [1]) varies. ... Emeritus (IPA pronunciation: or ) is an adjective that is used in the title of a retired professor, bishop or other professional. ... Psychological science redirects here. ... The study of race and intelligence is the controversial study of how human intellectual capacities may vary among the different population groups commonly known as races. ... Sex and intelligence research investigates differences in the distributions of cognitive skills between men and women. ...

Lynn was educated at Cambridge University. He has worked as lecturer in psychology at the University of Exeter, and as professor of psychology at the Economic and Social Research Institute, Dublin and at the University of Ulster at Coleraine. He has written or co-written more than 11 books and 200 journal articles spanning five decades. Two of his recent books are on dysgenics and eugenics. The University of Cambridge (often Cambridge University), located in Cambridge, England, is the second-oldest university in the English-speaking world and has a reputation as one of the worlds most prestigious universities. ... The University of Exeter (usually abbreviated as Exon. ... The Economic and Social Research Institute in Ireland produces research focusing on Irelands economic and social development in order to inform policy-making and societal understanding. ... University of Ulster Logo The Coleraine campus of the University of Ulster (UUC) is the administration headquarters of the University and is the most traditional in outlook, with a focus on science and the humanities. ... Dysgenics is a term applied by some researchers to describe the evolutionary weakening of a population of organisms relative to their environment, often due to relaxation of natural selection or the occurrence of negative selection. ... Eugenics is the self-direction of human evolution: Logo from the Second International Eugenics Conference [7], 1921, depicting it as a tree which unites a variety of different fields. ...

In the late 1970s, Lynn wrote that he found a higher average IQ in East Asians compared to Whites (5 points higher in his meta-analysis). In 1990 he proposed that the Flynn effect – an observed year on year rise in IQ scores around the world – could possibly be explained by improved nutrition, especially in early childhood. The study of race and intelligence is the controversial study of how human intellectual capacities may vary among the different population groups commonly known as races. ... East Asia is a subregion of Asia. ... The Flynn effect is the rise of average Intelligence Quotient (IQ) test scores, an effect seen in most parts of the world, although at greatly varying rates. ...

Like much of the research in race and intelligence, Lynn's research is controversial. He is cited in the controversial The Bell Curve. He was also one of the 52 scientists who signed an opinion piece in the Wall Street Journal defending the The Bell Curve. ^[2] He sits on the editorial boards of the journals Intelligence and Personality and Individual differences.^[3] He also sits on the boards of the controversial Pioneer Fund, and of the Pioneer-supported journal Mankind Quarterly, both of which have been the subject of articles and books that discuss how they favor racism. The study of race and intelligence is the controversial study of how human intellectual capacities may vary among the different population groups commonly known as races. ... The Bell Curve is a controversial, best-selling 1994 book by Richard J. Herrnstein and Charles Murray exploring the role of genes in American life. ... The Wall Street Journal is an influential international daily newspaper published in New York City, New York with an average daily circulation of 1,800,607 (2002). ... The Bell Curve is a controversial, best-selling 1994 book by Richard J. Herrnstein and Charles Murray exploring the role of genes in American life. ... Intelligence is a psychology journal that addresses intelligence and psychometrics. ... The Pioneer Fund is a foundation that claims to have played a significant role in research on heredity and human personality differences since its 1937 founding, particularly in intelligence. ... The Mankind Quarterly is a peer-reviewed journal dedicated to physical anthropology and cultural anthropology and associated with the Pioneer Fund. ...

Race differences in intelligence

Work

Lynn's psychometric studies were cited in the 1994 book The Bell Curve and were criticized as part of the controversy surrounding that book. His article, "Skin color and intelligence in African Americans," 2002 Population and Environment, concludes that lightness of skin color in African-Americans is positively correlated with IQ, which he claims derives from the higher proportion of Caucasian admixture.[6] Image File history File links Discover_Sept_1982. ... Discover is a science magazine that publishes articles about science for a general audience. ... Year 1994 (MCMXCIV) The year 1994 was designated as the International Year of the Family and the International Year of the Sport and the Olympic Ideal by the United Nations. ... The Bell Curve is a controversial, best-selling 1994 book by Richard J. Herrnstein and Charles Murray exploring the role of genes in American life. ... Also see: 2002 (number). ... Languages Predominantly American English Religions Protestantism (chiefly Baptist and Methodist); Roman Catholicism; Islam Related ethnic groups Sub-Saharan Africans and other African groups, some with Native American groups. ... IQ redirects here; for other uses of that term, see IQ (disambiguation). ...

