Richard M. Nixon

In office
January 20, 1969 – August 9, 1974
37th President
Vice President	Spiro Agnew (1969-1973), Gerald R. Ford (1973-1974)
Preceded by	Lyndon B. Johnson
Succeeded by	Gerald Ford
Born	January 9, 1913 Yorba Linda, California
Died	April 22, 1994 New York, New York
Political party	Republican
Spouse	Thelma Catherine Patricia Ryan (Pat) Nixon

Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913 – April 22, 1994) was the 37th President of the United States, serving from 1969 to 1974. He was also the 36th Vice President (1953–1961) serving under Dwight D. Eisenhower. Nixon redefined the office of Vice President, making it for the first time a high visibility platform and base for a presidential candidacy. He is the only person to have been elected twice to the Vice Presidency and twice to the Presidency, and the only president to have resigned that office. His resignation came in the face of imminent impeachment related to the Watergate first break-in and subsequent Watergate scandal. Richard Nixon Uploaded from the Senate Committee on Indian Affairs website File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... January 20 is the 20th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1969 (MCMLXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1969 calendar). ... August 9 is the 221st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (222nd in leap years), with 144 days remaining. ... 1974 (MCMLXXIV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (the link is to a full 1974 calendar). ... Spiro Theodore Agnew (November 9, 1918 – September 17, 1996), born Spiros Anagnostopoulos in Towson, Maryland, was the thirty-ninth Vice President of the United States, serving from 1969 to 1973 under President Richard M. Nixon. ... Gerald Rudolph Ford, Jr. ... LBJ redirects here. ... Gerald Rudolph Ford, Jr. ... January 9 is the 9th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1913 (MCMXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday. ... Yorba Linda is a city located in Orange County, California, approximately 13 miles northeast of Downtown Santa Ana, and 40 miles southeast of Downtown Los Angeles. ... April 22 is the 112th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (113th in leap years). ... 1994 (MCMXCIV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International year of the Family. ... -1... Official language(s) None, English de facto Capital Largest city Albany New York City Area  Ranked 27th  - Total 54,520 sq mi  (141,205 km²)  - Width 285 miles (455 km)  - Length 330 miles (530 km)  - % water 13. ... The Republican Party, often called the GOP (for Grand Old Party, although one early citation described it as the Gallant Old Party) [1], is one of the two major political parties in the United States. ... Pat Nixon Thelma Catherine Patricia Ryan Nixon (March 16, 1912 – June 22, 1993) was the wife of Richard Nixon and First Lady of the United States from 1969-1974. ... January 9 is the 9th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1913 (MCMXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday. ... April 22 is the 112th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (113th in leap years). ... 1994 (MCMXCIV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International year of the Family. ... The presidential seal was used by President Hayes in 1880 and last modified in 1959 by adding the 50th star for Hawaii. ... The Vice President of the United States is the second-highest executive official of the United States government. ... Dwight David Eisenhower, (October 14, 1890 – March 28, 1969, popularly known as Ike) was an American soldier and politician. ... A resignation occurs when a person holding a position gained by election or appointment steps down. ... Depiction of the impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson, then President of the United States, in 1868. ... The Watergate first break-in on May 28, 1972 has been cited in testimony, media accounts, and popular works on Watergate as the pivotal event that led ultimately to the Watergate Scandal. ... The term Watergate refers to a series of events, spanning from 1972 to 1974, that began with U.S. President Nixons administrations abuse of power toward the goal of undermining the Democratic Party and the opposition to the Vietnam War, and included burglaries of the headquarters of the...

Nixon is noted for his diplomatic foreign policy, especially relaxed with the Soviet Union and China, and ending the Vietnam War. He is also noted for his middle-of-the-road domestic policy that combined conservative rhetoric and, in many cases, liberal action, as in his environmental policy. President of the United States, George W. Bush (right) at Camp David in March 2003, hosting the British Prime Minister Tony Blair. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Combatants Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam) United States of America South Korea Thailand Australia New Zealand the Philippines Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam) National Liberation Front (Viet Cong) Strength ~1,200,000 (1968) ~420,000 (1968) Casualties South Vietnamese dead: 230,000 South Vietnamese wounded: 300,000 US dead...

As president, Nixon imposed wage and price controls, indexed Social Security for inflation, and created Supplemental Security Income (SSI). The number of pages added to the Federal Register each year doubled under Nixon. He advocated gun control and eradicated the last remnants of the gold standard. Nixon created the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and implemented the Philadelphia Plan, the first significant federal affirmative action program. As a party leader, Nixon helped build the GOP, but he ran his 1972 campaign separately from the party, which perhaps helped the GOP escape some of the damage from Watergate. (See History of United States Republican Party.) In economics, incomes policies are wage and price controls used to fight inflation. ... For specific national programs, see Social Security (United States), National insurance (UK), Social Security (Sweden) Social security primarily refers to a field of social welfare concerned with social protection, or protection against socially recognized conditions, including poverty, old age, disability, unemployment, families with children and others. ... Supplemental Security Income is a monthly stipend provided to some citizens by the United States federal government. ... The Federal Register contains most routine publications and public notices of United States government agencies. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Gun politics. ... This article is on the monetary principle. ... EPA redirects here. ... The United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) is an agency of the United States Department of Labor. ... The Revised Philadelphia Plan is a plan that required government contractors in Philadelphia to hire minority workers. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The Republican Party was born in 1854 and is one of the two dominant parties today. ...

