Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury, KG , PC (1400 – December 31, 1460) was a Yorkist leader during the early parts of the Wars of the Roses. The insignia of a knight of the Order of the Garter. ... Her Majestys Most Honourable Privy Council is a body of advisors to the British Sovereign. ... Events Henry IV quells baron rebellion and executes The Earls of Kent, Huntingdon and Salisbury for their attempt to have Richard II of England restored as King Jean Froissart writes the Chronicles Medici family becomes powerful in Florence, Italy Births December 25 - John Sutton, 1st Baron Dudley, Lord Lieutenant of... is the 365th day of the year (366th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events The first Portuguese navigators reach the coast of modern Sierra Leone. ... The House of York was a dynasty of English kings. ... Lancaster York For other uses, see Wars of the Roses (disambiguation). ...

Neville and Neville

Richard Neville was born in 1400 at Raby Castle in County Durham. Although he was the 3rd son (and tenth child) of Ralph Neville, 1st Earl of Westmorland, Richard Neville was the first child to be born to Ralph's second wife, Joan Beaufort, Countess of Westmoreland. The Neville lands were primarily in Durham and Yorkshire, but both Richard II and Henry IV found the family useful to counterbalance the strength of the Percies on the Scottish Borders - hence Earl Ralph's title, granted in 1397, and his appointment as Warden of the West March in 1403. Ralph's marriage to Joan Beaufort, at a time when the distinction between royality and nobility was becoming more important can be seen as another reward, for as a grand-daughter of Edward III she was a member of the royal family. Raby Castle from Jones Views of the Seats of Noblemen and Gentlemen (1819). ... County Durham is a county in north-east England. ... Sir Ralph de Neville (c. ... Joan Beaufort, Countess of Westmorland, (c. ... Durham (IPA: locally, in RP) is a small city and main settlement of the City of Durham district of County Durham in North East England. ... Look up Yorkshire in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Richard II (January 6, 1367 – February 14, 1400) was the son of Edward the Black Prince, Prince of Wales, and Joan The Fair Maid of Kent. He was born in Bordeaux and became his fathers successor when his elder brother died in infancy. ... Henry IV (3 April 1367 – 20 March 1413) was the King of England and France and Lord of Ireland from 1399 to 1413. ... Scottish Borders (often referred to locally as The Borders or The Borderland) is one of 35 local government unitary council areas of Scotland. ... Events February 10 - John Beaufort becomes Earl of Somerset. ... The Scottish Marches is an term for the border regions on bothe sides of the border between England and Scotland. ... Events July 21 - Battle of Shrewsbury. ... This article is about the King of England. ...

The children of Earl Ralph's first wife had made good marriages to local nobility, but his Beaufort children married into much greater families. Three of Richard's sisters married dukes (the youngest Cecily, marrying Richard, Duke of York), and Richard himself married Alice Montague, heiress of the Earl of Salisbury. Alice had royal blood in her veins, being descended on her mother's side from Joan, the Fair Maid of Kent, grand-daughter of Edward I. Alice's father Thomas had been one of the leading English commanders in France during the latter stages of the Hundred Years War after the death of Henry V. Thomas's death at the Siege of Orleans in 1428 was a calamity for the English cause. Cecily Neville (3 May 1415 – 31 May 1495), Duchess of York, was called the Rose of Raby (because she was born at Raby Castle in Durham, England) and Proud Cis (because of her pride and a temper that went with it). ... This article is about Richard, Duke of York, father of King Edward IV. For the article about Edward IVs son who was imprisoned in the Tower of London see: Richard, Duke of York (Prince in the Tower). ... Alice Montagu was born in 1407, the daughter and only legitimate child, of Thomas Montacute, 4th Earl of Salisbury and Eleanor Holland, who was the daughter of Thomas Holland, 2nd Earl of Kent and Alice Fitzalan, daughter of Richard FitzAlan, 10th Earl of Arundel and Eleanor of Lancaster. ... The title Marquess of Salisbury is a British title of Peerage, created in 1789 for James Cecil, 7th Earl of Salisbury. ... Joan, Countess of Kent, Princess of Wales (September 29, 1328 – August 7, 1385) is known to history as The Fair Maid of Kent, and was the wife and cousin of Edward, the Black Prince. ... Edward I (17 June 1239 – 7 July 1307), popularly known as Longshanks[1], also as Edward the Lawgiver because of his legal reforms, and as Hammer of the Scots,[2] achieved fame as the monarch who conquered Wales and who tried to do the same to Scotland. ... This article is in need of attention. ... Henry V of England (16 September 1387 – 31 August 1422) was one of the great warrior kings of the Middle Ages. ... The Siege of Orléans was the first French victory of Joan of Arc during the Hundred Years War and turning point of great war between France and England. ... Events October 12 - English forces under Thomas Montacute, 4th Earl of Salisbury besiege Orléans. ...

