Richard Matthew Stallman
Richard Stallman at DTU in Denmark 2007
Born	March 16, 1953 (1953-03-16) (age 55) New York City, New York
Other names	rms
Occupation	President, Free Software Foundation
Religious beliefs	Atheist[1]
Website www.stallman.org

Richard Matthew Stallman (born March 16, 1953), often abbreviated "rms",^[2] is an American software freedom activist, hacker,^[3] and software developer. In September 1983, he launched the GNU Project^[4] to create a free Unix-like operating system, and has been the project's lead architect and organizer. With the launch of the GNU Project, he started the free software movement and, in October 1985, set up the Free Software Foundation. Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 585 × 600 pixel Image in higher resolution (1683 × 1725 pixel, file size: 1. ... Technical University of Denmark The Technical University of Denmark (Danish: Danmarks Tekniske Universitet (DTU)) was founded in 1829 as the College of Advanced Technology (Danish: Den Polytekniske Læreanstalt) belonging to the University of Copenhagen. ... is the 75th day of the year (76th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1953 (MCMLIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... New York, New York and NYC redirect here. ... This article is about the state. ... For information about the band, see Atheist (band). ... is the 75th day of the year (76th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1953 (MCMLIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Free software is software that can be used, studied, and modified without restriction, and which can be copied and redistributed in modified or unmodified form either without restriction, or with minimal restrictions only to ensure that further recipients can also do these things. ... Activism, in a general sense, can be described as intentional action or inaction to bring about social or political change. ... For other uses, see Software developer (disambiguation). ... The GNU logo, drawn by Etienne Suvasa The GNU Project was announced in 1983 by Richard Stallman. ... Diagram of the relationships between several Unix-like systems A Unix-like operating system is one that behaves in a manner similar to a Unix system, while not necessarily conforming to or being certified to any version of the Single UNIX Specification. ... An operating system (OS) is a software that manages computer resources and provides programmers with an interface used to access those resources. ... The free software movement, also known as the free software philosophy, began in 1983 when Richard Stallman announced the GNU Project. ... The Free Software Foundation (FSF) is a non-profit corporation founded in October 1985 by Richard Stallman to support the free software movement (free as in freedom), and in particular the GNU project. ...

Stallman pioneered the concept of copyleft and is the main author of several copyleft licenses including the GNU General Public License, the most widely used free software license.^[5] Since the mid-1990s, Stallman has spent most of his time advocating for free software, as well as campaigning against both software patents and what he sees as excessive extension of copyright laws. Stallman has also developed a number of pieces of widely used software, including the original Emacs, the GNU Compiler Collection, and the GNU Debugger. He co-founded the League for Programming Freedom in 1989. The reversed c in a full circle is the copyleft symbol. ... GPL redirects here. ... Free software is software which grants recipients the freedom to modify and redistribute the software. ... Free software is software that can be used, studied, and modified without restriction, and which can be copied and redistributed in modified or unmodified form either without restriction, or with minimal restrictions only to ensure that further recipients can also do these things. ... Software patent does not have a universally accepted definition. ... Not to be confused with copywriting. ... This article is about the text editor. ... The GNU Compiler Collection (usually shortened to GCC) is a set of programming language compilers produced by the GNU Project. ... The GNU Debugger, usually called just GDB, is the standard debugger for the GNU software system. ... League for Programming Freedom (LPF) was founded in 1989 by Richard Stallman to unite free software developers as well as developers of proprietary software to fight against software patents and the extension of the scope of copyright. ...

Early years

Stallman was born to Daniel Stallman and Alice Lippman in 1953 in New York City, New York. Hired by the IBM New York Scientific Center, Stallman spent the summer after his high-school graduation writing his first program, a preprocessor for the PL/I programming language on the IBM 360. New York, New York and NYC redirect here. ... This article is about the state. ... IBM New York Scientific Center was a now-defunct research facility in downtown Manhattan. ... In computer science, a preprocessor is a program that processes its input data to produce output that is used as input to another program. ... PL/I (Programming Language One, pronounced pee el one) is an imperative computer programming language designed for scientific, engineering, and business applications. ... A programming language is an artificial language that can be used to control the behavior of a machine, particularly a computer. ...

During this time, Stallman was also a volunteer laboratory assistant in the Biology Department at Rockefeller University. Although he was already moving toward a career in mathematics or physics, his teaching professor at Rockefeller thought he would have a future as a biologist.^[6] For the song by Girls Aloud see Biology (song) Biology studies the variety of life (clockwise from top-left) E. coli, tree fern, gazelle, Goliath beetle Biology (from Greek: Βιολογία - βίος, bio, life; and λόγος, logos, speech lit. ... Founders Hall Rockefeller University is a private university focusing primarily on graduate and postgraduate education research in the biomedical fields, located between 63rd and 68th Streets along York Avenue, on the Upper East Side of Manhattan island in New York City, New York. ... For other meanings of mathematics or uses of math and maths, see Mathematics (disambiguation) and Math (disambiguation). ... A magnet levitating above a high-temperature superconductor demonstrates the Meissner effect. ...

In June 1971, as a first year student at Harvard University, Stallman became a programmer at the AI Laboratory of MIT. There he became a regular in the hacker community, where he was usually known by his initials, "RMS" (which was the name of his computer accounts). In the first edition of the Hacker's Dictionary, he wrote, "'Richard Stallman' is just my mundane name; you can call me 'rms'."^[2] Stallman graduated from Harvard magna cum laude earning a BA in Physics in 1974. Harvard redirects here. ... The MIT Artificial intelligence Laboratory was an interdisciplinary research entity at MIT founded in 1959, and one of the most influential and accomplished in the field. ... “MIT” redirects here. ... The Jargon File is a glossary of hacker slang. ... Latin honors are Latin phrases used to indicate the level of academic distinction with which an academic degree was earned. ...