The young Lt Commander Richard Nixon of the US Navy 1945

Nixon attended Fullerton High School from 1926-28 and Whittier High School from 1928-30. He graduated first in his class; showing a penchant for Shakespeare and Latin. He won a full tuition scholarship from Harvard; but since it did not cover living expenses, Nixon's family was unable to afford to send him away to college. Nixon attended Whittier College, a local Quaker school where he co-founded the Orthogonian Society, a fraternity that competed with the already established Franklin Society. Nixon was elected student body president. A lifelong football buff, Nixon practiced with the team assiduously but spent most of his time on the bench. In 1934, he graduated second in his class from Whittier and went on to Duke University School of Law, where he received a full scholarship. Public photo of the young LT Commander Richard Nixon of the US Navy 1945 File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Public photo of the young LT Commander Richard Nixon of the US Navy 1945 File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Fullerton High School is a high school located in Fullerton, California, United States. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... Latin is an ancient Indo-European language originally spoken in the region around Rome called Latium. ... Tuition means instruction, teaching or a fee charged for educational instruction especially at a formal institution of learning. ... A scholarship is an award of access to an institution or a financial aid award for an individual (a scholar) for the purposes of furthering their education. ... Harvard University campus (old map) Harvard University (incorporated as The President and Fellows of Harvard College) is a private university in Cambridge, Massachusetts. ... Hoover Hall and Library Whittier College is a private college in Whittier, California. ... The Orthogonian Society is a local fraternity at Whittier College, co-founded by Richard Nixon and primarily known for its football team heritage. ... Look up fraternity in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The Franklin Society is the first society founded at Whittier College in 1921. ... United States simply as football, is a competitive team sport that is both fast-paced and strategic. ... Duke University is a private, coeducational, research university located in Durham, North Carolina, USA. Officially founded as Duke University in 1924, Duke traces its institutional roots back to 1838. ... Duke University School of Law The School of Law is one of 10 schools and colleges at Duke University. ...

Nixon returned to California, passed the bar exam, and began working in the small-town law office of a family friend in nearby La Mirada. The work was mostly routine, and Nixon generally found it to be dull, although he was entirely competent. He later wrote that family law cases caused him particular discomfort, since his reticent Quaker upbringing was severely at odds with the idea of discussing intimate marital details with strangers. A bar association is a body of lawyers who, in some jurisdictions, are responsible for the regulation of the legal profession. ... La Mirada is a city located in Los Angeles County, California, United States. ...

It was during this period that he met his wife Pat, a high school teacher; they were married on June 21, 1940. They had two daughters Tricia and Julie. Pat Nixon Thelma Catherine Patricia Ryan Nixon (March 16, 1912 – June 22, 1993) was the wife of Richard Nixon and First Lady of the United States from 1969-1974. ... High school - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... June 21 is the 172nd day of the year (173rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 193 days remaining. ... 1940 (MCMXL) was a leap year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1940 calendar). ... Categories: Stub | 1946 births | Children of U.S. Presidents ... Julie Nixon Eisenhower (born July 5, 1948 in Washington, D.C.) is the daughter of Richard Nixon and his wife Patricia. ...

During World War II, Nixon served as an officer in the Navy. He received his training at Quonset Point, Rhode Island, and Ottumwa, Iowa, before serving in the supply corps in the South Pacific. There he was known as "Nick" and for his prowess in poker, banking a large sum that helped finance his first campaign for Congress. Combatants Allies: Poland, British Commonwealth, France/Free France, Soviet Union, United States, China, and others Axis Powers: Germany, Italy, Japan, and others Casualties Military dead: 17 million Civilian dead: 33 million Total dead: 50 million Military dead: 8 million Civilian dead: 4 million Total dead: 12 million World War II... The United States Navy (USN) is the branch of the United States armed forces responsible for conducting naval operations around the globe. ... Quonset Point is a small peninsula in Narragansett Bay in the U.S. state of Rhode Island. ... Ottumwa (pronounced Uh-tuhm-wa) is a city in Wapello County, Iowa. ... For other meanings of Pacific, see Pacific (disambiguation). ... // Poker Room at the Trump Taj Mahal Poker is a card game, the most popular of a class of games called vying games, in which players with fully or partially concealed cards make wagers into a central pot, which is awarded to the player or players with the best combination... Congress in Joint Session. ...

Nixon was elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1946, defeating Democratic incumbent Jerry Voorhis for California's 12th Congressional district. During his two terms, he became well known as a member of the House Un-American Activities Committee, particularly for his leading role in the Alger Hiss case. The chamber of the United States House of Representatives is located in the south wing of the Capitol building, in Washington, D.C.. This photograph shows a rare glimpse of the four vote tallying boards (the blackish squares across the top), which display each members name and vote as... 1946 (MCMXLVI) was a common year starting on Tuesday. ... Jerry Voorhis (April 6, 1901-?) was a democratic politician from California. ... HUAC hearings House Committee on Un-American Activities or HUAC (or, rarely, HCUA) (1945-1975) was an investigating committee of the United States House of Representatives. ... Alger Hiss (November 11, 1904 – November 15, 1996) was a U.S. State Department official and involved in the early United Nations. ...