The date of Richard and Alice's marriage is not known, but it must have been before February 1421, when as a married couple they appeared at the coronation of Queen Catherine of Valois. At the time of the marriage the Salisbury inheritance was not guaranteed, as not only was Earl Thomas still alive, but in 1424 he re-married (to Alice Chaucer, grand-daughter of the poet Geoffrey Chaucer). However, this second marriage was without issue, and when Earl Thomas's uncle Richard died in 1429, Richard Neville and Alice were confirmed as Earl and Countess of Salisbury. From now on Richard Neville will be referred to as Salisbury. Catherine of Valois (27 October 1401 – 3 January 1437) was the Queen consort of England from 1420 until 1422. ... August 17 - Battle of Verneuil - An English force under John, Duke of Bedford defeats a larger French army under the Duke of Alençon, John Stewart, and Earl Archibald of Douglas. ... Geoffrey Chaucer (c. ...

Salisbury came into possession of greater estates than, as a younger son, he could reasonably have expected. Strangely, his elder half-brother John apparently agreed to many of the rights to the Neville inheritance being transferred to Joan Beaufort — Salisbury would inherit these on her death in 1440. He also gained possession of the lands and grants made jointly to Ralph and Joan. Ralph's heir (his grandson, also called Ralph) disputed the loss of his inheritance, and although the younger Ralph agreed to a settlement in 1443, it was on unequal terms — Salisbury kept the great Neville possessions of Middleham and Sheriff Hutton, as well as the more recent grant of Penrith. Only Raby returned to the senior branch. The Neville-Neville dispute was later to become absorbed into the destructive Percy-Neville feud. Salisbury's marriage gained him his wife's quarter share of the Holland inheritance. Ironically, his Salisbury title came with comparatively little in terms of wealth, though he did gain a more southerly residence at Bisham Manor in Berkshire. Middleham is a small market town in the North Yorkshire dales. ... Sheriff Hutton is a village and civil parish in the Ryedale district of North Yorkshire, England. ... Statistics Population: 14,756 Ordnance Survey OS grid reference: NY515305 Administration District: Eden Shire county: Cumbria Region: North West England Constituent country: England Sovereign state: United Kingdom Other Ceremonial county: Cumbria Historic county: Cumberland Services Police force: Cumbria Constabulary Fire and rescue: {{{Fire}}} Ambulance: North West Post office and telephone... The Percy-Neville feud was a series of skirmishes, raids and vandalism between two prominent northern families and their followers that helped provoke the Wars of the Roses. ... coat of arms of Thomas Holland, 2nd Earl of Kent Thomas Holland, 2nd Earl of Kent (1350–1397) was an English nobleman and a councillor of his half-brother Richard II. Thomas was the son of Thomas Holland, 1st Earl of Kent and Joan of Kent. ... Bisham Abbey. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...