Stallman then enrolled as a graduate student in physics at MIT, but abandoned his graduate studies while remaining a programmer at the MIT AI Laboratory. At the end of his first year in the graduate program, Stallman suffered a knee injury that ended the main joy in his life^[7] - his participation in international folk dancing, and with it the opportunity it provided for socializing with the opposite sex.^[8] Stallman's ensuing despair culminated in social withdrawal; but he found solace in a heightened focus on the area in which his achievements made him most proud - programming. His doctoral pursuits in physics became a casualty of this calling; however, Stallman has since been awarded six honorary doctorates and two honorary professorships.(see list below)

While a graduate student at MIT, Stallman published a paper on an AI truth maintenance system called dependency-directed backtracking with Gerald Jay Sussman.^[9] This paper was an early work on the problem of intelligent backtracking in constraint satisfaction problems. As of 2003, the technique Stallman and Sussman introduced is still the most general and powerful form of intelligent backtracking.^[10] The technique of constraint recording, wherein partial results of a search are recorded for later reuse, was also introduced in this paper.^[10] An Artificial Intelligence technique. ... // Gerald Jay Sussman is the Panasonic Professor of Electrical Engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). ... Constraint-satisfaction problems or CSPs are mathematical problems where one must find states or objects in a system that satisfy a number of constraints or criteria. ... In constraint satisfaction backtracking algorithms, constraint learning is a techinque for imporoving efficiency. ...

As a hacker in MIT's AI laboratory, Stallman worked on software projects like TECO, Emacs, and the Lisp Machine Operating System. He would become an ardent critic of restricted computer access in the lab. When MIT's Laboratory for Computer Science (LCS) installed a password control system in 1977, Stallman found a way to decrypt the passwords and sent users messages containing their decoded password, with a suggestion to change it to the empty string (that is, no password) instead, to re-enable anonymous access to the systems. Around 20% of the users followed his advice at the time, although passwords ultimately prevailed. Stallman boasted of the success of his campaign for many years afterward.^[11] TECO (pronounced /teekoh/; originally an acronym for [paper] Tape Editor and COrrector, but later Text Editor and COrrector) is a text editor originally developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in the 1960s and was modified by just about everybody. With all the dialects included, TECO may have... This article is about the text editor. ... The original Lisp machine built by Greenblatt and Knight Lisp machines were general-purpose computers designed (usually through hardware support) to efficiently run Lisp as their main software language. ... “MIT” redirects here. ... Project MAC, later the MIT Laboratory for Computer Science (LCS), was a research laboratory at MIT. Project MAC would become famous for groundbreaking research in operating systems, artificial intelligence, and the theory of computation. ...

MIT's hacker culture declines

In the late 1970s and early 1980s, the hacker culture that Stallman thrived in began to fragment. To prevent software from being used on their competitors' computers, most manufacturers stopped distributing source code and began using copyright and restrictive software licenses to limit or prohibit copying and redistribution. Such proprietary software had existed before, and it became apparent that it would become the norm. This shift in the legal characteristics of software can be regarded as a consequence triggered by the U.S. Copyright Act of 1976, as stated by Stallman's MIT fellow Brewster Kahle.^[12] Source code (commonly just source or code) is any series of statements written in some human-readable computer programming language. ... Proprietary software is software with restrictions on copying and modifying as enforced by the proprietor. ... The Copyright Act of 1976 is a landmark statute in United States copyright legislation and remains the primary basis of copyright law in the United States. ... Brewster Kahle speaking 20 November 2002 Brewster Kahle (last name pronounced kale, like the vegetable) was an early member of the Thinking Machines team and later went on to found WAIS (sold to AOL) and later Alexa Internet (sold to Amazon. ...

When Brian Reid in 1979 placed "time bombs" in Scribe to restrict unlicensed access to the software, Stallman proclaimed it "a crime against humanity."^[13] He clarified, years later, that it is blocking the user's freedom that he believes is a "crime", not the issue of charging for the software.^[14] Brian Keith Reid (born 1949) is a computer scientist most famous for developing the Scribe word processing system, the subject of his 1980 doctoral dissertation, for which he received the Association for Computing Machinerys Grace Murray Hopper Award in 1982. ... In Computer Software, a Time-bomb refers to a computer program that has been written in such a way that it will stop functioning after a certain fixed date or time is reached. ... Scribe was a markup language and word processing system, developed by Brian Reid. ...

In 1980, Stallman and some other hackers at the AI Lab were refused the software's source code for the Xerox 9700 laser printer (code-named "Dover"), the industry's first. Stallman had modified the software on an older printer (the XGP, Xerographic Printer), so it electronically messaged a user when the person's job was printed, and would message all logged-in users when a printer was jammed. Not being able to add this feature to the Dover printer was a major inconvenience, as the printer was on a different floor from most of the users. This one experience convinced Stallman of people's need to be free to modify the software they use.^[15] Xeroxs former headquarters in Stamford (now headquartered in Norwalk) Xerox Corporation (NYSE: XRX) (name pronounced ) is a global document management company, which manufactures and sells a range of color and black-and-white printers, multifunction systems, photo copiers, digital production printing presses, and related consulting services and supplies. ... 1993 Apple LaserWriter Pro 630 laser printer A laser printer is a common type of computer printer that rapidly produces high quality text and graphics on plain paper. ...

In 1980, Richard Greenblatt, a fellow AI Lab hacker, founded Lisp Machines, Inc. (LMI) to market Lisp machines, which he and Tom Knight designed at the lab. Greenblatt rejected outside investment, believing that the proceeds from the construction and sale of a few machines could be profitably reinvested in the growth of the company. In contrast, the other hackers felt that the venture capital-funded approach was better. As no agreement could be reached, hackers from the latter camp founded Symbolics, with the aid of Russ Noftsker, an AI Lab administrator. Symbolics recruited most of the remaining hackers including notable hacker Bill Gosper, who then left the AI Lab. Symbolics forced Greenblatt to also resign by citing MIT policies. While both companies delivered proprietary software, Stallman believed that LMI, unlike Symbolics, had tried to avoid hurting the lab's community. For two years, from 1982 to the end of 1983, Stallman worked by himself to clone the output of the Symbolics programmers, with the aim of preventing them from gaining a monopoly on the lab's computers.^[16] Richard D. Greenblatt is an American programmer. ... Lisp machines were general purpose computers designed (often with hardware support) to efficiently run Lisp as their main language. ... The original Lisp machine built by Greenblatt and Knight Lisp machines were general-purpose computers designed (usually through hardware support) to efficiently run Lisp as their main software language. ... Tom Knight is a senior research scientist in the MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, or CSAIL, part of the MIT EECS department. ... Venture capital is a general term to describe financing for startup and early stage businesses as well as businesses in turn around situations. ... ... R. William Gosper, Jr. ... Proprietary software is software with restrictions on copying and modifying as enforced by the proprietor. ...