In IQ and the Wealth of Nations (2002)^[4], Lynn and co-author Tatu Vanhanen (University of Helsinki) argue that differences in national income (in the form of per capita gross domestic product) correlate with, and can be at least partially attributed to, differences in average national IQ. One controversial [7] study following up on Lynn and Vanhanen's hypothesis, "Temperature, skin color, per capita income, and IQ: An international perspective" (Templer and Arikawa 2006)[8] is listed as the most downloaded article in Intelligence at ScienceDirect (Jan. - March 2006).[9] IQ and the Wealth of Nations IQ and the Wealth of Nations is a controversial 2002 book by Dr. Richard Lynn, Professor Emeritus of Psychology at the University of Ulster, Northern Ireland, and Dr. Tatu Vanhanen, Professor Emeritus of Political Science at the University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland. ... Tatu Vanhanen is a Professor Emeritus of Political Science at the University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland. ... Per capita is a Latin phrase meaning for each head. ... This article is about GDP in the context of economics. ... Positive linear correlations between 1000 pairs of numbers. ... “IQ” redirects here. ... Elseviers logo. ...

Race Differences in Intelligence

Lynn's 2006 Race Differences in Intelligence: An Evolutionary Analysis^[5] is the largest review of the global cognitive ability data. The book organizes the data by nine global regions,^[6] surveying 620 published studies from around the world, with a total of 813,778 tested individuals. Lynn's meta-analysis lists the average IQ scores of East Asians (105), Europeans (99), Inuit (91), Southeast Asians and Amerindians each (87), Pacific Islanders (85), Middle Easterners (including South Asians and North Africans) (84), sub-Saharan Africans (67), and Australian Aborigines (62). Lynn has previously argued at length that nutrition is the best supported environmental explanation for variation in the lower range,^[7] and a number of other environmental explanations have been advanced (see below). Ashkenazi Jews average 107-115 in the U.S. and Britain, but lower in Israel.^[8] Lynn argues the surveyed studies have high reliability in the sense that different studies give similar results, and high validity in the sense that they correlate highly with performance in international studies of achievement in mathematics and science and with national economic development. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Race Differences in Intelligence Race Differences in Intelligence: An Evolutionary Analysis is a 2006 book by Dr. Richard Lynn, Professor Emeritus of Psychology at the University of Ulster, Northern Ireland. ... East Asia Geographic East Asia. ... The European peoples are the various nations and ethnic groups of Europe. ... For other uses, see Inuit (disambiguation). ... Location of Southeast Asia Southeast Asia is a subregion of Asia. ... Native Americans redirects here. ... →this is tuff i mean kyle carters tuff Tuamotu, French Polynesia The Pacific Ocean contains an estimated 20,000 to 30,000 islands; the exact number has not been precisely determined. ... A map showing countries commonly considered to be part of the Middle East The Middle East is a region comprising the lands around the southern and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea, a territory that extends from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. ... Map of South Asia (see note on Kashmir). ...  Northern Africa (UN subregion)  geographic, including above North Africa or Northern Africa is the northernmost region of the African continent, separated by the Sahara from Sub-Saharan Africa. ... A political map showing national divisions in relation to the ecological break (Sub-Saharan Africa in green) A geographical map of Africa, showing the ecological break that defines the sub-Saharan area Sub-Saharan Africa is the term used to describe the area of the African continent which lies south... Languages Several hundred Indigenous Australian languages (many extinct or nearly so), Australian English, Australian Aboriginal English, Torres Strait Creole, Kriol Religions Primarily Christian, with minorities of other religions including various forms of Traditional belief systems based around the Dreamtime Related ethnic groups see List of Indigenous Australian group names Indigenous... The study of race and intelligence is the controversial study of how human intellectual capacities may vary among the different population groups commonly known as races. ... Language(s) Yiddish, Hebrew, Russian, English Religion(s) Judaism Related ethnic groups Sephardi Jews, Mizrahi Jews, and other Jewish ethnic divisions Ashkenazi Jews, also known as Ashkenazic Jews or Ashkenazim (Standard Hebrew: sing. ...