The Warden

The defence of the Scottish Border was carried out by two Wardens - of the East March (based at Berwick) and the West March at Carlisle. Both had been held by the Percy family in the fourteenth century, and their support of Henry IV seemed to have paid off in 1399, when Henry Percy was appointed Warden of the West March and his son Hotspur Warden of the East. But Hotspur rebelled, and his father was held to be complicit in his treason. Ralph Neville was employed by King Henry to capture the elder Percy (Hotspur had been killed at the Battle of Shrewsbury) his reward was to succeed the Percies as Warden of both Marches. Under Henry V, the Percies were restored to their Lands, and eventually, in 1417, to the East March. The West March, however, was to become a hereditary Neville appointment. Salisbury became Warden of the West March in 1420. It was one of the most valuable appointments in England, worth £1,500 in peacetime and four times that if war broke out with Scotland. Although, unlike Calais, it did not require a permanent garrison, the incessant raiding and border skirmishes meant that there would always be a ready supply of trained and experienced soldiers at the Wardens's command. Salisbury must have been high in Henry V's estimation, as he was also appointed Justice of the Peace in Cumberland, Westmoreland and Durham. In 1431 he accompanied the young Henry VI to France for his coronation, and on his return was made Warden of the East March. In 1436 he resigned both posts, although this may have originally intended as a means of forcing the crown to make good its arrears of payment. When his resignation was accepted he accompanied Richard, Duke of York to France, taking 1,300 men-at arms and archers with him. He returned the following year, and in November became a member of the Kings Council. He did not resume either of the Wardenships, as the Neville-Neville dispute took up most of his time, but when this was resolved in 1443 he resumed the Wardenship of the West March. Although this was at a reduced fee of just under £1,000, the money was secured on specific sources of Crown income, not on the frequently uncollectable tallies. This may reflect his experiences of 1436. The Scottish Marches is an term for the border regions on bothe sides of the border between England and Scotland. ... Berwick-upon-Tweed is a border town, now in England, formerly in Scotland. ... , Carlisle is a city in the far north-west of England, and is the largest urban area in Cumbria. ... Henry IV (3 April 1367 – 20 March 1413) was the King of England and France and Lord of Ireland from 1399 to 1413. ... Henry Percy, 1st Earl of Northumberland (November 10, 1342 - February 20, 1408), was the son of Henry, 3rd baron Percy, and the father of Henry Harry Hotspur Percy. ... A carving of Henry Hotspur Percy Sir Henry Percy, also called Harry Hotspur (May 20, 1364/1366 – July 21, 1403) was the eldest son of Henry Percy, 1st Earl of Northumberland, 4th Lord Percy of Alnwick. ... Ralph Neville (died 1244) served as Lord Chancellor of England (two separate terms) and Bishop of Chichester during the 13th century. ... Henry V of England (16 September 1387 – 31 August 1422) was one of the great warrior kings of the Middle Ages. ... The Battle of Shrewsbury was fought on July 21, 1403. ... Motto (Latin) No one provokes me with impunity Cha togar mfhearg gun dioladh (Scottish Gaelic) Wha daur meddle wi me?(Scots)1 Anthem (Multiple unofficial anthems) Scotlands location in Europe Capital Edinburgh Largest city Glasgow Official languages English (de facto)1; Gaelic[1]2 and Scots3 (recognised minority... Calais (Kales in Dutch) is a town in northern France, located at 50°57N 1°52E. It is in the département of Pas-de-Calais, of which it is a sous-préfecture. ... A Justice of the Peace (JP) is a puisne judicial officer appointed by means of a commission to keep the peace. ... Cumberland is one of the 39 traditional counties of England. ... Westmorland (formerly also spelt Westmoreland, an even older spelling is Westmerland) is an area of north west England and one of the 39 historic counties of England. ... Durham (IPA: locally, in RP) is a small city and main settlement of the City of Durham district of County Durham in North East England. ... Henry VI (December 6, 1421 – May 21, 1471) was King of England from 1422 to 1461 (though with a Regent until 1437) and then from 1470 to 1471, and King of France from 1422 to 1453. ... This article is about Richard, Duke of York, father of King Edward IV. For the article about Edward IVs son who was imprisoned in the Tower of London see: Richard, Duke of York (Prince in the Tower). ...

