Dr. Rihab Taha

Dr. Rihab Rashid Taha al-Azawi, nicknamed by the media Doctor Germ, is an English-educated Iraqi microbiologist who worked in Saddam Hussein's biological weapons program. A 1999 report commissioned by the United States Joint Chiefs of Staff and the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) said she is regarded as one of the world's most dangerous women. [1] (pdf; p. 20) This work is copyrighted. ... This work is copyrighted. ... Education in England is the responsibility of Department for Education and Skills at national level and, in the case of publicly funded compulsory education, of Local Education Authorities. ... A Microbiologist is a biologist that studies the field of microbiology. ... Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti, (Arabic ), born April 28, 1937 , was the President of Iraq from 1979 until the United States-led invasion of Iraq reached Baghdad on April 9, 2003. ... Biological warfare, also known as germ warfare, is the use of any organism (bacteria, virus or other disease_causing organism) or toxin found in nature, as a weapon of war. ... Joint Chiefs of Staff of the United States of America symbol The Joint Chiefs of Staff, photographed in the Joint Chiefs of Staff Gold Room in the Pentagon on Jan. ... DIA seal The Defense Intelligence Agency is a major producer and manager of intelligence for the United States Department of Defense. ...

Taha first rose to prominence in the Western media after being named in a 2003 British intelligence dossier, released to the public by Prime Minister Tony Blair, on Iraq's biological, chemical and nuclear capability. The dossier alleged that Taha had played a leading role in the manufacture of anthrax and other biological agents. [2] It was this dossier that triggered the chain of events that led to the death of British UN weapons inspector Dr. David Kelly, who was accused of telling a BBC reporter that some of the intelligence had been manipulated, and the subsequent Hutton Inquiry into his death. The Secret Intelligence Service (SIS), more commonly known as MI6 (originally Military Intelligence Section 6), or the Secret Service or simply Six, is the United Kingdoms external security agency. ... Anthony Charles Lynton Blair (born 6 May 1953) is the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, First Lord of the Treasury and Minister for the Civil Service, and MP for Sedgefield. ... Dr. David Christopher Kelly CMG (May 17, 1944 – July 17, 2003) was an employee of the United Kingdom Ministry of Defence (MoD), an expert in biological warfare, and a former United Nations weapons inspector in Iraq. ... The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) is the largest broadcasting corporation in the world. ... The Hutton Inquiry was a British judicial inquiry chaired by Lord Hutton, appointed by the British government to investigate the death of a government weapons expert, Dr. David Kelly. ...

In 1997, Saddam Hussein awarded Taha a medal of scientific achievement and, prior to the 2003 war on Iraq, broadcasts were aired showing Taha and Saddam sitting next to each other. On May 12, 2003, the U.S. government announced that Taha had surrendered to coalition forces. On or around December 18, 2005, Taha was among over 20 detainees found by an American-Iraqi review board to pose no current security threat and released without charge.[3] Combatants Coalition Forces (United States, United Kingdom, Australia, Poland) Iraq Commanders Tommy Franks Saddam Hussein Strength 263,000 375,000 The 2003 invasion of Iraq, termed Operation Iraqi Freedom by the US administration, began on March 20. ... May 12 is the 132nd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (133rd in leap years). ... 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... December 18 is the 352nd day of the year (353rd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

On March 28, 2005, the Associated Press reported that Taha has explained the 1,800 gallon discrepancy between the amount of anthrax the UN knew she had manufactured, and the amount she admitted to destroying. The missing anthrax was one of the stated reasons for the Iraq war and was emphasized by then-U.S. Secretary of State Colin Powell during his February 2003 speech to the Security Council. However, according to an Iraq Survey Group report published on October 6, 2004, Taha has told American investigators that she and her colleagues dumped the missing anthrax near the gates of one of Saddam's palaces in April 1991, but were afraid to admit to this for fear of incurring Saddam's wrath. The Iraqi biologists therefore told the UN weapons inspectors that the missing anthrax had never existed. [4] March 28 is the 87th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (88th in leap years). ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Associated Press logo The Associated Press, or AP, is an American news agency, the worlds largest such organization. ... General Colin Luther Powell, United States Army (Ret. ... A session of the Security Council in progress The United Nations Security Council is the most powerful organ of the United Nations. ... October 6 is the 279th day of the year (280th in leap years). ... 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Background