Vice Presidency

Nixon and Eisenhower at a 1952 Campaign stop

Eisenhower Library File No. ... Eisenhower Library File No. ... Presidential electoral votes by state. ...

Birth and early years

Richard Nixon was born in Yorba Linda, California to Francis A. Nixon and Hannah Milhous Nixon in a house his father built from a kit purchased from Sears, Roebuck. He was raised by his mother as an evangelical Quaker. His upbringing is said to have been marked by such conservative evangelical Quaker observances as refraining from drinking, dancing and swearing. His father (known as Frank) was a former member of the Methodist Protestant Church who had sincerely converted to Quakerism but never fully absorbed its spirit, retaining instead a volatile temper. Richard Nixon's great-grandfather, George Nixon III, had been killed at the Battle of Gettysburg during the American Civil War while serving in the 73rd Ohio Volunteer Infantry. Yorba Linda is a city located in Orange County, California, approximately 13 miles northeast of Downtown Santa Ana, and 40 miles southeast of Downtown Los Angeles. ... Sears, Roebuck and Company (NYSE: S) was founded in Chicago, Illinois as a catalog merchandiser in 1886 by Richard Sears and Alvah Roebuck. ... The word evangelicalism usually refers to a tendency in diverse branches of conservative Christianity, typified by an emphasis on evangelism, a personal experience of conversion, biblically-oriented faith, and a belief in the relevance of Christian faith to cultural issues. ... The Religious Society of Friends, commonly known as Quakers, or Friends, is a religious community founded in England in the 17th century. ... The Methodist Protestant Church was officially formed in 1828 as a church that was Wesleyan in doctrine, but rejected the episcopacy. ... Long Live NINJAMAN!!!! ... Combatants Union (remaining U.S. states) Confederate States of America Commanders Abraham Lincoln† Ulysses S. Grant Jefferson Davis Robert E. Lee Strength 2,200,000 1,064,000 Casualties KIA: 110,000 Total dead: 360,000 Wounded: 275,200 KIA: 94,000 Total dead: 258,000 Wounded: 137,000+  The...

In 1952 he was elected Vice President on Dwight D. Eisenhower's ticket, although he was only 39 years old. Presidential electoral votes by state. ... A vice president is an officer in government or business who is next in rank below a president. ... Dwight David Eisenhower, (October 14, 1890 – March 28, 1969, popularly known as Ike) was an American soldier and politician. ...

One notable event of the campaign was Nixon's innovative use of television. Nixon was accused by nameless sources of misappropriating money out of a business fund for personal use. He went on TV and defended himself in an emotional speech, where he provided an independent third-party review of the fund's accounting along with a personal summary of his finances, which he cited as exonerating him from wrongdoing, and he charged that the Democratic Presidential candidate, Adlai Stevenson, also had a slush fund (see Memoirs of Richard Nixon, page 99). This speech would, however, become better known for its rhetoric, such as when he stated that his wife Pat did not wear mink, but rather "a respectable Republican cloth coat," and that although he had been given a cocker spaniel named "Checkers" in addition to his other campaign contributions, he was not going to give it back because his daughters loved it. As a result, this speech became known as the "Checkers speech" and it resulted in a flood of support, prompting Eisenhower to keep Nixon on the ticket. The Democratic Party is one of the two major political parties in the United States, the other one being the Republican Party. ... Adlai Stevenson Adlai Ewing Stevenson II (February 5, 1900 – July 14, 1965) was an American politician and statesman, noted for his skill in debate and oratory. ... Slush fund is, colloquially, a term which has come to mean an auxiliary monetary account or a reserve fund. ... Pat Nixon Thelma Catherine Patricia Ryan Nixon (March 16, 1912 – June 22, 1993) was the wife of Richard Nixon and First Lady of the United States from 1969-1974. ... Both types of Cocker Spaniel come in a variety of coat colors. ... Wikisource has original text related to this article: Checkers speech The Checkers speech was a speech given by Richard Nixon on September 23, 1952, when he was the Republican candidate for the Vice Presidency. ...

