Rioja (Wine Region)
Appellation type	Wine region
Country	Spain
Total area	75 miles (121 km)
Size of planted vineyards	123,000 acres (500 km²)
No. of vineyards	14 thousand
Grapes produced	Tempranillo, Granacha, Graciano, Mazuelo
No. of wineries	150
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Rioja is a wine, with Denominación de Origen Calificada (D.O.C. Qualified designation of origin), from a region named after the Rio Oja in Spain, a tributary of the Ebro. Rioja is made from grapes grown in the autonomous communities of La Rioja and Navarre and the Basque province of Álava. La Rioja is further subdivided into three zones: Rioja Alavesa, Rioja Alta and Rioja Baja. Many wines have traditionally blended fruit from all three regions though there is a slow growth in single zone wines. Tempranillo is a variety of vitis vinifera, the red grape used commonly in winemaking. ... Graciano is a Spanish red wine grape that is grown primarily in Rioja. ... Carignane (in American English; Spanish Cariñena, Italian Carignano, French Carignan) is a Spanish variety of grape that originated in Cariñena, Aragon and was later transplanted to Sardinia, elsewhere in Italy, France, Algeria, and much of the New World. ... For other uses, see Wine (disambiguation). ... Denominación de origen is an appellation for Spanish wines. ... An appellation in its broadest sense is a name or designation. ... Look up tributary in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... For the Spanish truck maker of the same name, see Ebro trucks. ... Spains fifty provinces (provincias) are grouped into seventeen autonomous communities (comunidades aut nomas), in addition to two African autonomous cities (ciudades aut nomas) (Ceuta and Melilla). ... Capital Logroño Area  â€“ Total  â€“ % of Spain Ranked 16th  5 045 km²  1,0% Population  â€“ Total (2005)  â€“ % of Spain  â€“ Density Ranked 17th   301 084  0,7%  59,68/km² Demonym  â€“ English  â€“ Spanish  â€”  riojano/a Statute of Autonomy June 9, 1982 Parliament  â€“ Congress seats  â€“ Senate seats  4  1 President Pedro Sanz... “Navarra” redirects here. ... Pays Basque) see Northern Basque Country. ... Álava province Álava (Basque: Araba) is a province of northern Spain, in the southern part of the autonomous community of the Basque Country. ...

History

See also: History of Rioja wine

The harvesting of wine in the Rioja has an ancient lineage with origins dating back to the Phoenicians and the Celtiberians. The earliest written evidence of the existence of the grape in Rioja dates to 873, in the form of a document from the Public Notary of San Millán dealing with a donation to the San Andrés de Trepeana (Treviana) Monastery. As was the case in many Mediterranean lands in mediaeval times, monks were the main practitioners of winemaking in the Rioja and great advocates of its virtues. In the thirteenth century, Gonzalo de Berceo, clergyman of the Suso Monastery in San Millán de la Cogolla (Rioja) and Spain's earliest known poet, mentions the wine in some of his works. Phoenicia was an ancient civilization in the north of ancient Canaan, with its heartland along the coastal plain of what is now Lebanon and Syria. ... Main language areas in Iberia circa 200 BC. The Celtiberians (or Celt-Iberians)[1] were a Celtic people of late La Tène culture living in the Iberian Peninsula, chiefly in what is now north central Spain and northern Portugal, before and during the Roman Empire. ... Gonzalo de Berceo was born in the end of the 12th century in the Riojan village of Berceo, close to the major Benedictine monastery of San Millán de la Cogolla. ... San Millán de la Cogolla is a sparsely populated municipality in La Rioja, (Spain). ...