Following Race Differences in Intelligence, Lynn co-authored a further paper[10] along the lines of IQ and the Wealth of Nations with Jaan Mikk (Šiauliai University, Lithuania) - in press in Intelligence - and has co-authored a second book on the subject with Vanhanen, IQ and Global Inequality, which was published later in 2006.^[9] Intelligence is a psychology journal that addresses intelligence and psychometrics. ... Calculated and estimated national average IQ. IQ and Global Inequality is a controversial 2006 book by Dr. Richard Lynn, Professor Emeritus of Psychology at the University of Ulster, Northern Ireland, and Dr. Tatu Vanhanen, Professor Emeritus of Political Science at the University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland. ...

Further information: Race and intelligence#World-wide scores

The study of race and intelligence is the controversial study of how human intellectual capacities may vary among the different population groups commonly known as races. ...

Immigration

Lynn has spoken against immigration in Britain at a 2000 American Renaissance magazine sponsored conference, citing problems of unemployment, crime, illegitimacy, and low IQ, considering African and African-Caribbean immigants to perform worse in these measures than Indian and Chinese immigrants.[11] Lynn spoke on his book IQ and the Wealth of Nations at a 2002 American Renaissance conference.[12] American Renaissance (AR) is a monthly white separatist magazine published by the New Century Foundation. ... IQ and the Wealth of Nations IQ and the Wealth of Nations is a controversial 2002 book by Dr. Richard Lynn, Professor Emeritus of Psychology at the University of Ulster, Northern Ireland, and Dr. Tatu Vanhanen, Professor Emeritus of Political Science at the University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland. ...

Sex differences in intelligence

Lynn's research correlating brain size and reaction time with measured intelligence led him to the problem that men and women have different size brains in proportion to their bodies, but consensus for the last hundred years has been that the two sexes perform equally on cognitive ability tests. In 1994, Lynn controversially concluded in a meta-analysis that an IQ difference of roughly 4 points does appear from age 16 and onwards, but detection of this had been complicated by the faster rate of maturation of girls up to that point, which compensates for the IQ difference. This reassessment of male-female IQ has been bolstered by Paul Irwing's meta-analyses in 2004 and 2005 which conclude a difference of 4.6 to 5 IQ points (see BBC coverage). Irwing finds no evidence that this is due primarily to the male advantage in spatial visualization, and concludes that some research previously presented to show that there are no sex differences actually shows the opposite.

Dysgenics and eugenics

In Dysgenics: Genetic Deterioration in Modern Populations(1996) and Eugenics: A Reassessment (2001)^[10] Lynn reviews these areas and argues the condemnation of eugenics in the second half of the 20th century went too far. He argues the eugenic objectives of eliminating genetic diseases, increasing intelligence, and reducing personality disorders, remain desirable and are achievable by the human biosciences. Lynn concludes human biotechnology is likely to progress spontaneously, and that East Asian countries' lesser resistance to eugenics will contribute to their pulling ahead of Western countries in the 21st century. Eugenics is the self-direction of human evolution: Logo from the Second International Eugenics Conference [7], 1921, depicting it as a tree which unites a variety of different fields. ... A genetic disorder, or genetic disease is a disease caused, at least in part, by the genes of the person with the disease. ... Intelligence is the mental capacity to reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly, comprehend ideas and language, and learn. ... Personality disorder, formerly referred to as a Characterological disorder is a class of mental disorders characterized by rigid and on-going patterns of thought and action. ... East Asia is a subregion of Asia. ...

In Eugenics, Lynn argues embryo selection as a form of standard reproductive therapy would raise the average intelligence of the population by 15 IQ points in a single generation (p. 300). If couples produce a hundred embryos, he argues, the range in potential IQ would be around 15 points above and below the parents' IQ. Lynn argues this gain could be repeated each generation, eventually stabilizing the population's IQ at a theoretical maximum of around 200 after as little as six or seven generations. Intelligence is the mental capacity to reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly, comprehend ideas and language, and learn. ... IQ redirects here; for other uses of that term, see IQ (disambiguation). ...

Eugenics received praise in the American Psychological Association Review of Books (Lykken 2004) as "[an] excellent, scholarly book . . .one cannot reasonably disagree with him on any point unless one can find an argument he has not already refuted.", as well as by the journal Nature ^[11] as a "comprehensive histor[y]" and a welcome one, "given the importance of the topic" of dysgenic trends. The American Psychological Association (APA) is a professional organization representing psychology in the US. It has around 150,000 members and an annual budget of around $70m. ... Nature is a prominent scientific journal, first published on 4 November 1869. ...