Born in 1957, and a graduate of the University of Baghdad, Taha received her Ph.D in plant toxins from the University of East Anglia's School of Biological Sciences in Norwich, England, which she attended from 1980 to 1984. She published two articles on her research, co-authored by her supervisor Professor John Turner, now dean of the biology department there. In 1984, "Contribution of tabtoxin to the pathogenicity of Pseudomonas syringae pv tabac" was published in Physiological Plant Pathology (25, 55-69) and "Effect of tabtoxin on nitrogen metabolism" by J.G. Turner, R.R. Taha & J.M. Debbage was published in Physiologia Plantarum in 1986 (67, 649-653). [5] The famous ziggurats of the student accommodation at Norfolk Terrace, photographed in January 2004. ... Norwich (pronounced variously Norritch, Norridge) is a city in East Anglia, in Eastern England, and the regional administrative centre and county town of Norfolk. ... Royal motto (French): Dieu et mon droit (Translated: God and my right) Englands location (dark green) within the United Kingdom (light green), with the Republic of Ireland (blue) to its west Languages None official English de facto Capital None official London de facto Largest city London Area – Total Ranked...

Taha is married to the British-educated General Dr. Amir Mohammad Rashid al-Ubaidi, the former Iraqi oil minister and director of Iraq's Military Industrial Corporation, which was responsible for Saddam's advanced weapons programs. Taha met General Rashid, who has a Ph.D in engineering from the University of Birmingham in England, when they were both invited to New York for a meeting with the United Nations Special Commission (UNSCOM) in 1993. At the time, Taha was in her late 30s, unmarried and without children, a highly unusual situation for an Arab woman. Already married with a six-year-old son, General Rashid took Taha as his second wife when they returned to Baghdad. The University of Birmingham is an English university in the city of Birmingham. ... Official language(s) None, English de facto Capital Albany Largest city New York City Area  Ranked 27th  - Total 54,520 sq. ... United Nations Special Commission (UNSCOM) was a United Nations organisation performing arms inspections in Iraq after the Gulf War. ...

Growth of biological agents

Although Taha told her fellow students at Norwich that she wanted to return to Iraq to teach biology, she went instead to work for Iraq's germ warfare program. In 1985, she worked in the al-Muthanna chemical plant near Baghdad, and later became chief production officer in al-Hakam/al-Hakum, Iraq's top-secret biological-warfare facility at the time. Location of Baghdad within Iraq Baghdad (Arabic: ‎ translit: , Kurdish: Bexda, from Persian Baagh-daad or Bag-Da-Du meaning “Garden of God” [1]) is the capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate. ...

During several visits to Iraq by United Nations Special Committee (UNSCOM), set up after the 1990 invasion of Kuwait to inspect Iraqi weapons facilities, [6], weapons inspectors were told by Taha that al-Hakam was a chicken-feed plant. "There were a few things that were peculiar about this animal-feed production plant," Charles Duelfer, UNSCOM's deputy executive chairman, later told reporters, "beginning with the extensive air defenses surrounding it."

According to the 1999 DIA report, the normally mild-mannered Taha exploded into violent rages when questioned about al-Hakam, shouting, screaming and, on one occasion, storming out of the room, before returning and smashing a chair. [7] However, in 1995, UNSCOM's principal weapons inspector Dr. Rod Barton from Australia showed Taha documents obtained by UNSCOM from the Israeli regime that showed the Iraqi government had just purchased 10 tons of growth media from a British company called Oxoid. Growth media is a mixture of sugar, proteins and minerals that allows microscopic life to grow; it is used in hospitals, where swabs from patients are placed in dishes containing growth media for diagnostic purposes. Iraq's hospital consumption of growth media was just 200 kg a year; yet in 1988, Iraq imported 39 tons of it.