In the year 1063, the first testimony of Rioja viticulture appears in the "Carta de población de Longares" (Letter to the Settlers of Longares). The King of Navarra and Aragon gave the first legal recognition of Rioja wine in 1102. In 1560, harvesters from Longares chose a symbol to represent the quality of the wines. In 1635, the mayor of Logroño prohibited the passing of carts through streets near wine cellars, in case the vibrations caused a deterioration of the quality of the wine. Several years later, in 1650, the first document to protect the quality of the Rioja wines was drawn up.[1] In 1790, at the inaugural meeting of the Real Sociedad Económica de Cosecheros de Rioja (Royal Economic Society of Rioja Winegrowers), many initiatives as to how to construct, fix, and maintain the roads and other forms of access for transportation of wine were discussed. The Society was established to promote the cultivation and commercialization of Rioja wines and 52 Rioja localities participated. Navarra is the Spanish name for Navarre (Basque: Nafarroa), an ancient kingdom in the Pyrenees, and now a province and an autonomous community in Spain. ... Capital Zaragoza Official language(s) Spanish Area  â€“ Total  â€“ % of Spain Ranked 4th  47,719 km²  9. ...

In 1852, Luciano Murrieta created the first fine wine of the Duque de la Victoria area, having learned the process in Bordeaux. In 1892, the Viticulture and Enology Station of Haro was founded for quality-control purposes. In 1902, a Royal Decree determining the origin of Rioja wines is promulgated. The Consejo Regulador (Regulating Council) was created in 1926 with the objective of limiting the zones of production, expanding the warranty of the wine and controlling the use of the name "Rioja". This Council became legally structured in 1945 and was finally inaugurated in 1953. In 1970 the Regulations for Denominación de Origen were approved as well as Regulations for the Regulating Council. In 1991, the prestigious "Calificada" (Qualified) nomination was awarded to the Rioja, making it Spain's first Denominación de Origen Calificada (DOCa). For other uses, see Bordeaux (disambiguation). ... Denominación de Origen (Designation of Origin - DO) is part of a regulatory classification system primarily for Spanish wines (similar to the French appellations) but also for other foodstuffs like honey, meats and condiments. ... Denominación de origen is an appellation for Spanish wines. ...

Geography and climate

La Rioja region.

Located south of the Cantabrian Mountains along the Ebro, Rioja benefits from a continental climate. The mountains help to isolate the region and has a moderating effect on the climate. They also protect the vineyards from the fierce winds that is typical of northern Spain. Most of the region is situated on a plateau, a little more than 1500 ft above sea level. The area is sub-divided into three regions - Rioja Alavesa, Rioja Alta and Rioja Baja. The Rioja Alavesa and Alta, located closer to the mountains are at slightly higher elevations and have a more cooler climate. The Rioja Baja to the southeast is drier and warmer.^[1] Annual rainfall in the region ranges from 12 inches (300 mm) in parts of Baja to more than 20 inches (510 mm) in Rioja Alta and Alaversa.^[2] Many of Rioja's vineyard are found along the Ebro valley between the towns of Haro and Alfaro.^[3] The red line shows where the Cantabrian Mountains are located in the North of Spain Pico Tres Mares, 2,150 m Cantabrian Mountains (Cordillera Cantábrica in Spanish) is a mountain chain which extends for more than approximately 180 miles (300 km) across northern Spain, from the western limit of... Regions containing a continental climate exist in portions of Northern Hemisphere continents, and also at higher elevations in certain other parts of the world. ... For other meanings, see Plateau (disambiguation). ... A foot (plural: feet or foot;[1] symbol or abbreviation: ft or, sometimes, ′ – a prime) is a unit of length, in a number of different systems, including English units, Imperial units, and United States customary units. ... For considerations of sea level change, in particular rise associated with possible global warming, see sea level rise. ... Elevation histogram of the surface of the Earth – approximately 71% of the Earths surface is covered with water. ... Haro Plaza Haro is a town and municipality in La Rioja province in northern Spain. ...

Wine regions

The three principal regions of the Rioja are the Rioja Alavesa, Rioja Alta and Rioja Baja with each area producing its own unique expression or Rioja wine. Most of the territory subjected to the Rioja Protected designation of origin is in La Rioja region, even though their limits do not coincide exactly. There is a narrow strip in the left bank of the Ebro river lying in the southernmost part of Álava included in the Rioja wine region, whereas the south-southwestern part of the La Rioja region is not a part of this Protected designation of origin. Álava province Álava (Basque: Araba) is a province of northern Spain, in the southern part of the autonomous community of the Basque Country. ...

Limits of the Rioja D.O.C.