Often left unmentioned by champions of Richard Lynn is that he has also been known to argue based on eugenic principles for the extinction of entire cultures based on their "incompetence." In Lynn's own words,

"What is called for here is not genocide, the killing off of the populations of incompetent cultures.[13] But we do need to think realistically in terms of "phasing out" of such peoples. If the world is to evolve more better humans, then obviously someone has to make way for them. ... To think otherwise is mere sentimentality."

Elsewhere Lynn makes clear which "incompetent cultures" need "phasing out": "Who can doubt that the Caucasoids and the Mongoloids are the only two races that have made any significant contributions to civilization?" (cited in New Republic, 10/31/94)"

However, Lynn has stated that he was actually summarizing the views of another author in these quotations. The quotations are from a book review.

The Pioneer Fund

Lynn currently serves on the board of directors of the Pioneer Fund, and is also on the editorial board of the Pioneer-supported journal Mankind Quarterly, both of which have been the subject of controversy for their dealing with race and intelligence and eugenics, and have been accused of racism. Lynn's Ulster Institute for Social Research received $609,000 in grants from the Pioneer Fund between 1971 and 1996.[14] The Pioneer Fund is a foundation that claims to have played a significant role in research on heredity and human personality differences since its 1937 founding, particularly in intelligence. ... The Mankind Quarterly is a peer-reviewed journal dedicated to physical anthropology and cultural anthropology and associated with the Pioneer Fund. ... The study of race and intelligence is the controversial study of how human intellectual capacities may vary among the different population groups commonly known as races. ... Eugenics is the self-direction of human evolution: Logo from the Second International Eugenics Conference [7], 1921, depicting it as a tree which unites a variety of different fields. ... This box:      Racism has many definitions, the most common and widely accepted is that members of one race are intrinsically superior or inferior to members of other races. ...

Lynn's 2001 book The Science of Human Diversity: A History of the Pioneer Fund^[12] is a history and defense of the fund, in which he argues that, for the last sixty years, it has been "nearly the only non-profit foundation making grants for study and research into individual and group differences and the hereditary basis of human nature . . . Over those 60 years, the research funded by Pioneer has helped change the face of social science."

Controversy

Lynn's work on global racial differences in cognitive ability, mostly surveys of other scientists' studies, has been criticized for its associated measurement difficulties.

In a critical review of The Bell Curve, psychologist Leon Kamin accused Lynn of disregarding scientific objectivity, misrepresenting data, and racism.^[13] Kamin argues the studies of cognitive ability of Africans in Lynn's meta-analysis cited by Herrnstein and Murray show strong cultural bias. Kamin also criticized Lynn for "concocting" IQ values from test scores that have no correlation to IQ.^[14] Furthermore, Kamin argues Lynn selectively excluded a study that found no difference in White and Black performance, and ignored the results of a study which showed Black scores were higher than White scores.^[15] The Bell Curve is a controversial, best-selling 1994 book by Richard J. Herrnstein and Charles Murray exploring the role of genes in American life. ... A psychologist is a scientist or clinician who studies psychology, the systematic investigation of the human mind, including behavior and cognition. ... Leon J. Kamin (born December 29, 1927 in Taunton, Massachusetts) is an American psychologist. ... This box:      Racism has many definitions, the most common and widely accepted is that members of one race are intrinsically superior or inferior to members of other races. ... Richard Herrnstein (1930-1994) was a prominent researcher in comparative psychology who did pioneering work on pigeon intelligence employing the Experimental Analysis of Behavior. ... Charles Murray is the name of several notable people: Charles Murray, the Libertarian and author of The Bell Curve. ...

Journalist Charles Lane made similar criticisms in his New York Review of Books article "The Tainted Sources of 'The Bell Curve'" (1994),[15] which was replied to in the same publication by the Pioneer Fund president of the time, Harry F. Weyher.[16]. Charles Chuck Lane is a journalist who is currently a staff writer for the Washington Post. ... The New York Review of Books (or NYRB) is a biweekly magazine on literature, culture, and current affairs published in New York which takes as its point of departure that the discussion of important books is itself an indispensable literary activity. ... The Pioneer Fund is a foundation that claims to have played a significant role in research on heredity and human personality differences since its 1937 founding, particularly in intelligence. ... Harry F. Weyher Jr. ...

