The Ridda wars (also known as the Riddah wars and the Wars of Apostasy) were a set of military campaigns against apostasy and rebellion against the Caliph Abu Bakr during 632 and 633 AD, following the death of Muhammad(S). Apostasy (from Greek αποστασία, a defection or revolt from a military commander, from απο, apo, away, apart, στασις, stasis, standing) is a term generally employed to describe the formal renunciation of ones religion, especially if the motive is deemed unworthy. ... Caliph is the title for the Islamic leader of the Ummah, or community of Islam. ... Abu Bakr As Siddiq (Arabic ابو بكر الصديق, alternative spellings, Abubakar, Abi Bakr, Abu Bakar) (c. ... Events Abu Bakr becomes first caliph or Successor of the Prophet, leader of Islam Abu Bakr defeats Mosailima in the Battle of Akraba. ... Events Oswald of Bernicia becomes Bretwalda. ...

Campaigns

After the death of Muhammad central Arabia was led by Musaylima, who was considered by the muslims to be a false prophet, while to the south and east in Bahrain, Oman, Mahra and Yemen. The desert landscape forced the army to traverse around the Empty Quarter, and required reliance on local guides who would be able to find well required for the army and commanders who were affiliated with local tribes.^[1] The First Fitna, 656–661 CE, followed the assassination of the caliph Uthman ibn Affan, continued during the brief caliphate of Ali ibn Abu Talib, and was ended, on the whole, by Muawiyas assumption of the caliphate. ... Ibn al-Zubairs revolt was directed against Yazid I following the Battle of Karbala. ... Kharijites were members of an Islamic sect in late 7th and early 8th century AD, concentrated in todays southern Iraq. ... The Second Fitna, or Second Islamic civil war, was a period of general political and military disorder that afflicted the Islamic world during the early Umayyad dynasty, following the death of the caliph Muawiya I. There seems to be a lack of solid consensus on the exact range of years... The Great Berber Revolt of 122—25/740—43 took place during the reign of the Umayyad Caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik and marked the first successful secession from the caliphate. ... Zayd ibn Ali (d. ... Combatants Abbasids Umayyad Caliphate Commanders Abu al-Abbas al-Saffah Marwan II The Battle of the Zab took place on the banks of the Great Zab river in what is now Iraq on January 25, 750. ... This article is becoming very long. ... The Arabian Peninsula The Arabian Peninsula is a mainly desert peninsula in Southwest Asia at the junction of Africa and Asia and an important part of the greater Middle East. ... Musaylimah, commonly given the epithet al-Kadhdhaab the liar, was a self-proclaimed prophet who rose up towards the end of Muhammads life (about 11 AH) among the Arab tribe of Banu Hanifa in Yamamah, calling himself the Merciful (Rahman) of Yamamah. During Muhammads life, Musaylimah sent Muhammad... In religion, a prophet is a person who has directly encountered God, of whose intentions he can then speak. ... Map of the Protectorate of South Arabia in 1965 Map of contemporary Yemen showing Al Mahrah governorate. ... Location of the empty quarter in Arabia Sand dunes in the Empty Quarter The Empty Quarter (Arabic: Rub al Khali الربع الخالي), is one of the largest sand deserts in the world, encompassing the southern third of the Arabian Peninsula, including southern Saudi Arabia, and areas of Oman, the United Arab Emirates...

Generals of the Caliph involved: Caliph is the title for the Islamic leader of the Ummah, or community of Islam. ...

• Khalid ibn al-Walid deployed to al-Yamama (Central Nejd) against Musaylima and Malik ibn Nuwayra
• Al' Ala' bin Al-Hadrami deployed to Bahrain
• Ikrīmah ibn Abu Jahl central Arabia with Khalid ibn al-Walid then onto Mahra to reinforce Arfaja
• Hudaifah bin Mihsan Al-Ghalfani a Himyari to Oman deployed against the Yemeni Himyarites then to reinforce Arfaja
• Arfaja al-Bariqi an Azdi to South east Arabia Mahra then Yemen Hadramawt
• al-Muhajir bin Abi Umayya in Yemen

To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article may require cleanup. ... Najd (Nejd) is a region in central Saudi Arabia and the location of the nations capital, Riyadh. ... Malik bin Nuwaira was a chief of the Bani Yarbu, a large section of the powerful tribe of Bani Tamim which inhabited the north-eastern region of Arabia, above Bahrain. ... Ikrimah ibn Abu Jahl was the son of the greatest enemy of islam and muslims. ... Map of the Protectorate of South Arabia in 1965 Map of contemporary Yemen showing Al Mahrah governorate. ... Himyar was a state in ancient South Arabia dating from 110 BC. It conquered neighbouring Saba in 25 BC, Qataban in AD 50 and Hadramaut AD 100. ... The Azd or Al Azd, are an Arabian tribe. ... Hadhramaut, (also Hadramawt) now part of Yemen, is the coastal region of the south Arabian peninsula on the Gulf of Aden in the Arabian Sea, extending eastwards from Yemen to the Dhofar region of Oman. ...