Rioja Alta

Located on the western edge of the region, and at higher elevations then the other areas, the Rioja Alta is known for more fruity and concentrated wines which can have very smooth texture and mouth feel.^[3]

Rioja Alavesa

Despite sharing a similar climate as the Alta region, the Rioja Alavesa produces wines with a fuller body and higher acidity.^[3] Vineyards in the area have a low vine density with large spacing between rows. This is due to the relatively poor conditions of the soil with the vines needing more distance from each other and less competition for the nutrients in the surrounding soil.^[2] The use of Wine tasting descriptors allow the taster an opportunity to put into words the aromas and flavors that they experience and can be used in assessing the overall quality of wine. ...

Rioja Baja

Unlike the more continental climate of the Alta and Alavesa, the Rioja Baja is strongly influenced by a Mediterranean climate which makes this area the warmest and driest of the Rioja. In the summer months, drought can be a significant viticultural hazard, though since the late 1990s irrigation has been permitted. Temperatures in the summer typically reach 95 °F.^[2] Twenty percent of the vineyard actually falls within the Navarra appellation but the wine produced from the grapes is still allowed to claim the Rioja designation. Unlike the typically pale color Rioja wine, Baja wines are very deeply colored and can be highly alcoholic with some wines at 18% alcohol by volume. The wines typically do not have much acidity or aroma and are generally used as blending components with wines from other parts of the Rioja.^[3]  Areas with Mediterranean climate A Mediterranean climate is a climate that resembles the climate of the lands in the Mediterranean Basin. ... Fields outside Benambra, Victoria, Australia suffering from drought conditions A drought is an extended period of months or years when a region notes a deficiency in its water supply. ... Irrigation is the artificial application of water to the soil usually for assisting in growing crops. ... For other uses, see Fahrenheit (disambiguation). ... Navarra is the Spanish name for Navarre (Basque: Nafarroa), an ancient kingdom in the Pyrenees, and now a province and an autonomous community in Spain. ... An appellation in its broadest sense is a name or designation. ... Alcohol by volume (ABV) is an indication of how much alcohol (expressed as a percentage) is included in an alcoholic beverage. ...

Viticulture and grapes

Rioja wines are normally a blend of various grape varieties, and can be either red (tinto), white (blanco) or rosé (rosado). La Rioja has a total of 57,000 hectares cultivated, yielding 250 million liters of wine annually, of which 85% is red. The harvest time for most Rioja vineyards is September-October with the northern Rioja Alta having the latest harvest in late October.^[4] The soil here is clay based with a high concentration of chalk and iron (which provides the redness in the soil that may be responsible for the region's name Rioja meaning red).^[5] There is also significant concentration of limestone, sandstone and alluvial silt.^[1] This is a list of varieties of cultivated grapes, whether used for wine, or eating as a Table grape, fresh or dried (raisin, currant, sultana). ... For the song by The Feeling, see Rosé (song). ... Medieval grape harvesting. ... The soil composition of vineyards is one of the most important viticultural consideration when planting grape vines. ... For other uses, see Clay (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Chalk (disambiguation). ... General Name, symbol, number iron, Fe, 26 Chemical series transition metals Group, period, block 8, 4, d Appearance lustrous metallic with a grayish tinge Standard atomic weight 55. ... For other uses, see Limestone (disambiguation). ... Red sandstone interior of Lower Antelope Canyon, Arizona, worn smooth due to erosion by flash flooding over millions of years Sandstone is a sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand-size mineral or rock grains. ... Alluvium is soil land deposited by a river or other running water. ... For other uses, see Silt (disambiguation). ...

The "old vines" of the Alavesa regions produce can produce very concentrated grapes but in low yields.

Among the Tintos, the best-known and most widely-used variety is Tempranillo. Other grapes used include Garnacha Tinta, Graciano, and Mazuelo. A typical blend will consist of approximately 60% Tempranillo and up to 20% Garnacha, with much smaller proportions of Mazuelo and Graciano. Each grape adds a unique component to the wine with Tempranillo contributing the main flavors and aging potential to the wine; Garnache adding body and alcohol; Mazuelo adding seasoning flavors and Graciano adding additional aromas.^[6] Tempranillo is a variety of vitis vinifera, the red grape used commonly in winemaking. ... // Grenache (pronounced gren-ash) (in Spanish, Garnacha) is probably the most widely planted variety of red wine grape in the world. ... Graciano is a Spanish red wine grape that is grown primarily in Rioja. ... Carignane (in American English; Spanish Cariñena, Italian Carignano, French Carignan) is a Spanish variety of grape that originated in Cariñena, Aragon and was later transplanted to Sardinia, elsewhere in Italy, France, Algeria, and much of the New World. ...