However, he was the last of his generation of hackers at the lab. He rejected a future where he would have to sign non-disclosure agreements not to share source code or technical information with other software developers and perform other actions he considered betrayals of his principles. He chose instead to share his work with others in what he regarded as a classical spirit of collaboration. While Stallman did not participate in the 1960s era counterculture, he was inspired by its rejection of the pursuit of wealth as the primary goal of living. A non-disclosure agreement (NDA), also called a confidential disclosure agreement (CDA), confidentiality agreement or secrecy agreement, is a legal contract between at least two parties which outlines confidential materials or knowledge the parties wish to share with one another for certain purposes, but wish to restrict from generalized use. ... Source code (commonly just source or code) is any series of statements written in some human-readable computer programming language. ... Counterculture (also counter-culture) is a sociological word used to describe the values and norms of behavior of a cultural group, or subculture, that run counter to those of the social mainstream of the day,[1] the cultural equivalent of political opposition. ...

Stallman argues that software users should have the freedom to "share with their neighbor" and to be able to study and make changes to the software that they use. He has repeatedly said that attempts by proprietary software vendors to prohibit these acts are "antisocial" and "unethical".^[1] The phrase "software wants to be free" is often incorrectly attributed to him, and Stallman argues that this is a misstatement of his philosophy.^[17] He argues that freedom is vital for the sake of users and society as a moral value, and not merely for pragmatic reasons such as possibly developing technically superior software.

In January 1984, Stallman quit his job at MIT to work full-time on the GNU project, which he had announced in September 1983. “MIT” redirects here. ... The GNU logo, drawn by Etienne Suvasa The GNU Project was announced in 1983 by Richard Stallman. ...

GNU project

Main article: GNU project

Stallman announced the plan for the GNU operating system in September 1983 on several ARPAnet mailing lists and USENET.^[18] The GNU logo, drawn by Etienne Suvasa The GNU Project was announced in 1983 by Richard Stallman. ... GNU is a free software operating system. ... ARPANET logical map, March 1977. ... Usenet (USEr NETwork) is a global, decentralized, distributed Internet discussion system that evolved from a general purpose UUCP architecture of the same name. ...

In 1985, Stallman published the GNU Manifesto, which outlined his motivation for creating a free operating system called GNU, which would be compatible with Unix. The name GNU is a recursive acronym for GNU's Not Unix. Soon after, he started a non-profit corporation called the Free Software Foundation to employ free software programmers and provide a legal infrastructure for the free software movement. Stallman is the nonsalaried president of the FSF, which is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization founded in Massachusetts. The GNU Manifesto was written by Richard Stallman at the beginning of the GNU Project, to ask for participation and support. ... Filiation of Unix and Unix-like systems Unix (officially trademarked as UNIX®, sometimes also written as or ® with small caps) is a computer operating system originally developed in 1969 by a group of AT&T employees at Bell Labs including Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie and Douglas McIlroy. ... A recursive acronym (or occasionally recursive initialism) is an abbreviation which refers to itself in the expression for which it stands. ... A non-profit organization (often called non-profit org or simply non-profit or not-for-profit) can be seen as an organization that doesnt have a goal to make a profit. ... The Free Software Foundation (FSF) is a non-profit corporation founded in October 1985 by Richard Stallman to support the free software movement (free as in freedom), and in particular the GNU project. ... The free software movement, also known as the free software philosophy, began in 1983 when Richard Stallman announced the GNU Project. ... 501(c) is a provision of the United States Internal Revenue Code (), listing 27 types of non-profit organizations exempt from some federal income taxes. ... This article is about the U.S. state. ...

In 1985, Stallman invented and popularized the concept of copyleft, a legal mechanism to protect the modification and redistribution rights for free software. It was first implemented in the GNU Emacs General Public License, and in 1989 the first program-independent GNU General Public License (GPL) was released. By then, much of the GNU system had been completed. Stallman was responsible for contributing many necessary tools, including a text editor, compiler, debugger, and a build automator. The notable exception was a kernel. In 1990, members of the GNU project began a kernel called GNU Hurd, which has yet to achieve the maturity level required for widespread usage. The reversed c in a full circle is the copyleft symbol. ... Free software is software that can be used, studied, and modified without restriction, and which can be copied and redistributed in modified or unmodified form either without restriction, or with minimal restrictions only to ensure that further recipients can also do these things. ... GPL redirects here. ... Notepad is the standard text editor for Microsoft Windows A text editor is a piece of computer software for editing plain text. ... A diagram of the operation of a typical multi-language, multi-target compiler. ... A debugger is a computer program that is used to test and debug other programs. ... Build Automation is the act of scripting or automating the process of turning computer source code into binary code. ... A kernel connects the application software to the hardware of a computer. ... Hurd redirects here. ...

In 1991, Linus Torvalds, a Finnish student, used the GNU development tools to produce the Linux kernel. The existing programs from the GNU project were readily ported to run on the resultant platform; most sources use the name "Linux" to refer to the general-purpose operating system thus formed. This has been a longstanding naming controversy in the free software community. Stallman argues that not using "GNU" in the name of the operating system unfairly disparages the value of the GNU project and harms the sustainability of the free software movement by breaking the link between the software and the free software philosophy of the GNU project. Linus Benedict Torvalds   (born December 28, 1969 in Helsinki, Finland) is a Finnish software engineer best known for initiating the development of the Linux kernel. ... The Linux kernel is a Unix-like operating system kernel. ... This article is about operating systems that use the Linux kernel. ... The GNU/Linux naming controversy is a dispute between members of the free and open source software community relating to the normative branding of the computer operating systems commonly referred to as Linux. ... // The free software community is also called the open source community or the Linux community. ... The GNU logo, drawn by Etienne Suvasa The GNU Project was announced in 1983 by Richard Stallman. ...

Stallman's influences on hacker culture include the name POSIX^[19] and the Emacs editor. On UNIX systems, GNU Emacs's popularity rivaled that of another editor vi, spawning an editor war. Stallman's take on this was to jokingly canonize himself as "St. IGNUcius" of the Church of Emacs^[20][21] and acknowledge that "vi vi vi is the editor of the beast," while "using a free version of vi is not a sin; it is a penance."^[22] POSIX or Portable Operating System Interface[1] is the collective name of a family of related standards specified by the IEEE to define the application programming interface (API) for software compatible with variants of the Unix operating system. ... This article is about the text editor. ... Filiation of Unix and Unix-like systems Unix (officially trademarked as UNIX®, sometimes also written as or ® with small caps) is a computer operating system originally developed in 1969 by a group of AT&T employees at Bell Labs including Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie and Douglas McIlroy. ... GNU Emacs is one of the two most popular versions of Emacs (see also XEmacs). ... vi editing a temporary, empty file. ... In hacker culture, the editor war is an ongoing debate in the computer programming community about which text editor is best for general-purpose editing. ... The hacker community has a tradition of treating their favorite text editor with a reverence bordering on religious fanaticism. ... For other uses, see Number of the Beast (disambiguation). ...