Nixon reinvented the office of Vice President. Although he had no formal power, he had the attention of the media and the Republican party. He demonstrated for the first time that the office could be a springboard to the White House; most Vice Presidents since have followed his lead and sought the presidency (exceptions being Nelson Rockefeller, and Spiro Agnew.) Nixon was the first Vice President to actually step in to temporarily run the government. He did that three times when Eisenhower was ill: on the occasions of Eisenhower's heart attack on September 24, 1955; his ileitis in June 1956; and his stroke on November 25, 1957. His quick thinking was on display on July 24, 1959, at the opening of the American National Exhibition in Moscow where he and Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev had an impromptu "kitchen debate" about the merits of capitalism versus communism. Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller (July 8, 1908 – January 26, 1979), was an American politician, philanthropist and businessman, and was Governor of New York from 1959 to 1973, the 41st Vice President of the United States of America from December 19, 1974 to January 20, 1977, and a leader of the liberal... Spiro Theodore Agnew (November 9, 1918 – September 17, 1996), born Spiros Anagnostopoulos in Towson, Maryland, was the thirty-ninth Vice President of the United States, serving from 1969 to 1973 under President Richard M. Nixon. ... A myocardial infarction occurs when an atherosclerotic plaque slowly builds up in the inner lining of a coronary artery and then suddenly ruptures, totally occluding the artery and preventing blood flow downstream. ... September 24 is the 267th day of the year (268th in leap years). ... 1955 (MCMLV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Crohns disease is a chronic inflammatory disease of the alimentary tract and it can involve any part of it - from the mouth to the anus. ... 1956 (MCMLVI) was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see Stroke (disambiguation). ... November 25 is the 329th (in leap years the 330th) day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1957 (MCMLVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... July 24 is the 205th day (206th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 160 days remaining. ... 1959 (MCMLIX) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Moscow (Russian: Москва́, Moskva, IPA: ) is the capital of Russia and the countrys principal political, economic, financial, educational and transportation center, located on the river Moskva. ... Soviet redirects here. ... (Russian: ; surname commonly anglicized as Khrushchev, IPA: ; April 17, 1894 – September 11, 1971) was the leader of the Soviet Union after the death of Joseph Stalin. ... Soviet Premier Nikita Khruschev and United States Vice President Richard Nixon Debate the merits of communism versus capitalism in a model American kitchen at the American National Exhibition in Moscow in July of 1959. ... Capitalism has been defined in various, but similar, ways by different theorists. ... This article is about communism as a form of society and as a political movement. ...

During Nixon's vice-presidency, he became involved in several arguments with President Eisenhower, which later resulted in Eisenhower's hesitation to support Nixon during the 1960 presidential campaign.

1960 election and post-Vice Presidency

Vice President Nixon, right, and Senator John Kennedy during their TV debate prior to the 1960 presidential election

In 1960, he ran for President on his own but lost to John F. Kennedy. The race was very close all year long, and any number of small episodes could have tilted the results one way or the other, including the televised debates. ^[1] Nixon campaigned on his experience, but Kennedy said it was time for new blood and suggested the Eisenhower-Nixon administration had been soft on defense. It also didn't help that when asked of major policy decisions that Nixon had helped make, Eisenhower responded: "Give me a week and I might think of one." This hurt his standing early in the campaign, showing that he didn't necessarily have the experience to be president or Ike's firm backing. Public domain image, distributed widely. ... Public domain image, distributed widely. ... Presidential electoral votes by state. ... John Fitzgerald Kennedy (May 29, 1917 – November 22, 1963), often referred to as John F. Kennedy, JFK or Jack Kennedy, was the 35th President of the United States. ...

In 1962, Nixon lost a race for Governor of California. In his concession speech, Nixon accused the media of favoring his opponent Pat Brown, and stated that it was his "last press conference" and that "You don't have Dick Nixon to kick around any more." 1962 (MCMLXII) was a common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1962 calendar). ... Governors Arnold Schwarzenegger and Gray Davis with President George W. Bush (2003) Seal of the Governor of California (without the Roman numerals designating the governors sequence) See also: List of pre-statehood governors of California, List of Governors of California The Governor of California is the highest executive authority... One might be looking for the academic discipline of communications. ... Edmund Gerald Brown Sr. ...

1968 Election

Nixon moved to New York City where he became a well-paid senior partner in a leading law firm, Nixon Mudge Rose Guthrie & Alexander. During the 1966 Congressional elections, he stumped the country in support of Republican candidates, rebuilding his base in the party. In the election of 1968, he completed a remarkable political comeback by taking the nomination. Nixon appealed to what he called the "silent majority" of socially conservative Americans who disliked the "hippie" counterculture and anti-war demonstrators. Nixon promised "peace with honor," and without claiming to be able to win the war, Nixon claimed that "new leadership will end the war and win the peace in the Pacific". He did not explain in detail his plans to end the war in Vietnam, leading Democratic nominee Hubert H. Humphrey and the media to allege that he must have some "secret plan." Nixon did not use the phrase, and stated in his memoirs that he had no such plan. He defeated Humphrey and independent candidate George Wallace to become the 37th President of the United States. Nickname: The Big Apple, The Capital of the World Official website: City of New York Government Counties (Boroughs) Bronx (The Bronx) New York (Manhattan) Queens (Queens) Kings (Brooklyn) Richmond (Staten Island) Mayor Michael Bloomberg (R) Geographical characteristics Area Total 468. ... The U.S. House election, 1966 was an election for the United States House of Representatives in 1966 which occurred in the middle of President Lyndon Johnsons second term. ... Presidential electoral votes by state. ... Silent Majority is a term used by the U.S. President Richard Nixon in a 1969 speech. ... A singer dresses in a stereotypical hippie outfit. ... In sociology, counterculture is a term used to describe a cultural group whose values and norms are at odds with those of the social mainstream, a cultural equivalent of a political opposition. ... Anti war protest in Melbourne, Australia, 2003 Anti_war is a name that is widely adopted by any social movement or person that seeks to end or oppose a future or current war. ... For other meanings of Pacific, see Pacific (disambiguation). ... Combatants Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam) United States of America South Korea Thailand Australia New Zealand the Philippines Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam) National Liberation Front (Viet Cong) Strength ~1,200,000 (1968) ~420,000 (1968) Casualties South Vietnamese dead: 230,000 South Vietnamese wounded: 300,000 US dead... Hubert Horatio Humphrey II (May 27, 1911 – January 13, 1978) was the 38th Vice President of the United States, serving under President Lyndon Johnson. ... An election promise is a promise made to the public by a politician who is trying to win an election. ... Governor George Wallace (in front of door) standing defiantly against desegregation while being confronted by Deputy U.S. Attorney General Nicholas Katzenbach at the University of Alabama. ...

