- Alternative meanings: mini (with lower-case 'm') is also colloquial for miniskirt and, less commonly, for miniature figure.
The Mini is the name of a well known small car produced from 1959 to 2000 and newer one (known as "New MINI"), launched in 2001.
Original Mini Prototype Mini and one of Issigonis's original concept sketches | | | | | | | 1970 Mini Clubman showing facelifted squarer design. The car reverted to the original rounder design in the 1980s | Mini Cabriolet special edition |
The original Mini (1959-2000) was a revolutionary and characterful small car designed for the British Motor Corporation (BMC) by Alec Issigonis (later Sir) (1906-1988) and made in Birmingham.
The car used a conventional four-cylinder water-cooled engine but it was mounted transversely and drove the front wheels. This innovation allowed much increased passenger space in a small body. The result was nimble, economical and inexpensive. Almost all small cars built since the 1970s have followed this mechanical layout. Another design innovation was the use of exterior welded seams, which permitted the car to be built more cheaply using manual labour. Designed as project ADO15 (ADO indicating Austin Design Office), it was originally called both the Austin Seven (also known as Se7en) and Morris Mini Minor, but later Mini became a brand in its own right.
The car owed a lot of its success to its "classlessness". It was designed for the masses, yet members of the Beatles and even HM Queen Elizabeth II owned one.
Between 1961 and 1969 there was also a version of the Mini produced with a more substantial boot (trunk). This was badged as both the Wolseley Hornet (reviving a sports car name from the 1930s) and the Riley Elf. The Mini itself could be bought in a variety of body styles - the standard two-door, an estate (station wagon) version with "barn-door" style rear doors, and a "woodie" version of this with wooden exterior trim similar to that available on the Morris Minor - this "half timbered" styling is something uniquely (and to some, bizarrely) British.
The 1960s saw the heyday of the car, with well-publicised purchases by movie and music stars, Mini Cooper victories in rallies, a starring role in a major film (The Italian Job), spin-off models including commercial vehicles, an estate, and the jeep-like Mini Moke. Sales were strong, but the car never made much money for its makers. Indeed, it is thought that due to an accounting error the car had been incorrectly priced originally and each sale made a loss for the company.
Issigonis tried to replace the Mini with an experimental model called the 9X. It was shorter and more powerful than the Mini, but due to politicking inside British Leyland, which had been formed from the merger of BMC and Standard-Triumph, the car was not built. It was an intriguing "might-have-been", as the car was so advanced it was still competitive by the 1980s.
During the 1970s, under the ownership of British Leyland, the Mini was given a more modern, squarer looking face-lift. The restyled version was called the Mini Clubman, and also spawned a Mini Cooper replacement called the 1275 GT. But the classic 1960s design remained available and survived the Clubman design.
The Mini was also built in Italy by Leyland affiliate Innocenti, and was sold alongside other British Leyland products on the European Continent. Innocenti made most of his its sale outside Italy with its own version of the Mini Cooper, the Innocenti Cooper. They were by far more Innocenti Cooper produced than British Mini Cooper.
In the late 1970s Innocenti introduced the Innocenti 90 and 120 a Bertone-designed hatchback based on Mini platform. The Bertone redesigned Mini was declined in a Mini Cooper equivalent christened the Innocenti de Tomaso.
Reports of the Mini's imminent demise surfaced again in 1980 with the launch of the Austin Mini Metro (badging showed the word 'Mini' in all lowercase), but the Mini survived even the Metro.
In 1981 in New Zealand, the Mini had another major starring role, in a "road trip" movie directed by Geoff Murphy called Goodbye Pork Pie. By this time, however, the Mini was beginning to fall out of favour in many of its export markets. South African, Australian and New Zealand production all stopped around this time. In New Zealand, assembly switched to the Honda City.
Through the 1980s, the British market enjoyed numerous "special editions" of the Mini, which shifted the car from a mass-market item into a fashionable icon. It was this image that perhaps helped the Mini become such an asset for BMW, which later bought the remnants of BMC as the Rover Group. It was even more popular in Japan, where it was seen as a retro-cool icon, and inspired many imitators at major Japanese automakers. There was also a Mini Cooper revival, with the 1.3 L engine fitted again in to the car.
Production of the original Mini outlasted its major competitors—the VW Beetle (at least in Europe), the Citroën 2CV and the Metro, its intended replacement—running until October 2000 with a total of 5.3 million cars.
In 1994 under Bernd Pischetsrieder, a nephew of Issigonis, BMW took control of the Rover Group, which included the Mini, and engineered it so an airbag could be fitted to comply with European legislation. But by 2000, Rover was still suffering massive losses. BMW decided to dispose of most of the company: MG and Rover went to Phoenix, a new British consortium; Land Rover went to Ford; BMW kept the Mini brand name and now sells a completely new Mini, technically unrelated to the old car, which the Rover subsidiary had almost finished developing.
New MINI Launched in 2001, the new MINI (note capitals, sometimes unofficially called BMW MINI) is built in Cowley in Oxford, United Kingdom. Historically this was the Morris car plant. The new MINI has a Brazilian-built Tritec engine. Like the original, this is a transverse four-cylinder unit, driving the front wheels. The styling of the car, like that of the new VW Beetle is deliberately reminiscent of the original. The car has been criticized for its poor space-efficiency compared with the original, but it has quickly become a sales success in Europe and (from 2002) in the USA. It comes in 4 varieties: the MINI One, MINI One D (with a Toyota-built diesel engine), MINI Cooper, and MINI Cooper S. In the US market, only the MINI Cooper and MINI Cooper S are currently sold. The car is featured in the 2003 remake of The Italian Job. New for 2005 production are the MINI Cooper (and S) convertibles, as well as a redesigned front and rear fascia for the hardtop models.
At the Geneva Motorshow 2004 BMW/MINI introduced a new convertible model to be released in mid-2004. The car is available in 'One', 'Cooper' and 'Cooper S' versions worldwide (although the 'One' convertible, like its hardtop sibling, is not sold in the USA) and BMW have received a significant backlog of orders in the short period since its announcement.
The Mini Cooper/Cooper S won the North American Car of the Year award for 2003.
Mini sales in the United States Between 1960 and 1967, a small number of BMC Minis were imported to the US. Sales were discontinued when federal emissions regulations were imposed; BMC felt that it would be too expensive to make the Mini's engine compliant. Despite this, a small band of enthusisasts keep the legacy of the original car alive in the USA.
The new MINI is US emissions compliant and is sold in the United States with great success.
External links
Source - Engines of the ADO15 and family http://www.mgcars.org.uk/carclub/sf020201.html
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