Neville and Percy

Main article: Percy-Neville feud

At the end of 1443, from his principal seat at Middleham in Wensleydale, Salisbury could look with some satisfaction at his position. He was a member of the King's Council and Warden of the West March. His brother Robert was the Bishop of Durham, and another brother, William, had the custody of Roxburgh castle. He had seven children, four boys and two girls. In 1436 the two oldest children, Cicely and Richard, had made excellent marriages, to the son and daughter of Richard de Beauchamp, 13th Earl of Warwick. The Percy-Neville feud was a series of skirmishes, raids and vandalism between two prominent northern families and their followers that helped provoke the Wars of the Roses. ... Middleham is a small market town in the North Yorkshire dales. ... Wensleydale is the valley (dale) of the River Ure on the east side of the Pennines in North Yorkshire, England. ... Arms of the Bishop of Durham The Bishop of Durham is the officer of the Church of England responsible for the diocese of Durham, one of the oldest in the country. ... William Neville, Lord Fauconberg, Earl of Kent c1410 - 1463 // Early life Born circa 1410, he was the 2nd son of Ralph Neville, 1st Earl of Westmorland and his second wife, Joan Beaufort. ... Historically, the Royal Burgh of Roxburgh (Gaelic: Rosbrog), in the Scottish Borders, was an important trading burgh in the economy of Scotland. ... Richard Neville, jure uxoris 16th Earl of Warwick and suo jure 6th Earl of Salisbury (22 November 1428 – April 14, 1471), is known as Warwick the Kingmaker. Warwick was the richest man in England outside of the Royal Family. ... Richard de Beauchamp, 13th Earl of Warwick (1382 – April 30, 1439) was an English nobleman and military commander. ...

However, it was becoming apparent that the rise of the Nevilles was coming to an end. The king, who during the late 1430s had started to exercise personal rule, was more concerned to promote the fortunes of his closest relatives - and Salisbury was only related by a junior, illegitimate and female line. In this context, the local rivalry between the Nevilles and the Percies in the north of England was likely to take on greater importance. A strong and capable ruler would be able to control such feuds, or even profit by them. A weak king could find the disputes spreading from local to regional or national conflict.

The Percies had lands throughout northern England, while the Nevilles northern lands were concentrated in north Yorkshire and in Durham. However, as Warden of the West March, Salisbury was in a position to exert great power in the north-west, in spite of holding only Kendal and Penrith. The Percies resented the fact that their tenants in Cumberland and Westmoreland were being recruited by Salisbury, who even with the reduced grant of 1443 still had great spending power in the region. The senior Neville line (now related by marriage to the Percies) still resented the inequitable settlement of their inheritance dispute. For the 1832-1918 Parliamentary constituency, see Kendal (UK Parliament constituency). ... Penrith could be Penrith in Australia Penrith in Cumbria, England This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ...

The fiftenth century could be regarded as the peak of 'bastard feudalism' - when every subject needed a 'good lord'. In return for a commitment by the retained man to provide (usually) military support, the lord would give his retainer a small annual fee, a badge or item of clothing to mark his loyalty (livery) and provide help for him in his disputes with his neighbours (maintenance). Northern England was a long way from Westminster, and rapid legal redress for wrongs was impossible. With his economic power as warden, Salisbury could provide better support for Percy tenants than Northumberland, unpaid for the East March for years, could hope to. Bastard feudalism is a term that has been used to describe feudalism in the Late Middle Ages, primarily in England. ... Henry Percy, 2nd Earl of Northumberland, (3 February 1392 /1393 - 22 May 1455) was the son of Henry Percy and his wife Elizabeth de Mortimer, daughter of Edmund Mortimer, 3rd Earl of March and Philippa Plantagenet. ...

In 1448, during the renewal of the war with Scotland, Northumberland took his forces through Salisbury's West March - a grave breach of etiquette. Northumberland was defeated, and his son Lord Poynings was captured. The fact that Salisbury lost 2,000 horses trying to respond to this attack, and was then excluded (along with Northumberland) from the subsequent peace negotiations can only have inflamed relations between the two families. Over time, the ill will might have receded, but Northumberland's second son, Lord Egremont, spent the next few years stirring up trouble in Yorkshire - particularly York, situated between the Percy estates of Spofforth and Healaugh, and Neville's castle at Sheriff Hutton. Henry Percy, 3rd Earl of Northumberland, (25 July 1421 – 29 March 1461) was the son of Henry Percy, 2nd Earl of Northumberland and Lady Eleanor Neville, daughter of Ralph Neville, 1st Earl of Westmorland and his second wife Joan Beaufort. ... Spofforth with Stockeld is a village and civil parish in the county of North Yorkshire, England. ... Sheriff Hutton is a village and civil parish in the Ryedale district of North Yorkshire, England. ...