Bahrain

The region of Bahrain refers to the land on the coast of the Persian Gulf between modern day Iraq and Oman. In this region the tribe of 'Abdul-Qays remained Muslim, while other Bahraini tribes became apostates. Al-Ala' bin Al-Hadhrami, was depoloyed to overcome the rebels, led by Hutam, who were engaged in the seige of Juwathah, against Muslim forces led by Jarud. Al-Ala' arrived at Juwathah, but all his efforts to raise the siege failed. After a month the chance came when the Muslims heard an unusual noise at midnight and realized that their enemies were very drunk. Those who managed to escape from him took refuge on a nearby island called Dareen; Al-'Ala' crossed the shallow Gulf water by using donkeys, horses and camels, where he literally annihilated his enemies. Among the tribesmen who helped Al-Ala' in his campaign was Al-Muthanna bin Harithah Al-Shaybani, who also later played an important role in the conquest of Iraq.^[2] // The Dilmun Era The history of Bahrain goes back more than five thousand years to its role as the centre of the ancient civilisation of Dilmun, which dominated the trade routes between Sumeria and the Indus Valley. ... A Muslim (Arabic: مسلم, Turkish: Müslüman, Persian and Urdu: مسلمان, Bosnian: Musliman) is an adherent of Islam. ... Apostasy (Greek απο, apo, away, apart, στασις, stasis, standing) is the formal renunciation of ones religion. ...

Oman

The primary opponent was Laqit bin Malik an Azdi also know as the "Crowned One (Dhul'-Taj)" who rose agaisnt the local muslim Julanda rulers. The army led by Hudayfa and supported by Ikrīmah and 'Arfaja arrived at Al Ain / Buraimi where they wrote to local tribes to convince them to abandon the revolt. They then marched against and defeated Laqit in battle at Dibba, where reports of combined casualties of 10,000 are mentioned. Hudayfah then remained in Oman as governor restoring peace with the local tribes and bringing them back to the fold of Islam while the remaining troops to Mahra in southern Arabia to Ash Shihr in Yemen.^[3] Alain was also the pseudonym of Emile Auguste Chartier. ... Buraimi is an oasis town in northeastern Oman, on the border with the United Arab Emirates. ... There are very few or no other articles that link to this one. ... Ash Shihr (Arabic: الشحر) is a coastal town in Hadhramaut, southern Yemen. ...

Mahrah

Ikrimah bin Abu Jahl upon entering the region met two armies preparing for battle. Here he persuaded the weaker to embrace Islam and then joined up with them to defeat their opponents.

Yemen

There were three causes for the troubles in Yemen after the murder of Al Aswad Al-Ansi. First; the weakness and factionlizaton of the central governance. Second; the rivalry between Arab and Persians. Third; racial tensions between Yemeni and Hejazi Arabs. The Arabs (Arabic: عرب) are a heterogeneous ethnic group who are predominantly speakers of the Arabic language, mainly found throughout the Middle East and North Africa. ... The Persians are an Iranian people who speak the Persian language and share a common culture and history. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Western Province (Saudi Arabia). ...

After Al-Ansi, Fayruz was appointed ruler by Abu Bakr. Qays bin Abd-Yaghuth, a prominent local Arab chief, was engaged in attempts at the expulsion of those Persian descent from the region and invited their chiefs to a false feast where one chief called Dathawayh was assassinated. Fayruz, suspecting a plot, however narrowly escaped. While Qays mobilized to deport the Persian families by land and sea, Fayruz returned at the head of an army supplied by the Muslim tribes and ousted Qays from the capital San'a'. Qays then teamed up with Amr bin Ma'di Karib, against Fayruz however by this time two generals of Abu Bakr, Muhajir from the north and 'Ikrimah from the east, were already marching towards Yemen. `Amr turned coat and captured Qays and delivered him to Muhajir, who however imprisoned both and sent them on to Abu Bakr. The caliph Abu Bakr eventually set them free but not before they promised to repent and be good Muslims..^[4] Building in San‘a’ Clay houses in San‘a’ The residence of Imam Yahya in the Wadi Dhar near San‘a’. Backstreet in Yemen (Arabic: ‎ , sometimes spelled Sanaa or Sanaa) is the capital of Yemen and the centre of San‘a’ Governorate. ...

Hadramawt

In the Hadhramawt was Ash'ath bin Qays. The ruler, Ziyad, once took female prisoners from among the apostates, and while they were passing by Ash'ath's home the women shouted for help. He attacked the ruler, set the women free and took refuge in the Najeer stronghold.

It was not long before the stronghold was besieged from three sides by three Muslim leaders, Muhajir, Ikrimah and Ziyad, who blocked the arrival of provisions to Ash'ath by the three roads which led to the castle. Finding escape impossible, the besieged people cut short the hair on the front of their head, which was a sign of determination to fight till death, and then dashed desperately at the Muslims before negotiating with 'Ikrimah to surrender the castle on condition that nine of his near relatives should be spared. Muhajir asked for a list of the names, and Ash'ath made an error when he forgot to put his own name on the list. The castle surrendered and the nine people were spared. Every man in the castle was killed, and 1000 women were reported taken prisoner.

