The Algic (also Algonquian-Wiyot-Yurok or Algonquian-Ritwan) languages are an indigenous language family of North America. They are all thought to descend from Proto-Algic, a second-order proto language reconstructed using Proto-Algonquian and the attested languages Wiyot and Yurok. The word indigenous is an adjective derived from the Latin word indigena, meaning native, belonging to, aboriginal; and has several applications: Indigenous peoples, communities and cultures native or indigenous to a territory; Indigenous (band), the Native American blues-rock band; In biology, indigenous means native to a place or biota... Most languages are known to belong to language families (families hereforth). ... World map showing location of North America A satellite composite image of North America North America is a continent in the northern hemisphere, bounded on the north by the Arctic Ocean, on the east by the North Atlantic Ocean, on the south by the Caribbean Sea, and on the west...

distribution of Algic languages (in red)

Most Algic languages are part of the Algonquian subfamily, which are spoken from the Rocky Mountains to New England. The other Algic languages are the Yurok and Wiyot languages of northwestern California. The Algonquian (also Algonkian) languages are a subfamily of Native American languages that includes most of the languages in the Algic language family (others are Wiyot and Yurok of northwestern California). ... White Goat Wilderness Area, Alberta, Canada The Rocky Mountains, often called the Rockies, are a broad mountain range in western North America. ... While the states marked in red show the core of New England, the regions cultural influence may cover a greater or lesser area than shown. ... Yurok (also Weitspekan) is an Algic language. ... Wiyot (also Wishosk) is an extinct Algic language. ... State nickname: The Golden State Other U.S. States Capital Sacramento Largest city Los Angeles Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger (R) Official languages English Area 410,000 km² (3rd)  - Land 404,298 km²  - Water 20,047 km² (4. ...

Family division

Algic consists of 30 languages.

I. Wiyot

1. Wiyot (a.k.a. Wishosk) (†)

II. Yurok Wiyot (also Wishosk) is an extinct Algic language. ...

2. Yurok (a.k.a. Weitspekan)

III. Algonquian languages (a.k.a. Algonkian) Yurok (also Weitspekan) is an Algic language. ... The Algonquian (also Algonkian) languages are a subfamily of Native American languages that includes most of the languages in the Algic language family (others are Wiyot and Yurok of northwestern California). ...

3. Arapaho (a.k.a. Arapaho-Atsina)

4. Blackfoot (a.k.a. Blackfeet)

5. Cheyenne

6. Cree (a.k.a. Cree-Montagnais or Cree-Montagnais-Naskapi)

7. Fox (a.k.a. Fox-Sauk-Kickapoo or Mesquakie-Sauk-Kickapoo)

8. Menominee (a.k.a. Menomimi)

9. Miami-Illinois (a.k.a. Peoria) (†)

10. Ojibwa (a.k.a. Ojibway, Ojibwe, Chippeway, Ojibwa-Potawatomi, or Ojibwa-Potawatomi-Ottawa)

11. Potawatomi (a.k.a. Ojibwa-Potawatomi)

12. Shawnee

A. Eastern Algonquian

13. Eastern Abenaki (a.k.a. Abenaki or Abenaki-Penobscot)

14. Etchemin (†)

15. "Loup A" (a.k.a. Nipmuck ?) (†)

16. "Loup B" (†)