A number of developers view Stallman as being difficult to work with from a political, interpersonal, or technical standpoint. Around 1992, developers at Lucid Inc. doing their own work on Emacs clashed with Stallman and ultimately forked the software. Their fork later became XEmacs. An email archive published by Jamie Zawinski documents their criticisms and Stallman's responses.^[23] Ulrich Drepper, whom Stallman had appointed to work on GNU libc for the GNU Project, published complaints against Stallman in the release notes for glibc 2.2.4.^[24] Drepper accuses Stallman of attempting a "hostile takeover" of the project, referring to him as a "control freak and raging maniac." Eric S. Raymond, who sometimes claims to speak for parts of the open source movement, has written many pieces laying out that movement's disagreement with Stallman and the free software movement, often in terms sharply critical of Stallman.^[25] Lucid Incorporated was a supercomputer then a software development company founded by Richard P. Gabriel in 1984, which went bankrupt in 1994. ... In software engineering, a project fork or branch happens when a developer (or a group of them) takes a copy of source code from one software package and starts to independently develop a new package. ... XEmacs, a fork of the GNU Emacs text editor, runs on almost any Unix-like operating system — inside X or in a text terminal — as well as on Microsoft Windows and Mac OS X. Any user can download XEmacs as free software available under the GNU General Public License. ... Jamie W. Zawinski (born 1971 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania), commonly known as jwz, is a computer programmer responsible for significant contributions to the free software projects Mozilla and XEmacs, and early versions of the proprietary Netscape Navigator web browser. ... Ulrich Drepper is the lead contributor and maintainer of the GNUs C standard library project, Glibc. ... Eric S. Raymond (FISL 6. ... Open source refers to projects that are open to the public and which draw on other projects that are freely available to the general public. ... The free software movement, also known as the free software philosophy, began in 1983 when Richard Stallman announced the GNU Project. ...

Activism

Richard Stallman giving a speech about "Copyright and Community" at Wikimania (2005)

Richard Stallman giving a speech at WSIS-2005

Stallman has written many essays on software freedom and since the early 1990s has been an outspoken political campaigner for the free software movement. The speeches he has regularly given are titled "The GNU project and the Free Software movement"^[26], "The Dangers of Software Patents"^[27], and "Copyright and Community in the age of computer networks".^[28] Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1000x684, 267 KB) Wikimania 2005, Richard Stallman keynote 2005-08-07 author: Elke Wetzig (User:Elya) File links There are no pages that link to this file. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1000x684, 267 KB) Wikimania 2005, Richard Stallman keynote 2005-08-07 author: Elke Wetzig (User:Elya) File links There are no pages that link to this file. ... Jimmy Wales speaking at Wikimania Wikimania[1] is a conference for users of the wiki projects operated by the Wikimedia Foundation. ... Look up speech, speaking, utter, gab in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) was a pair of United Nations-sponsored conferences about information, communication and, in broad terms, the information society that took place in 2003 in Geneva and in 2005 in Tunis. ... A poltical campaigner (or political activist) is someone (generally not a politician) involved in politicial campaigning, that is, lobbying the government and politicians on political issues (such as the environment) and encouraging other citizens to do the same. ... The free software movement, also known as the free software philosophy, began in 1983 when Richard Stallman announced the GNU Project. ...

In 2006 and 2007, during the eighteen month public consultation for the drafting of version 3 of the GNU General Public License, he added a fourth topic explaining the proposed changes.^[29] GPL redirects here. ...

Stallman's staunch advocacy for free software inspired "Virtual Richard M. Stallman" (vrms), software that analyzes the packages currently installed on a Debian GNU/Linux system, and report those that are from the non-free tree.^[30] Stallman would disagree with parts of Debian's definition of free software.^[31] Debian is a free operating system. ...

In 1999, Stallman called for development of a free on-line encyclopedia through the means of inviting the public to contribute articles. See GNUPedia.^[32] GNUPedia (later renamed GNE) was a project to create a free content encyclopedia (licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License) under the auspices of the Free Software Foundation that has been discontinued. ...

In Venezuela, Stallman has delivered public speeches and promoted the adoption of free software in the state's oil company (PDVSA), in municipal government, and in the nation's military. Although generally supportive of Hugo Chávez, Stallman has criticised some policies on television broadcasting, free speech rights, and privacy in meetings with Chávez and in public speeches in Venezuela.^[33][34] Stallman is on the Advisory Council of teleSUR, a Latin American television station.^[35] Petróleos de Venezuela, S.A. (PdVSA) is the Venezuelan nationally owned petroleum company. ... Hugo Rafael Chávez Frías (pronounced ) (born July 28, 1954) is the current President of Venezuela. ... For the unrelated telecommunications company in Suriname, see Telesur (Suriname). ... Latin America consists of the countries of South America and some of North America (including Central America and some the islands of the Caribbean) whose inhabitants mostly speak Romance languages, although Native American languages are also spoken. ... This article is about a television transmitting location or company. ...

In August 2006 at his meetings with the government of the Indian State of Kerala, he persuaded officials to discard proprietary software, such as Microsoft's, at state-run schools. This has resulted in a landmark decision to switch all school computers in 12,500 high schools from Windows to a free software operating system.^[36] , Kerala ( ; Malayalam: കേരളം; ) is a state on the Malabar Coast of southwestern India. ... 1. ...

After personal meetings, Stallman has obtained positive statements about the free software movement from the then-President of India, Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam,^[37] French 2007 presidential candidate Ségolène Royal,^[38] and the president of Ecuador Rafael Correa.^[39] Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam (Tamil: ) (Hindi: ) born October 15, 1931, Tamil Nadu, India, usually referred as Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam^ , was the eleventh President of India, serving from 2002 to 2007. ... Marie-Ségolène Royal (born 22 September 1953 in Dakar, Senegal, then a French colony), known as  , (IPA: ) is a French politician. ... Rafael Vicente Correa Delgado (born 6 April 1963 in Guayaquil) [1]is the President of the Republic of Ecuador. ...