Presidency 1969-1974

Policies

Once in office, he proposed the Nixon Doctrine to establish a strategy of turning over the fighting of the war to the Vietnamese. In July 1969 he visited South Vietnam, and met with President Nguyen Van Thieu and with U.S. military commanders. American involvement in the war declined steadily until all American troops were gone in 1973. After the withdrawal of U.S. troops, fighting was left to the South Vietnamese army, which was well supplied with modern arms, but whose fighting capability was in question due to inadequate funding, low morale, and corruption. The lack of funding was primarily due to large funding cutbacks by the US Congress. The Nixon Doctrine was put forth in a press conference in Guam on July 25, 1969 by Richard Nixon. ... Official language Vietnamese Capital Saigon Last President Duong Van Minh Last Prime Minister Vu Van Mau Area  - Total  - % water 173,809 km² N/A Population  - Total  - Density 19,370,000 (1973 est. ... President Nguyen Van Thieu Nguyá»…n Văn Thiệu, (April 5, 1923 – September 29, 2001) was a former General and President of South Vietnam. ...

Nixon ordered secret bombing campaigns in Cambodia in March, 1969 (code-named Menu) to destroy what were believed to be the headquarters and large numbers of soldiers of the National Front for the Liberation of Vietnam. Viet Cong (NLF) flag The Viet Cong, also known as the National Front for the Liberation of Southern Vietnam (Vietnamese Mặt Trận Dân Tộc Giải Phóng Miền Nam), (VC), or the National Liberation Front (NLF), was an insurgent (partisan) organization fighting the Republic...

President Nixon greets released POW (and future Republican Senator) Navy officer John McCain (on crutches) after years of imprisonment in North Vietnam, 1973.

In ordering the bombings, Nixon realized he would be extending an unpopular war as well as breaching Cambodia's "official" (but false) neutrality. During deliberations over Nixon's impeachment, his unorthodox use of executive powers over the ordering of these bombings was considered as an article of impeachment, but the charge was dropped as not a violation of Constitutional powers. Public photo of President Richard M. Nixon greeting released US officer and POW and future US Senator John McCain (R-Arizona) after Vietnam war File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Public photo of President Richard M. Nixon greeting released US officer and POW and future US Senator John McCain (R-Arizona) after Vietnam war File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Geneva Convention definition A prisoner of war (POW) is a soldier, sailor, airman, or marine who is imprisoned by an enemy power during or immediately after an armed conflict. ... Alternative meanings: John S. McCain, Sr. ... The Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRVN), or less commonly, Vietnamese Democratic Republic (Vietnamese: Việt Nam Dân Chủ Cộng Hòa), also known as North Vietnam, was proclaimed by Ho Chi Minh in Hanoi, September 2nd1945 and was recognized by the Peoples Republic of China and the... Depiction of the impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson, then President of the United States, in 1868. ...

On July 20, 1969, Nixon addressed Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin during their historic moonwalk, live via radio. Nixon also made the world's longest distance phone call to Neil Armstrong on the moon. On January 5, 1972, Nixon approved the development of the Space Shuttle program, a decision that profoundly influenced U.S. efforts to explore and develop space for several decades thereafter. July 20 is the 201st day (202nd in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 164 days remaining. ... 1969 (MCMLXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1969 calendar). ... Neil Alden Armstrong (born August 5, 1930) is a former American astronaut, test pilot, and naval aviator famous as the first human ever to set foot on the Moon. ... Buzz Aldrin Colonel Buzz Aldrin, Sc. ... Walking on the Moon is a song by The Police which appeared on the 1979 album Reggatta de Blanc. ... January 5 is the 5th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1972 (MCMLXXII) was a leap year starting on Saturday (the link is to a full 1972 calendar). ... The Space Shuttle Columbia seconds after engine ignition, April 12, 1981 (NASA). ...

President Nixon greets Chinese Communist Party Chairman Mao (left) in China visit 1972