As Ash'ath's name was not on the list, Muhajir wanted to put him to the sword. But 'Ikrimah intervened, and he was sent to Medina as a prisoner of war. All along the road he was denounced by all. On promising that he would repent and be a good Muslim he was set free and given as wife, Abu Bakr 'sownsister, Umm Farwah. Ash'ath stayed in Madina, and during the conquest of Syria and `Iraq fought bravely and recovered his former prestige.^[5] Abu Bakr As Siddiq (Arabic ابو بكر الصديق, alternative spellings, Abubakar, Abi Bakr, Abu Bakar) (c. ...

Aftermath

After taking the position of caliph, Abu Bakr defended Mecca from the attacking tribes of Hejaz and Nejd and sent Muslim forces to pursue them. Abu Bakr As Siddiq (Arabic ابو بكر الصديق, alternative spellings, Abubakar, Abi Bakr, Abu Bakar) (c. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Western Province (Saudi Arabia). ... Najd (Nejd) is a region in central Saudi Arabia and the location of the nations capital, Riyadh. ...

The Ridda wars eventually led to Muslim expansion into the remnants of Sassanid Persia as well as the fringe territories of the Byzantine empire. The Sassanid Empire in the time of Shapur I; the conquest of Cappadocia was temporary Official language Pahlavi (Middle Persian) Dominant Religion Zoroastrianism Capital Ctesiphon Sovereigns Shahanshah of the Iran (Eranshahr) First Ruler Ardashir I Last Ruler Yazdegerd III Establishment 224 AD Dissolution 651 AD Part of the History of... The Persian Empire was a series of historical empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau (Irān - Land of the Aryans[1]) and beyond. ... What Up. ...

Muslim view

Muslims have widely differing view on these battles.

Sunni view

The Sunni view is that, by putting down these larger insurrections and defeating the rival prophets among the Bedouin tribes, Abu Bakr was able to solidify the rest of Arabia under Islam, and basically rescue Islam. A Bedouin man resting on a hillside at Mount Sinai Bedouin, derived from the Arabic (‎), a generic name for a desert-dweller, is a term generally applied to Arab nomadic pastoralist groups, who are found throughout most of the desert belt extending from the Atlantic coast of the Sahara via... Islam (Arabic:  ) is a monotheistic religion based upon the Quran, its principal scripture, whose followers, known as Muslims (مسلم), believe God (Arabic: الله ) sent through revelations to Muhammad. ...

Shi'a view

The Shi'a view is that, although there were some people that took the opportunity to proclaim themselves as prophets, the majority of people who battled against Abu Bakr were people who expected Ali to be the next Caliph,^{[citation needed]} since they claimed to have heard Muhammad express this wish at the Hadith of the two weighty things, ie Shi'as. The Hadith of the two weighty things is a famous Hadith attributed to Muhammad, prophet of Islam. ...

Shi'a view Abu Bakr as sending Khalid ibn al-Walid to kill, loot and slaughter the particians of Ali. ^[6]. Shi'a portray Ali's refusal to help in this as him "sitting at home" ^[7]. To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article may require cleanup. ...

See also

• Islamic conquest of Persia

Combatants Sassanid Persia Rashidun Caliphate The Islamic conquest of Persia (637-651 CE) led to the end of the Sassanid Empire and the eventual decline of the Zoroastrian religion in Persia (modern day Iran). ...

References

1. ^ Peter Hellyer, Ibrahim Al-Abed, Ibrahim Al Abed , The United Arab Emirates, A New Perspective, London, Trident Press Ltd., Jun 21, 2001, ISBN 1900724472 pg 81[1]
2. ^ Muhammad Rajih Jad'an, Abu Bakr As-Siddeeq [2] last retrieved August 26, 2006
3. ^ Peter Hellyer, Ibrahim Al-Abed, Ibrahim Al Abed , The United Arab Emirates, A New Perspective, London, Trident Press Ltd., Jun 21, 2001, ISBN 1900724472 pg 81-84 [3]
4. ^ Muhammad Rajih Jad'an, Abu Bakr As-Siddeeq [4] last retrieved August 26, 2006
5. ^ Muhammad Rajih Jad'an, Abu Bakr As-Siddeeq [5] last retrieved August 26, 2006
6. ^ Aqa Mahdi Puya tafsir of verse 4:94 on al-Islam.org [6]
7. ^ http://www.answering-ansar.org/challenges/20questions/en/index.php

Ayatullah Agha Haji Mirza Mahdi Puya Yazdi (1317-1393/1899-1973) was a Twelver Shia Muslim and a Islamic scholar, most notable for his famous tafsir of the Quran. ... A tafsir ( (Arabic: تفسير )tafsīr, also transliterated tafseer, Arabic explanation) is Quranic exegesis or commentary. ... Al-Islam. ...

External link

• A brief history of the Ridda wars