Stallman has participated in protests about software patents,^[40] DRM,^[41][42] and proprietary software. Proprietary software is software with restrictions on copying and modifying as enforced by the proprietor. ...

Protesting against proprietary software in April 2006, Stallman held a "Don't buy from ATI, enemy of your freedom" placard at a speech by an ATI representative in the building where Stallman works, resulting in the police being called.^[43] ATI has since merged with AMD Corporation and has taken small steps to make their hardware documentation available for use by the free software community. ATI Technologies Inc. ... Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. ... // The free software community is also called the open source community or the Linux community. ...

Stallman has also helped and supported the International Music Score Library Project in getting back online, after it had been taken down on October 19, 2007 following a cease and desist letter from Universal Edition.^[44] The International Music Score Library Project (IMSLP) is a project for the creation of a virtual library of public domain music scores, based on the wiki principle. ... is the 292nd day of the year (293rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... Cease-and-desist is a legal term meaning essentially stop: It is used in demands for a person or organization to stop doing something (to cease and desist from doing it). ... Universal Edition (UE) are a classical music publishing firm. ...

Terminology

Stallman places great importance on the words and labels people use to talk about the world, including the relationship between software and freedom. He untiringly asks people to say "free software", "GNU/Linux", and to avoid the term "intellectual property". His requests that people use certain terms, and his ongoing efforts to convince people of the importance of terminology are a source of regular mis-understanding and friction with parts of the free and open source software community. For the 2006 film, see Intellectual Property (film). ... // The free software community is also called the open source community or the Linux community. ...

One of his criteria for giving an interview to a journalist is that the journalist agree to use his terminology throughout their article.^[45] Sometimes he has even required journalists to read parts of the GNU philosophy before an interview, for "efficiency's sake".^[46] He has been known to turn down speaking requests over some terminology issues.^[47]

Stallman rejects a common alternative term "open-source software" because it does not call to mind what Stallman sees as the value of the software: freedom.^[48] Thus it will not inform people of the freedom issues, and will not lead to people valuing and defending their freedom.^[49] Two alternatives which Stallman does accept are "libre software" and "unfettered software", however, "free software" is the term he asks people to use in English. For similar reasons, he argues for the term "proprietary software" rather than "closed source software", when referring to software that is not free software. From the early 90s onward, alternative terms for free software have come into common use, with much debate in the free software community. ... For other uses, see Freedom. ... Proprietary software is software with restrictions on copying and modifying as enforced by the proprietor. ...

Stallman repeatedly asks that the term "GNU/Linux", which he pronounces "GNU Slash Linux", be used to refer to the operating system created by combining the GNU system and the Linux kernel. Stallman refers to this operating system as "a variant of GNU, and the GNU Project is its principal developer."^[47] He claims that the connection between the GNU project's philosophy and its software is broken when people refer to the combination as merely "Linux."^[50] Starting around 2003, he began also using the term "GNU+Linux", which he pronounces "GNU plus Linux". The GNU/Linux naming controversy is a dispute between members of the free and open source software community relating to the normative branding of the computer operating systems commonly referred to as Linux. ...

Stallman argues that the term "Intellectual Property" is designed to confuse people, and is used to prevent intelligent discussion on the specifics of copyright, patent, and trademark laws, respectively, by lumping together areas of law that are more dissimilar than similar.^[51] He also argues that by referring to these laws as "property" laws, the term biases the discussion when thinking about how to treat these issues.

An example of cautioning others to avoid other terminology while also offering suggestions for possible alternatives, is this sentence of an email by Stallman to a public mailing list:

Personal life

Stallman has devoted the bulk of his life’s energies to political and software activism.^[54] Professing to care little for material wealth, he explains that he has "always lived cheaply… like a student, basically. And I like that, because it means that money is not telling me what to do."^[55]

For many years, Stallman maintained no permanent residence outside his office at MIT’s CSAIL Lab,^[56] describing himself as a “squatter” on campus.^[57] His “research affiliate” position at MIT is unpaid.^[58] Mapúa Institute of Technology (MIT, MapúaTech or simply Mapúa) is a private, non-sectarian, Filipino tertiary institute located in Intramuros, Manila. ... The Stata Center houses CSAIL and has very unusual architecture. ... This article is about occupying land without permission. ...

In a footnote to an article he wrote in 1999, he says “As an atheist, I don't follow any religious leaders, but I sometimes find I admire something one of them has said.”^[1] Stallman chooses not to celebrate Christmas, instead celebrating on December 25 a holiday of his own invention, "Grav-mass." The name and date are references to Isaac Newton, whose birthday falls on that day.^[59] For other uses, see Christmas (disambiguation). ... Sir Isaac Newton FRS (4 January 1643 – 31 March 1727) [ OS: 25 December 1642 – 20 March 1727][1] was an English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, natural philosopher, and alchemist. ...

When asked about his influences, he replied that he admires Mahatma Gandhi, Martin Luther King, Jr., Nelson Mandela, Aung San Suu Kyi, Ralph Nader, and Dennis Kucinich, and commented as well: “I admire Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill, even though I criticize some of the things that they did.”^[60] Stallman is a Green Party supporter.^[2] Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (October 2, 1869 – January 30, 1948) (Devanagari: मोहनदास करमचन्द गांधी, Gujarati મોહનદાસ કરમચંદ ગાંધી), called Mahatma Gandhi, was the charismatic leader who brought the cause of Indias independence from British colonial rule to world attention. ... Martin Luther King redirects here. ... For other people named Mandela, or other uses, see Mandela. ... Aung San Suu Kyi (Burmese: ; MLCTS: ; IPA: ); born 19 June 1945 in Rangoon, is a pro-democracy activist and leader of the National League for Democracy in Burma, and a noted prisoner of conscience and advocate of nonviolent resistance. ... Ralph Nader (born February 27, 1934) is an American attorney, author, lecturer, political activist, and candidate for President of the United States in five elections. ... Dennis John Kucinich (IPA: ) (born October 8, 1946) is an American politician of the Democratic party and a candidate for the Democratic nomination for President of the United States in both 2004 and 2008. ... FDR redirects here. ... Churchill redirects here. ... This article is about the American political party, Green Party. ...

Stallman recommends not owning a mobile phone,^[61] as he believes the tracking of cell phones creates harmful privacy issues.^[62]

In a lecture in Manchester, England on May 1, 2008, Stallman advocated paper voting over machine voting, insisting that there was a much better chance of being able to do a "recount" dutifully if there was a paper copy of the ballots.