Relations between the Western and Eastern power blocs changed dramatically in the early 70s. In 1960, the People's Republic of China ended the alliance with its biggest ally, the Soviet Union, in the Sino-Soviet Split. As tensions between the two communist nations reached its peak in 1969 and 1970, Nixon decided to use their conflict to shift the balance of power towards the West in the Cold War. In what later would be known as the "China Card", Nixon deliberately improved relations with China in order to blackmail the Soviet Union. In 1971 a move was made to improve relationships when China invited an American table tennis team to China; hence the term "Ping Pong Diplomacy". The US’s response was to support China’s entry into the U.N., something it had always vetoed. In October 1971, China entered the U.N. In 1972, Richard Nixon became the first US president to visit "Red" China though the USA kept a massive naval fleet off of Taiwan. Fearing the possibility of a Sino-American alliance, the Soviet Union yielded to Nixon immediately. The first Strategic Arms Limitation Talks were finally concluded the same year. US President Richard Nixon meeting Chinese Communist Party Chairman Mao in 1972 during Nixons visit to Peking, China. ... US President Richard Nixon meeting Chinese Communist Party Chairman Mao in 1972 during Nixons visit to Peking, China. ... Communist Party of China flag The Communist Party of China (Simplified Chinese: 中国共产党; Traditional Chinese: 中國共産黨; pinyin: Zhōnggu ngchǎndǎng) is the ruling party of the Peoples Republic of China. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The Sino-Soviet split was a major diplomatic conflict between the Peoples Republic of China (PRC) and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), beginning in the late 1950s, reaching a peak in 1969 and continuing in various ways until the late 1980s. ... Three-Time World Mens Singles Champion Zhuang Zedong (left) and U.S. team member Glenn Cowan (right) on the Chinese team bus in Nagoya, Japan, 1971. ... Richard Nixon met with Mao Zedong in 1972. ... The Strategic Arms Limitation Talks refers to two rounds of bilateral talks and corresponding international treaties between the Soviet Union and United States, the Cold War superpowers, on the issue of armament control. ...

Nixon was also very vocal in supporting General Yahya Khan of Pakistan despite escalating violence in East Pakistan. Subsequently declassified documents reveal the extent of support offered by Nixon to the dictator notwithstanding the widespread human rights violations. ^[2] He was also vocal in abusing Prime Minister of India Indira Gandhi as an "old witch" in private conversations with Henry Kissinger, who is also recorded as making derogatory comments against Indians. Agha Muhammad Yahya Khan (February 4, 1917 – August 10, 1980) was the President of Pakistan from 1969 to 1971, following the resignation of Ayub Khan. ... East Pakistan was a former province of Pakistan which existed between 1955 and 1971. ... The Prime Minister of India is, in practice, the most powerful person in the government of India. ... Indira Priyadarshini Gandhi (इन्दिरा प्रियदर्शिनी गान्धी) (November 19, 1917 – October 31, 1984) was Prime Minister of India from January 19, 1966 to March 24, 1977, and again from January 14, 1980 until her assassination on October 31, 1984. ... This article is part of the Witchcraft series. ...

Nixon supported the wave of military "golpes de Estado" in South America. Through Henry Kissinger, he gave at least an implicit help to Augusto Pinochet's coup, in 1973, and then helped set up operation Condor (as evidenced by CIA documents released in 2000, following Pinochet's arrest in 1998). A US-intelligence base in Panama Canal coordinated the acts of the various Latino secret services (DINA, DISIP, etc.) A coup détat (pronounced ), or simply a coup, is the sudden overthrow of a government through unconstitutional means by a part of the state establishment that mostly replaces just the top power figures. ... South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ... Henry Kissinger circa 1970s. ... General Augusto José Ramón Pinochet Ugarte[1] (born November 25, 1915) was head of the military that ruled Chile from 1973 to 1990. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... A canal tug, making its way down to the Caribbean end of the canal, waits to be joined by a ship in the uppermost chamber of the Gatun Locks. ... For the Biblical Dina, see Dinah. ... The Dirección de los Servicios de Inteligencia y Prevención (Directorate of Intelligence and Prevention Services, DISIP) is the national intelligence agency of Venezuela. ...

He established the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) on December 2, 1970. EPA redirects here. ... December 2 is the 336th day (337th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1970 (MCMLXX) was a common year starting on Thursday (the link is to a full 1970 calendar). ...

In 1972 Nixon was re-elected in one of the biggest landslide election victories in U.S. political history, defeating George McGovern and garnering over 60% of the popular vote. He carried 49 of the 50 states, losing only in Massachusetts. Presidential electoral votes by state. ... George McGovern Dr. George Stanley McGovern (born July 19, 1922) was a United States Congressman, Senator, and Democratic presidential candidate, losing the 1972 presidential election to incumbent Richard Nixon. ... Official language(s) English Capital Largest city Boston Boston Area  Ranked 44th  - Total 10,555 sq. ...

On January 2, 1974, Nixon signed a bill that lowered the maximum U.S. speed limit to 55 MPH (90 km/h) in order to conserve gasoline during the 1973 energy crisis. This law remained in effect until the late 1980s. January 2 is the second day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1974 (MCMLXXIV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (the link is to a full 1974 calendar). ... A speed limit is the maximum speed allowed by law for vehicles on a road. ... Miles per hour is a unit of speed, expressing the number of international miles covered per hour. ... Kilometre per hour (American spelling: kilometer per hour) is a unit of both speed (scalar) and velocity (vector). ... Gasoline (or petrol) is a petroleum-derived liquid mixture consisting primarily of hydrocarbons, used as fuel in internal combustion engines. ... (Redirected from 1973 energy crisis) United States, drivers of vehicles with odd numbered license plates were allowed to purchase gasoline only on odd-numbered days of the month, while drivers with even-numbers were limited to even-numbered days. ...