Shown this evidence by UNSCOM, Taha admitted to the inspectors that she had grown 19,000 litres of botulism toxin; [8] 8,000 litres of anthrax; 2,000 litres of aflatoxins, which can cause liver cancer; clostridium perfringens, a bacterium that can cause gas gangrene; and ricin, a castor bean derivative which can kill by inhibiting protein synthesis. She also admitted conducting research into cholera, salmonella, foot and mouth disease, and camel pox, a disease that uses the same growth techniqes as smallpox, but which is safer for researchers to work with. It was because of the discovery of Taha's work with camel pox that the U.S. and British intelligence services feared Saddam Hussein may have been planning to weaponize the smallpox virus. Iraq had a smallpox outbreak in the 70s and UNSCOM scientists believe the government would have retained contaminated material. Botulism (from Latin botulus, sausage) is a rare but serious paralytic illness caused by a nerve toxin, botulin, that is produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. ... Chemical structure of Aflatoxin B1 Aflatoxins are naturally occurring mycotoxins that are produced by many species of Aspergillus, a fungus, most notably Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus parasiticus. ... Binomial name Clostridium perfringens Clostridium perfringens is a bacterium of the genus Clostridium. ... It has been suggested that gas gangrene be merged into this article or section. ... Castor beans The protein ricin (pronounced ) is a toxin from the castor bean (Ricinus communis). ... Drawing of Death bringing the cholera, in Le Petit Journal. ... Species S. enterica Salmonella is a genus of rod-shaped Gram-negative enterobacteria that causes typhoid fever, paratyphoid fever and foodborne illness. ... Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), sometimes called hoof-and-mouth disease, is a highly contagious but non-fatal viral disease of cattle and pigs. ... Smallpox (also known by the Latin names Variola or Variola vera) is a highly contagious viral disease unique to humans. ...

Weaponization of biological agents

The British Secret Intelligence Service (SIS) and UNSCOM catalogued the weaponization by Taha's team of biological agents. Above, the SIS building photographed from Vauxhall Bridge Road, London

UNSCOM learned that, In August 1990, after Iraq's invasion of Kuwait, Taha's team was ordered to set up a program to weaponize the biological agents. By January 1991, a team of 100 scientists and support staff had filled 157 bombs and 16 missile warheads with botulin toxin, and 50 bombs and five missile warheads with anthrax. In an interview with the BBC, Taha denied the Iraqi government had weaponized the bacteria. "We never intended to use it," she told journalist Jane Corbin of the BBC's Panorama program. "We never wanted to cause harm or damage to anybody." [9] However, UNSCOM found the munitions dumped in a river near al-Hakam. UNSCOM also discovered that Taha's team had conducted inhalation experiments on donkeys from England and on beagles from Germany. The inspectors seized photographs showing beagles having convulsions inside sealed containers. The Secret Intelligence Service building at Vauxhall Cross, London, seen from Vauxhall Bridge. ... The Secret Intelligence Service building at Vauxhall Cross, London, seen from Vauxhall Bridge. ... Botulin toxin, sold commercially under the brand name Botox(due to Dr.Bo Treadwell who first suggested that the chemical could be used to reduce the appearance of old age) , is an exceptionally potent neurotoxin that has found a variety of remarkable uses in modern medicine. ...

The inspectors feared that Taha's team had experimented on human beings. During one inspection, they discovered two primate-sized inhalation chambers, one measuring 5 cubic metres, though there was no evidence the Iraqis had used large primates in their experiments. According to former weapons inspector Scott Ritter in his 1999 book Endgame: Solving the Iraq Crisis, UNSCOM learned that, between July 01 and August 15, 1995, 50 prisoners from the Abu Ghraib prison were transferred to a military post in al-Haditha, in the northwest of Iraq, (Ritter, 1999). Iraqi opposition groups say that scientists sprayed the prisoners with anthrax, though no evidence was produced to support these allegations. During one experiment, the inspectors were told, 12 prisoners were tied to posts while shells loaded with anthrax were blown up nearby. Ritter's team demanded to see documents from Abu Ghraib prison showing a prisoner count. Ritter writes that they discovered the records for July and August 1995 were missing. Asked to explain the missing documents, the Iraqi government charged that Ritter was working for the CIA and refused to co-operate further with UNSCOM. William Scott Ritter, Jr. ... Map of Iraq highlighting Abu Ghraib The city of Abu Ghraib (BGN/PCGN romanization: Abū Ghurayb; أبو غريب in Arabic) in Iraq is located 20 km (12 miles) west of Baghdad just north of the Baghdad International Airport. ... The CIA Seal The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is an American intelligence agency, responsible for obtaining and analyzing information about foreign governments, corporations, and individuals, and reporting such information to the various branches of the U.S. Government. ...