Stallman enjoys a wide range of musical styles from Conlon Nancarrow^[63] to folk;^[64] the Free Software Song takes the form of alternative words for the Bulgarian folk dance Sadi Moma. More recently he wrote a take-off on the Cuban folk song Guantanamera, about a prisoner in the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, and recorded it in Cuba with Cuban musicians.^[65] He does, from time to time, enjoy more mainstream music as well (including the song "Tell 'Em" by Soulja Boy^[66]). Conlon Nancarrow (October 27, 1912 - August 10, 1997) was an American composer who took Mexican citizenship in 1955. ... Folk song redirects here. ... The Free Software Song is a filk song by Richard M. Stallman about free software. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Guantanamera (girl from Guantánamo) is perhaps the best known Cuban song and that countrys most noted patriotic song. ... Gitmo redirects here. ... DeAndre Way (born on July 28, 1990 in Chicago, Illinois), better known by his stage name, Soulja Boy, is an American rapper, best known for the dance and song called Crank That (Soulja Boy). // DeAndre was born in Chicago, Illinois, and moved to Atlanta, Georgia at the age of six. ...

Stallman is a fan of science fiction, including works by the author Greg Egan. He occasionally goes to science fiction conventions^[22] and wrote the Free Software Song while awaiting his turn to sing at a convention. He has written two science fiction stories, The Right to Read and Jinnetic Engineering. Science fiction is a form of speculative fiction principally dealing with the impact of imagined science and technology, or both, upon society and persons as individuals. ... Greg Egan (August 20, 1961, Perth, Western Australia) is an Australian computer programmer and science fiction author. ... Science fiction conventions are gatherings of the community of fans (called science fiction fandom) of various forms of speculative fiction including science fiction and fantasy. ... The Right to Read is a short story by Richard Stallman, the founder of the free software movement. ...

A native English speaker, Stallman is also sufficiently fluent in French and Spanish to deliver his two-hour speeches in those languages, and claims a “somewhat flawed” command of Indonesian.^[67] The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ...

Recognition

Stallman has received the following recognition for his work:

• 1986: Honorary lifetime membership of the Chalmers Computer Society
• 1990: Receives the exceptional merit award MacArthur Fellowship
• 1990: The Association for Computing Machinery's Grace Murray Hopper Award "For pioneering work in the development of the extensible editor EMACS (Editing Macros)."^[68]
• 1996: Honorary doctorate from Sweden's Royal Institute of Technology
• 1998: Electronic Frontier Foundation's Pioneer award
• 1999: Yuri Rubinsky Memorial Award^[69]
• 2001: The Takeda Techno-Entrepreneurship Award for Social/Economic Well-Being (武田研究奨励賞)
• 2001: Honorary doctorate, from the University of Glasgow
• 2002: United States National Academy of Engineering membership
• 2003: Honorary doctorate, from the Vrije Universiteit Brussel
• 2004: Honorary doctorate, from the Universidad Nacional de Salta.^[70]
• 2004: Honorary professorship, from the Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería del Perú.
• 2007: Honorary professorship, from the Universidad Inca Garcilaso de la Vega.
• 2007: Honorary doctorate, from the Universidad de Los Angeles de Chimbote.
• 2007: Honorary doctorate, from the University of Pavia^[71]

The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation is a private, independent grantmaking institution. ... The Association for Computing Machinery, or ACM, was founded in 1947 as the worlds first scientific and educational computing society. ... Although many awards have added Grace Hoppers name to them since her death in 1992, the original Grace Murray Hopper Awards have been awarded by the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) since 1971. ... An Honorary degree (Latin: honoris causa ad gradum) is a degree awarded to someone by an institution that he or she may have never attended, it may be a bachelors, masters or doctorate degree - however, the latter is most common. ... The Royal Institute of Technology or Kungliga tekniska högskolan (KTH) is a university in Stockholm, Sweden. ... EFF Logo The Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) is an international non-profit advocacy and legal organization based in the United States with the stated purpose of being dedicated to preserving free speech rights such as those protected by the First Amendment to the United States Constitution in the context of... The EFF Pioneer Award is an annual prize for people who have made significant contributions to the empowerment of individuals in using computers. ... The Yuri Rubinsky Memorial Award (formerly the SoftQuad Award for Excellence) is a prize awarded annually by the Yuri Rubinsky Insight Foundation. ... The Takeda Foundation, is an organisation based in Japan. ... Master of Theology (MTh) Dentistry Nursing Affiliations Russell Group Universitas 21 Website http://www. ... Founded in 1964, the National Academy of Engineering (NAE) in the United States provides engineering leadership in service to the nation. ... The Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) is a Flemish university situated in Brussels, Belgium. ... Motto: My wisdom comes from this earth (Mi sabiduría proviene de esta tierra) Fundation: 1972 Kind: Public Principal: Stella M. Pérez de Bianchi Students: 20. ... National University of Engineering (Spanish:Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería) (UNI) is a prestigious engineering and science university in Lima, Peru. ... The University of Pavia is a university in Pavia, Italy. ...

Literary Contributions

Stallman has written and been the subject of several books:

• Stallman, Richard M; Sussman, Gerald J (November 1975). Heuristic Techniques in Computer-Aided Circuit Analysis CAS-22 (11). IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems. 
• Stallman, Richard M; Sussman, Gerald J (1977). Forward Reasoning and Dependency-Directed Backtracking In a System for Computer-Aided Circuit analysis. Artificial Intelligence 9, 135–196. 
• Stallman, Richard M (1981). EMACS: The Extensible, Customizable, Self-Documenting Display Editor. Cambridge Massachusetts: MIT: MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory publication. AIM-519A. 
• Stallman, Richard M (2002). GNU Emacs Manual: Fifteenth edition for GNU Emacs Version 21. Boston, Massachusetts: GNU Press. ISBN 1-882114-85-X. 
• Gay, Joshua (2002). Free Software, Free Society: Selected Essays of Richard M. Stallman. Boston, Massachusetts: GNU Press. ISBN 1-882114-98-1. 
• Williams, Sam (2002). Free as in Freedom: Richard Stallman's Crusade for Free Software. ISBN 0-596-00287-4. 
• Stallman, Richard M; McGrath, Roland; & Smith, Paul D (2004). GNU Make: A Program for Directed Compilation. Boston, Massachusetts: GNU Press. ISBN 1-882114-83-3. 