Psychologist Ulric Neisser, who was the chairman of the APA's 1995 taskforce charged with writing a consensus statement on intelligence research states in his book review that, though race and intelligence research "turns [his] stomach . . . the research funded by Pioneer has helped change the face of social science." Neisser also writes "Lynn reminds us that Pioneer has sometimes sponsored useful research - research that otherwise might not have been done at all. By that reckoning, I would give it a weak plus."^[16] Ulric Neisser (born 8 December 1928) is an American psychologist. ...

Notes

Mainstream Science on Intelligence is a 1994 editorial written by Linda Gottfredson and published in the Wall Street Journal on December 13. ... Categories: People stubs | 1922 births | Italian people | Population geneticists ... Personality and Individual Differences (PAID) is a scientific journal published bi-monthly by Elsevier and founded in 1980. ...

References

• Beaujean, A. A. and Osterlind, S. J (Dec. 2005). Assessing the Lynn-Flynn Effect in College Basic Academic Subjects Examination (PDF). International Society for Intelligence Research manuscript.
• Cavalli-Sforza, L. L., Menozzi, P., & Piazza, A. (1994). The history and geography of human genes. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
• Flynn, J. (1982). Bulletin of the British Psychological Society, 35, 411.
• Flynn, J. (1984). The mean IQ of Americans: massive gains 1932 to 1978. Psychological Bulletin, 95, 29-51.
• Flynn, J. (1987). Massive gains in 14 nations: what IQ tests really measure. Psychological Bulletin, 101, 171-91.
• Lykken, D. (2004). The New Eugenics. Contemporary Psychology, 49, 670-672.
• Lynn, R. (1978). "Ethnic and Racial Differences in Intelligence, International Comparisons", Human variation: The biopsychology of age, race, and sex. Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-529050-0. 
• Lynn, R. (1982). IQ in Japan and the United States shows a growing disparity. Nature, 297, 222-3.
• Lynn, R. (1990). The role of nutrition in secular increases of intelligence. Personality and Individual Differences, 11, 273-285.
• Lynn, Richard (1996). Dysgenics: Genetic Deterioration in Modern Populations. Praeger Publishers. ISBN 0275949176. 
• Lynn, Richard (2001). Eugenics: A Reassessment. Praeger Publishers. ISBN 0275958221. 
• Malloy, J. (2006). A World of Difference: Richard Lynn Maps World Intelligence. Gene Expression. Retrieved on February 22, 2006.
• Martin, N. (2001). Retrieving the 'eu' from eugenics. Nature, 414, 583.
• Neisser, U. (1997). Rising Scores on Intelligence Tests. American Scientist, Sept.-Oct.
• Neisser, U. (2004). Serious scientists or disgusting racists? Contemporary Psychology, 49, 5-7.

The International Society for Intelligence Research (ISIR) is a scientific society for researchers in human intelligence, founded in 2000. ... Categories: People stubs | 1922 births | Italian people | Population geneticists ... James R. Flynn James R. Flynn, (also Jim Flynn), Emeritus Professor of Political Studies at the University of Otago in Dunedin, New Zealand, is notable for his discovery of the Flynn effect, the continued year-on-year rise of IQ test scores in all parts of the world. ... is the 53rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Ulric Neisser (born 8 December 1928) is an American psychologist. ...

External links

• Official website
• Interview with Richard Lynn in Right Now! magazine
• Lynn and American Renaissance
• PubMed query for recent Richard Lynn articles
• Why Johnny can't read, but Yoshio can - education in Japan (1998). Richard Lynn, National Review (cover story).
• "A World of Difference: Richard Lynn Maps World Intelligence" A review of Richard Lynn's 'Race Differences in Intelligence: An Evolutionary Analysis'. Jason Malloy, Gene Expression, February 01, 2006.
• Book Review: Lynn Richard, Race Differences in Intelligence: An Evolutionary Analysis. J. Phillipe Rushton, Personality and Individual Differences, in press, 2005.
• "'Men cleverer than women claim: Academics in the UK claim their research shows that men are more intelligent than women.", BBC, Aug. 25, 2005.
• "Call for re-think on eugenics", BBC, April 26, 2002.
• Richard Lynn, Fearless Champion of Truth
• Racism resurgent