On April 3, 1974, Nixon announced he would pay $432,787.13 in back taxes plus interest after a Congressional committee reported that he had inadvertently underpaid his 1969 and 1972 taxes. April 3 is the 93rd day of the year (94th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 272 days remaining. ... 1974 (MCMLXXIV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (the link is to a full 1974 calendar). ...

In light of the near certainty of both his impeachment (due to the Watergate scandal) by the House of Representatives and his conviction by the Senate, Nixon resigned on August 9, 1974. August 9 is the 221st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (222nd in leap years), with 144 days remaining. ... 1974 (MCMLXXIV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (the link is to a full 1974 calendar). ...

Major initiatives

Mobutu Sese Seko and Richard Nixon at Washington D.C. 1973.

• Normalizing of diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China and partially abandoning the Republic of China on Taiwan as part of Realpolitik, a foreign policy eschewing moral considerations. In the short term Nixon was successful in playing the "China card" against the Soviet Union and its client state North Vietnam.
• Détente, or the peaceful pause in the Cold War; détente ended in 1979, replaced by another phase of the Cold War.
• Establishment of the Environmental Protection Agency.
• Establishment of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
• Establishment of the Drug Enforcement Administration.
• Establishment of the Supplemental Security Income program.
• Establishment of the Office of Minority Business Enterprise
• Post Office Department abolished as a cabinet department and reorganized as a government owned corporation, the U.S Postal Service.
• SALT I, or Strategic Arms Limitation Talks, led to the signing of the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty.
• "Vietnamization": the training and arming of South Vietnamese forces to allow the withdrawal of U.S. troops from Vietnam.
• Suspension of the convertibility of the US dollar into gold, a central point of the Bretton Woods system, allowing its value to float in world markets.
• Space Shuttle program started.
• Endorsed an enlightened self-determination policy for Native Americans that changed the direction of policy as continued from the New Deal through the Great Society.

Image File history File links Mobutu_Nixon. ... Image File history File links Mobutu_Nixon. ... Mobutu Sese Seko Nkuku Ngbendu wa za Banga (October 14, 1930 – September 7, 1997), known commonly as Mobutu Sese Seko, born Joseph-Désiré Mobutu, was the President of Zaire (now the Democratic Republic of the Congo) for 32 years (1965 – 1997). ... Aerial photo (looking NW) of the Washington Monument and the White House in Washington, DC. Washington, D.C., officially the District of Columbia (also known as D.C.; Washington; the Nations Capital; the District; and, historically, the Federal City) is the capital city and administrative district of the United... 1973 (MCMLXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday. ... Sino-American relations (Simplified Chinese: 中美关系; Pinyin: Zhōng-MÄ›i Guānxì) refers to interstate relations between the United States and China. ... Motto: None Anthem: National Anthem of the ROC Capital Taipei City (de facto) Nanjing (in law) 1 Largest city Taipei City Official language(s) Mandarin (Guoyü) Government President Vice President Premier Multiparty democracy Chen Shui-bian Annette Lu Su Tseng-chang Establishment Xinhai Revolution Declared  October 10, 1911 Established  January... Realpolitik (German: real (realistic, practical or actual) and Politik (politics) is a term used to describe politics based on strictly practical rather than idealistic notions, and practiced without any sentimental illusions. ... The Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRVN), or less commonly, Vietnamese Democratic Republic (Vietnamese: Việt Nam Dân Chủ Cá»™ng Hòa), also known as North Vietnam, was proclaimed by Ho Chi Minh in Hanoi, September 2nd1945 and was recognized by the Peoples Republic of China and the... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... EPA redirects here. ... The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) is a scientific agency of the United States Department of Commerce focused on the conditions of the oceans and the atmosphere. ... Since 1973, the DEA has enforced the drug laws in the United States. ... Supplemental Security Income is a monthly stipend provided to some citizens by the United States federal government. ... The Minority Business Development Agency (MBDA) is an agency in the United States Department of Commerce that promotes growth and competitiveness of the United States minority-owned businesses. ... SALT I is the common name for the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks. ... The Strategic Arms Limitation Talks refers to two rounds of bilateral talks and corresponding international treaties between the Soviet Union and United States, the Cold War superpowers, on the issue of armament control. ... The Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty (ABM treaty or ABMT) was a treaty between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on the limitation of the anti-ballistic missile (ABM) systems used in defending areas against missile-delivered nuclear weapons. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... The Space Shuttle Columbia seconds after engine ignition, 1981 (NASA). ...