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Stallman has four topics that he has spoken on often: Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Image File history File links Wikibooks-logo. ... Image File history File links Wikiquote-logo. ... Image File history File links Wikisource-logo. ... Image File history File links Commons-logo. ... Image File history File links WikiNews-Logo. ... Image File history File links Wikiversity-logo-Snorky. ...

• The GNU project and the free software movement, March 3rd 2006
• The Dangers of Software Patents, May 24th 2004
• Copyright vs. Community in the Age of Computer Networks, April 19th 2001
• The GNU GPL, and GPLv3, April 1st 2007

See also

• Hacker ethic
• History of free software
• Lisp Machine Lisp
• Software hoarding
• Revolution OS

In modern parlance, the hacker ethic (otherwise known as hacktivism) is either: the belief that information-sharing is a powerful positive good, and that it is an ethical duty of hackers to share their expertise by writing free software and facilitating access to information and computing resources wherever possible; and... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Lisp Machine Lisp is a dialect of the Lisp programming language, a direct descendant of MacLisp, and was initially developed in the mid to late 1970s as the systems programming language for the MIT Lisp machines. ... Software hoarding is the creation of proprietary software products based on free software code. ... Promotional poster for two disc edition of Revolution OS Revolution OS is a documentary which traces the history of GNU, Linux, Free Software and the Open Source movement. ...

External links

• Personal home page
• Stallman's blog
• Essays on the GNU philosophy pages, mostly by Stallman
• RMS in Sri Lanka!

Image File history File links Free_Software_Portal_Logo. ...

References

v • d • e GNU Project History GNU Manifesto · GNU Project · Free Software Foundation · History of free software The GNU logo, drawn by Etienne Suvasa The GNU Project was announced in 1983 by Richard Stallman. ... The GNU Manifesto was written by Richard Stallman at the beginning of the GNU Project, to ask for participation and support. ... The GNU logo, drawn by Etienne Suvasa The GNU Project was announced in 1983 by Richard Stallman. ... The Free Software Foundation (FSF) is a non-profit corporation founded in October 1985 by Richard Stallman to support the free software movement (free as in freedom), and in particular the GNU project. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Licences GNU General Public License · GNU Lesser General Public License · Affero General Public License · GNU Free Documentation License · GPL linking exception Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... GPL redirects here. ... The GNU Lesser General Public License (formerly the GNU Library General Public License) or LGPL is a free software license published by the Free Software Foundation. ... // Affero General Public License The Affero General Public License (or AGPL) is a free software license derived from the General Public License with an addition section to cover use over a computer network. ... “GFDL” redirects here. ... Some free software projects, notably GNU Guile,[1] the run-time libraries of GNAT,[1] and GNU Classpath,[2] distribute code under the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL) but with an additional section known as the GPL linking exception. ... Software GNU (variants) · Hurd · GNOME · Gnuzilla · IceCat · Gnash · Bash · GCC · GNU Emacs · glibc · Coreutils · GNU build system · Other GNU packages and programs GNU (pronounced ) is a computer operating system composed entirely of free software. ... GNU variants are operating systems based on GNU but not using the Hurd. ... Hurd redirects here. ... This article is about the mythical creature. ... Gnuzilla, or GNUzilla, is a derivation of the Mozilla Application Suite created by the GNU Project as an attempt to be entirely free software. ... Gnash is a project which aims to create a player and browser plugin for the Adobe Flash file format which is free software, replacing the proprietary software niche currently occupied by Adobe Flash Player. ... This article is about the Unix shell. ... The GNU Compiler Collection (usually shortened to GCC) is a set of programming language compilers produced by the GNU Project. ... GNU Emacs is one of the two most popular versions of Emacs (see also XEmacs). ... Glibc is the GNU projects C standard library. ... The GNU Core Utilities or coreutils is a package of GNU software containing many of the basic tools such as cat, ls, and rm needed for Unix-like operating systems. ... The GNU build system is a suite of tools produced by the GNU project that assist in making packages portable to many UNIX-like systems. ... This is an incomplete list of the software packages developed for or maintained by the Free Software Foundation for GNU, a free UNIX-compatible operating system whose development started in 1984. ... Public speakers Robert J. Chassell · Loïc Dachary · Ricardo Galli · Georg C. F. Greve · Federico Heinz · Benjamin Mako Hill · Bradley M. Kuhn · Eben Moglen · Brett Smith  · Richard Stallman · John Sullivan  · Leonard H. Tower Jr. Robert (aka Bob) Chassell was one of the founding directors of Free Software Foundation (FSF) in 1985. ... Loïc Dachary is a pioneer of the GNU Project and notably active in free software development since 1987. ... Ricardo Galli Ricardo Adolfo Galli Granada, also known as gallir, is a doctor of computer science at the University of the Balearic Islands, where he teaches operating system design. ... Georg C. F. Greve (born March 10, 1973 in Helgoland, Germany) is initiator and president of the Free Software Foundation Europe. ... Federico Heinz is a Latin-American programmer and Free Software advocate living in Argentina. ... Benjamin Mako Hill (b. ... He was Chief Executive of Free Software Foundation and is now CTO of Software Freedom Law Center (SFLC). ... Eben Moglen is a professor of law and legal history at Columbia University, and is the founder, Director-Counsel and Chairman of Software Freedom Law Center, whose client list includes numerous pro bono clients, such as the Free Software Foundation. ... Brett Smith is a Free Software hacker and writer. ... William John Sullivan (more commonly known as John Sullivan[2]) (born December 6th, 1976) is a software freedom activist, hacker, and writer. ... Leonard Len H. Tower Jr. ... Other GNU/Linux naming controversy · Revolution OS The GNU/Linux naming controversy is a dispute between members of the free and open source software community relating to the normative branding of the computer operating systems commonly referred to as Linux. ... Promotional poster for two disc edition of Revolution OS Revolution OS is a documentary which traces the history of GNU, Linux, Free Software and the Open Source movement. ...