In August 1453, Egremont assembled a force perhaps as large as 1,000 strong, intending to waylay Salisbury as he made for Sheriff Hutton. Salisbury had been attending the wedding of his son Thomas in Lincolnshire, and although his escort would have been smaller, it would have been better armed than Egremont's York tradesmen. Salisbury and his retinue arrived unscathed at Sheriff Hutton, but the episode marked the beginning of what was virtually a private war.

Neville and York

However Salisbury turned to the cause of Richard, Duke of York, who made him Lord Chancellor in 1455. When King Henry tried to assert his independence and dismiss Richard as Protector, Salisbury joined him in fighting at the First Battle of St Albans, claiming that he was acting in self-defence. After the Battle of Blore Heath, in which he was notably successful, Salisbury escaped to Calais, having been specifically excluded from a royal pardon. He was beheaded the day after the Battle of Wakefield. This article is about Richard, Duke of York, father of King Edward IV. For the article about Edward IVs son who was imprisoned in the Tower of London see: Richard, Duke of York (Prince in the Tower). ... The Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain, or Lord Chancellor and prior to the Union the Chancellor of England and the Lord Chancellor of Scotland, is a senior and important functionary in the government of the United Kingdom, and its predecessor states. ... ... no changes . ... Combatants House of York House of Lancaster Commanders Richard, Duke of York, Richard, Earl of Warwick Edmund, Duke of Somerset Strength 3,000 2,000 Casualties Unknown 300 The First Battle of St Albans was the first battle of the Wars of the Roses and was fought on May 22... Battle of Blore Heath Conflict Wars of the Roses Date September 23, 1459 Place Blore Heath Result Yorkist victory The Battle of Blore Heath was the first major battle in the English Wars of the Roses and was fought on September 23, 1459, at Blore Heath, two miles east of... Calais (Kales in Dutch) is a town in northern France, located at 50°57N 1°52E. It is in the département of Pas-de-Calais, of which it is a sous-préfecture. ... The Battle of Wakefield took place at Wakefield, in West Yorkshire, on December 30, 1460, and was one of the major actions of the Wars of the Roses. ...

His alabaster effigy is in Burghfield Church in Berkshire. He was buried first at Pontefract, but his son transferred his body to the family mausoleum at Bisham Priory and erected this effigy. It was brought to Burghfield after the Dissolution of the Monasteries. The effigy of a lady alongside him wears a headdress which is not thought to be of the right date to be his wife, but she may be one of the earlier Countesses of Salisbury buried at Bisham. Burghfield is a village and civil parish in Berkshire, England. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Pontefract Castle in the early 17th Century Pontefract is a town in the county of West Yorkshire, England, near the A1 (or Great North Road), the M62 motorway, and Castleford. ... Bisham Abbey. ... dissolution see Dissolution. ...

With Alice Montague he fathered ten children:

• Cecily Neville, 1424 - 1450, who married Henry de Beauchamp, 1st Duke of Warwick
• Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick 1428 - 1471
• John Neville, 1st Marquess of Montagu 1431 - 1471
• George Neville 1432 - 1476, who became Archbishop of York and Chancellor of England
• Joan Neville, 1434 - 1462, who married William FitzAlan, 16th Earl of Arundel
• Katherine Neville, 1442 - 1503, who married first William Bonville, 6th Lord Harington and second William Hastings, 1st Baron Hastings
• Thomas Neville, 1443 - 1460, who was knighted in 1449 and died at the Battle of Wakefield
• Eleanor Neville, 1447 - 1482, who married Thomas Stanley, 1st Earl of Derby
• Alice Neville, c. 1460 ? - 1503, who married Henry FitzHugh, 6th Lord FitzHugh. They were parents of Elizabeth Fitzhugh, grandparents of Sir Thomas Parr of Kendal and great-grandparents of Katherine Parr. Katherine was the sixth Queen consort of Henry VIII of England.
• Margaret Neville, c 1460? - 1506, who married John de Vere, 13th Earl of Oxford