With Rioja Blanco, Viura is the prominent grape (also known as Macabeo) and is normally blended with some Malvasía and Garnacha Blanca. In the white wines the Viura contributes mild fruitness, acidity and some aroma to the blend with Garacha blanca adding body and Malvasia adding aroma. Rosados are mostly derived from Garnacha grapes. The "international varieties" of Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot have gained some attention and use through experimental plantings by some bodegas but their use has created wines distinctly different from the typical Rioja.^[6] Macabeo (Maccabeo or Viura in parts of Spain) is a variety of wine grape. ... Malvasia (also known as Malvazia) is a group of wine grape varieties grown historically in the Mediterranean and the island of Madeira, but now grown in many of the winemaking regions of the world. ... Grenache (pronounced gren-aash or gren-ash), also known as Garnatxa negre, Grenache noir, Garnacha, or Cannonau, is a red grape variety grown primarily for winemaking. ... Grenache is a sweet red grape variety grown primarily for the making of wine. ... Cabernet Sauvignon is one of the worlds most widely recognized red wine grape varieties. ... Merlot grapes on the vine. ... A convenience store is a small store or shop, generally accessible or local. ...

Some of the most sought after grapes come from the limestone/sandstone based "old vine" vineyards in the Alavesa and Alta regions. The 40 year plus old vines are prized due to their low yields and more concentrated flavors. A unique DO regulation stipulates that the cost of the grapes used to make Rioja must exceed by at least 200% the national average of wine grapes used in all Spanish wines.^[1] Old vine (French: vieilles vignes) is a term commonly used on wine labels to indicate that a wine is the produce of vines that are notably old. ... In agriculture, crop yield (also known as agricultural output) is a measure of the yield per unit area of land under cultivation. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ...

Winemaking and styles

A Tinto Rioja.

A distinct characteristic of Rioja wine is the effect of oak aging. First introduced in the early 18th century by Bordeaux influenced winemakers, the use of oak and the pronounced vanilla flavors in the wines has been a virtual trademark of the region though some modern winemakers are experimenting with making wines less influenced by oak. Originally French oak was used but as the cost of the barrels increased many bodegas began to buy American oak planks and fashion them into barrels at Spanish cooperages in a style more closely resembling the French method. This included hand splitting the wood, rather than sawing, and allowing the planks time to dry and "season" in the outdoors versus drying in the kiln.^[7] In recent times, more bodegas have begun using French oak and many will age wines in both American and French oak for blending purposes.^[4] Bordeaux with sub-wine regions A Bordeaux wine is any wine produced in the Bordeaux region of France. ... For other uses, see Vanilla (disambiguation). ... Charcoal Kilns, California Gold Kiln, Victoria, Australia Hop kiln. ...

In the past, it was not uncommon for some bodegas to age their red wines for 15-20 years or even more before their release. One notable example of this the Marqués de Murrieta which released its 1942 vintage gran reserva in 1983 after 41 years of aging. Today most bodegas have shifted their winemaking focus to wines that are ready to drink sooner with the top wines typically aging for 4-8 years prior to release though some traditionalists still age longer.^[7] The typical bodega owns anywhere from 10,000 to 40,000 oak barrels.^[8] The Vintagers, after a miniature of the Dialogues de Saint Gregoire (thirteenth century)—manuscript of the Royal Library of Brussels. ...