Administration and Cabinet

The Nixon Administration was comprised of an impressive array of talent both in the cabinet and in the White House staff. Among the many people who came to Washington to serve in the administration were one future president (George H. W. Bush); a vice-president (Dick Cheney); six secretaries of state (Henry Kissinger, Alexander Haig, George Shultz, James Baker, Lawrence Eagleburger, and Colin Powell); five secretaries of defense (James Schlesinger, Donald Rumsfeld, Casper Weinberger, Frank Carlucci, and Cheney); a chairman of the joint chiefs of staff (Powell), two secretaries of the treasury (William Simon and Baker); a secretary of energy (Schlesinger); and three chiefs of staff (Rumsfeld, Cheney, and Baker). Indeed a member of the Nixon Administration has held a cabinet post or been a senior advisor within the subsequent six administrations. That so many key figures of the Ford, Reagan, Bush (41), and Bush (43) Administrations first entered government service in the Nixon White House is arguably the most profound and long-lasting legacy of Richard Nixon. George Herbert Walker Bush, GCB, (born June 12, 1924) was the 41st President of the United States (1989–1993). ... Richard Bruce Dick Cheney (born January 30, 1941) is the 46th Vice President of the United States, serving under President George W. Bush. ... Henry Kissinger circa 1970s. ... Alexander Meigs Haig, Jr. ... Shultz in his official D.O.L. portrait. ... James Addison Baker III (born April 28, 1930), American politician and diplomat, was Chief of Staff in President Ronald Reagans first administration, United States Secretary of the Treasury from 1985 to 1988 in the second Reagan administration, and Secretary of State in the administration of President George H. W... Lawrence Sidney Eagleburger (born August 1, 1930), is an American statesman and diplomat who served under Presidents Richard Nixon, Jimmy Carter, Ronald Reagan, and George H. W. Bush. ... General Colin Luther Powell, United States Army (Ret. ... James Rodney Schlesinger (born 15 February 1929) was United States Secretary of Defense from 1973 to 1974 under presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford. ... Donald Henry Rumsfeld (born July 9, 1932) is currently serving as the 21st United States Secretary of Defense, since January 20, 2001, under President George W. Bush. ... Caspar Willard Weinberger (born August 18, 1917) is best known as United States Secretary of Defense under President Ronald Reagan from 1982 through 1987, and for his related roles in the Strategic Defense Initiative program (popularly known as Star Wars), and in the Iran-Contra Affair. ... Frank Carlucci Frank Charles Carlucci III (born October 18, 1930) was a government official in the United States, associated with the Republican Party. ... Richard Bruce Dick Cheney (born January 30, 1941) is the 46th Vice President of the United States, serving under President George W. Bush. ... General Colin Luther Powell, United States Army (Ret. ... William Edward Simon (November 27, 1927–June 3, 2000) became the 63rd Secretary of the Treasury on May 8, 1974, during the Nixon administration. ... James Addison Baker III (born April 28, 1930), American politician and diplomat, was Chief of Staff in President Ronald Reagans first administration, United States Secretary of the Treasury from 1985 to 1988 in the second Reagan administration, and Secretary of State in the administration of President George H. W... James Rodney Schlesinger (born 15 February 1929) was United States Secretary of Defense from 1973 to 1974 under presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford. ... Donald Henry Rumsfeld (born July 9, 1932) is currently serving as the 21st United States Secretary of Defense, since January 20, 2001, under President George W. Bush. ... Richard Bruce Dick Cheney (born January 30, 1941) is the 46th Vice President of the United States, serving under President George W. Bush. ... James Addison Baker III (born April 28, 1930), American politician and diplomat, was Chief of Staff in President Ronald Reagans first administration, United States Secretary of the Treasury from 1985 to 1988 in the second Reagan administration, and Secretary of State in the administration of President George H. W... Gerald Rudolph Ford, Jr. ... Ronald Wilson Reagan (February 6, 1911 – June 5, 2004) was the 40th President of the United States (1981–1989) and the 33rd Governor of California (1967–1975). ... George Herbert Walker Bush, GCB, (born June 12, 1924) was the 41st President of the United States (1989–1993). ... George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is the 43rd and current President of the United States and a former governor of Texas. ...

Official Portrait of President Richard Nixon.

WHPO-MPF-C6779(04) Richard Nixon, Official Presidential Photograph, 07/08/1971 NARA ARC Holdings, Nixon Presidential Materials Photographer: Hartmann File links The following pages link to this file: Richard Nixon Madman theory Categories: Executive Office of the President images ... WHPO-MPF-C6779(04) Richard Nixon, Official Presidential Photograph, 07/08/1971 NARA ARC Holdings, Nixon Presidential Materials Photographer: Hartmann File links The following pages link to this file: Richard Nixon Madman theory Categories: Executive Office of the President images ... The presidential seal was used by President Hayes in 1880 and last modified in 1959 by adding the 50th star for Hawaii. ... The Vice President of the United States is the second-highest executive official of the United States government. ... Spiro Theodore Agnew, born Spiro Anagnostopoulos (November 9, 1918–September 17, 1996), was the thirty-ninth Vice President of the United States, serving from 1969 to 1973 under President Richard M. Nixon. ... Gerald Rudolph Ford, Jr. ... Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice. ... William Pierce Rogers (June 23, 1913 – January 2, 2001) was an American politician, who served as a Cabinet officer in the administrations of two U.S. Presidents in the third quarter of the 20th century. ... Henry Kissinger Henry Alfred Kissinger (born May 27, 1923) is a German-born American diplomat and Nobel Peace Prize winner who played an important part in foreign affairs through the positions he held in several Republican administrations between 1969 and 1977. ... John W. Snow, the current Secretary of the Treasury. ... For the American historian, see David M. Kennedy (historian). ... John Bowden Connally, Jr. ... Shultz in his official D.O.L. portrait. ... William Edward Simon (November 27, 1927–June 3, 2000) became the 63rd Secretary of the Treasury on May 8, 1