Tahi and Kenneth Bigley

On September 18, 2004, the Tawhid and Jihad ("Oneness of God and Holy War") Islamist group, led by Jordanian Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, kidnapped Americans Eugene Armstrong and Jack Hensley, and British engineer Kenneth Bigley, threatening to kill them if Iraqi women prisoners were not released. Armstrong and Hensley were killed within the first 72 hours, but Bigley was kept alive for three weeks. The only Iraqi women prisoners being held at that time, according to the British government, were Dr. Taha and another woman scientist, the U.S.-educated Dr. Huda Salih Mahdi Ammash, a bio-tech researcher who was on the U.S. list of the 55 most wanted members of Saddam's regime. [10] It was hoped that the release of these women, who had not been charged with any offense, would trigger the release of Bigley. September 18 is the 261st day of the year (262nd in leap years). ... 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Jamaat al-Tawhid wal Jihad members with Shosei Koda and with the banner in the background Jamaat al-Tawhid wal-Jihad (Arabic: جماعة ال�توحيد والجهاد, Monotheism and Holy Struggle Movement) is the Islamist guerrilla network of Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, a Jordanian-born Islamist militant believed operating... Abu Musab al-Zarqawi in an undated AP photograph. ... Eugene Armstrong, in orange, seated, before his decapitation by the five men standing over him. ... Categories: Stub | 1955 births | 2004 deaths ... Kenneth Bigley and his wife Sombat at their wedding in 1998 Kenneth John Bigley (1942 – October 7, 2004), was a civil engineer from Liverpool, England, who was kidnapped in the al-Mansour district of Baghdad, Iraq on September 16, 2004, along with Jack Hensley and Eugene Armstrong, both U.S... Most Wanted playing card Huda Salih Mahdi Ammash (born Baghdad 1953) is an American-educated Iraqi scientist, dubbed Mrs. ... Saddam Hussein as the Ace of Spades. ...

Iraq's prime minister refused to sanction Taha's release.

On September 22, 2004, Noori Abdul-Rahim Ibrahim, a spokesman for the Iraqi Justice Ministry, said that Taha would be released soon on bail. He said the decision was not related to Zarqawi's demands, but that the government regularly reviews the cases of prominent detainees, and it was decided to release Taha because she had cooperated with the authorities. However, after a statement from U.S. Secretary of State Colin Powell that there would be no negotiations with terrorists, Iraqi Prime Minister Iyad Allawi announced that neither Taha nor Ammash would be released in the near future. Kenneth Bigley was beheaded on October 7, 2004. Image File history File links Please see the file description page for further information. ... September 22 is the 265th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (266th in leap years). ... 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... General Colin Luther Powell, United States Army (Ret. ... Iyad Allawi Dr. Iyad Allawi (Arabic: ) (born 1945) is an Iraqi politician, and was the interim Prime Minister of Iraq prior to Iraqs 2005 legislative elections. ... October 7 is the 280th day of the year (281st in leap years). ... 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Taha's release

In December 2005, 22 so-called "high-value" prisoners, including Rihab Taha, were released without charge two days after Iraq's national elections, following over 30 months in confinement. Another woman scientist, Huda Salih Mahdi Ammash, nicknamed "Mrs. Anthrax" by the U.S., was also among those released after what the U.S. said was a standardized process of review and an agreement with the interim Iraqi government. Most Wanted playing card Huda Salih Mahdi Ammash (born Baghdad 1953) is an American-educated Iraqi scientist, dubbed Mrs. ...

References

• BBC: Iraqi bio-scientist breaks silence
• BBC: Iraq's 'Dr Germ' detained
• BBC: 2004, Iraqi women not being released
• "Allawi:No release of female prisoner, Al-Jazeera, September 24, 2004
• BBC: 2005, Taha released, along 7 other Sadam's aides, including another female, Huda Salih Mahdi Ammash, nicknamed by the US "Mrs Anthrax".[11]
• The al-Hakam facility, Global Security
• "The Inspections Maze", Christian Science Monitor, 2002

• "Iraq's Weapons of Mass Destruction: The Assessment of the British government, an intelligence dossier naming Taha, released by Tony Blair, the British prime-minister.
• Key United Nations Special Commission (UNSCOM) documents, The United Nations, 1991-99
• UNSCOM chronology, April 1991 to December 1999
• Professor John G. Turner's publications, including two with Taha, University of East Anglia, retrieved January 3, 2004
• Ritter, S. (1999) Endgame: Solving the Iraq Problem — Once and for All, Simon and Schuster; paperback 2002, ISBN 0743247728
• "Iraqi Anthrax Scientist Kept Her Secret", by Charles. J. Hanley, Associated Press', March 28, 2005
• "A profile of WMD proliferants: Are there commonalities?" (pdf) by Major, Brian. K. Anderson, USAF, study commissioned by the U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff and the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA), May 1999