The use of oak in white wine has declined significantly in recent times when before the norm was traditionally 2-5 years in oak. This created slightly oxidized wines with flavors of caramel, coffee, and roasted nuts that did not appeal to a large market of consumers with some of the more negative examples showing characteristics of rubber and petrol flavors. Today the focus of white wine makers has been to enhance the vibrancy and fruit flavors of the wine.^[8] Caramel candy For other uses, see Caramel (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Coffee (disambiguation). ... Look up nut in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

Some winemakers utilize a derivative of carbonic maceration in which whole clusters are placed in large open vats allowed to ferment inside the individual grape berries, without the add of yeasts, for a few days before they are crushed.^[3] In winemaking, the process often used in Beaujolais, in which whole grapes are fermented without crushing. ... Typical divisions Ascomycota (sac fungi) Saccharomycotina (true yeasts) Taphrinomycotina Schizosaccharomycetes (fission yeasts) Basidiomycota (club fungi) Urediniomycetes Sporidiales Yeasts are a growth form of eukaryotic micro organisms classified in the kingdom Fungi, with about 1,500 species described;[1] they dominate fungal diversity in the oceans. ...

In the 1960s, Bodeaga Rioja Santiago developed the first bottled version of the wine punch Sangría, based on Rioja wine, and exhibited it at the 1964 New York World's Fair. An import subsidiary of Pepsi Cola purchased the rights to the wine and began marketing it worldwide.^[9] Look up punch in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... A bottle of home-made sangría with wine, sliced orange and sugar Sangría is a wine punch typical from Spain. ... View of the New York Worlds Fair 1964/1965 as seen from the observation towers of the New York State pavilion. ... A subsidiary, in business, is an entity that is controlled by another entity. ... Pepsi-Cola, most commonly called Pepsi, is a soft drink produced by PepsiCo which is sold worldwide in stores, restaurants and vending machines. ...

Classification

Rioja red wines are classified into four categories. The first, simply labeled "Rioja," is the youngest, spending less than a year in an oak aging barrel. A "crianza" is wine aged for at least two years, at least one of which was in oak. "Rioja Reserva" is aged for at least three years, of which at least one year is in oak. Finally, "Rioja Gran Reserva" wines have been aged at least two years in oak and three years in bottle. Reserva and Gran Reserva wines are not necessarily produced each year. Also produced are wines in a semi-crianza style, those that have had a couple of months oak influence but not enough to be called a full crianza. The designation of crianza, Reserva etc might not always appear on the front label but may appear on a neck or back label in the form of a stamp designation known as Consejo.^[8] Whiskey barrels at the Jack Daniels distillery Barrels for aging wine in Napa Valley An aging barrel is a barrel used to age wine or distilled spirits such as whiskey, brandy, or rum. ...

Wineries

In Spain, wineries are commonly referred to as bodegas though this term may also refer to a wine cellar or warehouse. For quite some time, the Rioja wine industry has been dominated by local family vineyards and co-operatives that would buy the grapes and make the wine. Some bodegas would buy fermented wine from the co-op's and age the wine to sell under their own label. In recent times there have been more emphasis on securing vineyard land and making estate bottled wines from the bodegas.^[4] A Wine cellar is a storage room for wine in bottles or barrels, or more rarely in carboys, amphoras or plastic containers. ... A cooperative (also co-operative or co-op) is an association of persons who join together to carry on an economic activity of mutual benefit, in an egalitarian fashion. ...

Culture

The wine drenched participants of the Batalla de Vino in Haro.

Like most Spanish wine regions, wine is an integral part of Spanish culture and cuisine. In the town of Haro there is a yearly Wine Festival that is noted for its Batalla de Vino where participants conduct a food fight of sorts with wine.^[10] The Spanish red wine grape Tintilla Spain is the third largest producer of wine in the world, the largest being France and the second Italy [1]. Historically, Spain has been known from the production of fortified wines and the best known Spanish wine is considered by some to be the... The culture of Spain has roots in Iberian and Latin influences, Catholicism, Moorish Islam, tension between the centralized Castilian state and its regions, and its minority peoples. ... Spanish cuisine consists of a small variety of dishes which stem from differences in geography, culture and climate. ... For other uses, see Food fight (disambiguation). ...

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External links

• Consejo Regulador DOC Rioja (only in spanish)
• Rioja vintage chart
• Batalla del Vino
• List of Rioja wines
• Rioja Tasting Notes and Bodega Profiles

References