v • d • e The Linux operating system General Adoption · Comparison of Windows and Linux · Criticism · GNU Project · History · Kernel (portability) · Linus's Law · GNU/Linux naming controversy · SCO and Linux · Tux This article is about operating systems that use the Linux kernel. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... For a broader comparison of closed source and Open Source software, see Comparison of open source and closed source. ... Criticism of Linux focuses on issues concerning use of the Linux operating system as a desktop workstation. ... The GNU logo, drawn by Etienne Suvasa The GNU Project was announced in 1983 by Richard Stallman. ... This timeline shows the development of the Linux kernel. ... The Linux kernel is a Unix-like operating system kernel. ... Originally written for Intels i386 processor, very early in its history, the Linux Kernel was re-coded for easy portability. ... Linus Law can refer to two notions, both named after Linus Torvalds. ... The GNU/Linux naming controversy is a dispute between members of the free and open source software community relating to the normative branding of the computer operating systems commonly referred to as Linux. ... The SCO-Linux controversies are a series of legal and public disputes between the software company SCO Group (SCO) and various Linux vendors and users. ... Tux, as originally drawn by Larry Ewing Tux (also known as Tux the Penguin) is the official mascot of the Linux kernel. ... Linux Portal Distribution Distribution (comparison) · Live CD (comparison) · Live USB · Mini Linux · Package formats Image File history File links Tux. ... Image File history File links Portal. ... Ubuntu, a popular Linux Distribution A Linux distribution (also called GNU/Linux distribution and often simply distribution or distro) is a member of the Linux family of Unix-like computer operating systems. ... Technical variations include support for different hardware devices and systems or software package configurations. ... Gnoppix 0. ... A LiveDistro is a Linux distribution that is executed upon boot, without installation on a hard drive. ... A live USB is a USB flash drive containing a full operating system which can be booted. ... The standard MiniLinux logo The term Mini Linux (or Mini Linux Distribution) refers to any Linux distribution that fits on memory card or a small number of floppies, usually one or two. ... Linux package formats are the different file formats used to package software for various GNU/Linux distributions. ... Applications ALSA · Desktop · Devices · Embedded · Gaming · LAMP · Thin client A screenshot of alsamixer ALSA (an acronym for Advanced Linux Sound Architecture) is a Linux kernel component intended to replace the original Open Sound System (OSS) for providing drivers for sound cards. ... Desktop Linux, also Linux on the desktop (LOTD) is the application of the GNU/Linux operating system on a desktop computer. ... Because of the open source philosophy that linux brings to the software world, many people have ported the linux kernel to run on devices other than a computer. ... Embedded Linux is a Linux based embedded operating system used in cell phones, personal digital assistants, media player handsets and other consumer electronics devices. ... Linux gaming refers to playing and developing games for Linux operating systems. ... The acronym LAMP refers to a solution stack of software, usually free software / open-source software, used to run dynamic Web sites or servers. ... Linux Terminal Server Project (LTSP) is an add-on package for Linux that allows many people to simultaneously use the same computer. ... People Jono Bacon · Benjamin Mako Hill · Andrew Morton · Pamela Jones · Ari Lemmke · Ian Murdock · Hans Reiser · Scott James Remnant · Daniel Robbins · Mark Shuttleworth · Richard Stallman · Linus Torvalds · Patrick Volkerding · Warren Woodford · Matt Zimmerman Jono Bacon is a writer and developer based in the United Kingdom. ... Benjamin Mako Hill (b. ... Andrew Morton is a Linux kernel developer. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... Ari Lemmke (born December 12, 1963) is the person who gave Linux its name. ... Ian Murdock (born April 28, 1973, in Konstanz, Germany) is the founder of the Debian GNU/Linux distribution and Progeny Linux Systems, a commercial Linux company. ... Hans Thomas Reiser (born December 19, 1963) is an American computer programmer famous for his contributions to free software in the field of file systems. ... Scott James Remnant is a free and open source software developer. ... Daniel Robbins is a software developer best known as the founder and former chief architect of the Gentoo Linux project. ... Mark Richard Shuttleworth (born 18 September 1973) is a South African entrepreneur who was the second self-funded space tourist and first African in space. ... Linus Benedict Torvalds   (born December 28, 1969 in Helsinki, Finland) is a Finnish software engineer best known for initiating the development of the Linux kernel. ... Patrick Volkerding (born 1967) is the founder and maintainer of the Slackware Linux distribution. ... When I first started selling mepis on my website I did it the legal way. ... Matt Zimmerman is a technologist and free software and open source developer. ... Media Enterprise open source journal · Free Software Magazine · Linux.com · Linux Format · Linux Gazette · Linux Journal · Linux-Magazin  · Linux Magazine · Linux Medical News · LWN.net · O3 Magazine · Phoronix Enterprise Open Source Journal (or EOSJ) is a computing magazine self-published online magazine. ... The cover of the April 2006 issue. ... Linux. ... Linux Format was the UKs first Linux-specific magazine, and is currently the best-selling Linux title in the UK. It is also exported to many countries worldwide. ... The Linux Gazette is the name of two different monthly Linux webzines, though LinuxGazette. ... Linux Journal is a monthly magazine published by SpecializedSystemsConsultants (SSC) of Seattle, first published in March 1994. ... The Linux Magazin is a German professional journal. ... Linux Magazin (ISSN 1432-640X) is a German professional journal. ... There are very few or no other articles that link to this one. ... LWN.net is a computing news site with an emphasis on Free/Libre/Open-Source Software and software for Unix-like operating systems. ... The current version of the article or section reads like an advertisement. ... Phoronix is a technology website that offers product reviews, Linux distribution screenshots, interviews, and news while maintaining a pure Linux orientation. ... Lists Computers · Devices · Distributions · LiveDistros This page provides general information about notable Linux distributions in the form of a categorized list. ... This is a large list of LiveDistros. ... Other topics Linux Foundation · Linux malware · Linux Users' Group (LUG) · Linux Standard Base · Revolution OS · Tanenbaum-Torvalds debate The Linux Foundation (LF) is a nonprofit consortium dedicated to fostering the growth of Linux. ... A Linux User Group or Linux Users Group (LUG) is a private, generally non-profit or not-for-profit organization that provides support and/or education for Linux users, particularly for inexperienced users. ... The Linux Standard Base, or LSB, is a joint project by several GNU/Linux distributions under the organizational structure of The Free Standards Group to standardize the internal structure of Linux-based operating systems. ... Promotional poster for two disc edition of Revolution OS Revolution OS is a documentary which traces the history of GNU, Linux, Free Software and the Open Source movement. ... The Tanenbaum-Torvalds debate is a famous debate started in 1992 by Andrew S. Tanenbaum with Linus Torvalds regarding Linux and kernel architecture in general on Usenet discussion group comp. ...

is the 75th day of the year (76th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1953 (MCMLIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the borough of New York City. ... New York, New York and NYC redirect here. ...