17. Mahican (a.k.a. Mohican) (†)

18. Maliseet (a.k.a. Maliseet-Passamquoddy or Malecite-Passamquoddy)

19. Massachusett (a.k.a. Natick) (†)

20. Micmac (a.k.a. Mi’kmaq, Mi’kmag, or Mi’kmaw)

21. Mohegan-Pequot (†)

22. Munsee (a.k.a. Delaware)

23. Nanticoke (a.k.a. Nanticoke-Convoy) (†)

24. Narragansett (†)

25. Pamlico (a.k.a. Carolina Algonquian, Pamtico, or Pampticough) (†)

26. Powhatan (a.k.a. Virginia Algonquian) (†)

27. Quiripi-Naugatuck-Unquachog (a.k.a. Connecticut-Naugatuck-Unquachog) (†)

28. Shinnecock (†)

29. Unami (a.k.a. Delaware or Lenape)(†)

30. Western Abenaki (a.k.a. Abnaki, St. Francis, Abenaki, or Abenaki-Penobscot)

Wiyot, Miami, Illinois, Etchemin, Loup A, Loup B, Mahican, Massachusett, Mohegan, Pequot, Nanticoke, Narragansett, Pamlico, Powhatan, Quiripi, Naugatuck, Unami, Unquachog, and Shinnecock are now extinct. The last known Wiyot speaker died in 1962. All other languages are endangered. Yurok is thought to have ten or fewer speakers. Scabby Bull, Arapaho 1806 Arapaho camp, ca. ... Blackfoot is the name of any of the Algonquian languages spoken by the Blackfeet tribe of Native Americans, currently in the northwestern plains of North America. ... The Cheyenne language is a Native American language spoken in present-day Montana and Oklahoma, USA. It is part of the Algonquian language family. ... Cree is the name for a group of closely-related Algonquian languages spoken by approximately 50,000 speakers across Canada, from Alberta to Labrador. ... The Fox tribe of Native Americans are an Algonquian language-speaking group that are now merged with the allied Sac tribe as the Sac and Fox Nation. ... The Menominee language is an Algonquian language spoken on the Menominee (Menomini) Nation lands in Northern Wisconsin in the United States. ... The Miami language is a Native American language formerly spoken in the United States, primarily in northern Indiana and Ohio by members of the Miami tribe. ... The Illinois language is a Native American language formerly spoken in the United States, primarily in Illinois and adjacent areas along the Mississippi River by several subtribes, among them the Kaskaskia, Peoria, and Tamaroa. ... Ojibwe, Ojibwa, Chippewa or Anishinaabemowin in Ojibwe syllabics) is the third most commonly spoken Native language in Canada (after Cree and Inuktitut), and the fourth most spoken in North America (behind Navajo, Cree, and Inuktitut). ... The Potawatomi (also spelled Pottawatomie or Pottawatomi) are an indigenous people of the Americas of the upper Mississippi River region. ... Shawnee The Shawnee are a people native to North America. ... The Mahicans (also Mohicans) are a Native American tribe who were living in and around the Hudson Valley at the time of their first contact with Europeans in 1609. ... The Maliseet (also known as Wolastoqiyik and in French also as Étchemins and Malécites) are a Native American tribe that inhabits the Saint John River valley and its tributaries, roughly overlapping the International Boundary between New Brunswick and Quebec in Canada, and Maine in the United States. ... This article is about the Native American tribe. ... The Mikmaq (also Míkmaq, Micmac, Migmaw; in Quebec, Migmaq) are a Canadian First Nations people indigenous to northeastern New England, Canadas Maritimes, and the Gaspé Peninsula of the province of Quebec. ... The Mohegans were a functional confederation of several branches of Native Americans during the 16th century and the beginning of the 17th century. ... The Lenape or Lenni-Lenape (later named Delaware Indians by Europeans) were, in the 1600s, loosely organized bands of Native American people practicing small-scale agriculture to augment a largely mobile hunter-gatherer society in the region around the Delaware River, the lower Hudson River, and western Long Island Sound. ... Nanticoke is the name of two places in the United States: Nanticoke in New York Nanticoke in Pennsylvania This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... The Narragansett tribe, or more accurately Nahahiganseck Sovereign Nation, controlled the area surrounding Narragansett Bay in present-day Rhode Island, and also portions of Connecticut, and eastern Massachusetts. ... The Pamlico were a Native American people of North Carolina, U.S.A.. They spoke Algonquian. ... The Powhatan (also spelled Powatan and Powhaten) were a very powerful confederacy of Native American tribes, speaking an Algonquian language, who lived in what is now Virginia at the time of the first English-Native encounters. ... Quiripi is the name of a Native American language of the Algonquin language family, specifically the Algonquin-Mosan branch. ... Naugatuck is a borough located in New Haven County, Connecticut. ... Human taste sensory organs, called taste buds or gustatory calyculi, and concentrated on the upper surface of the tongue, appear to be receptive to relatively few chemical species as tastes. ... The Lenape or Lenni-Lenape (later named Delaware Indians by Europeans) were, in the 1600s, loosely organized bands of Native American people practicing small-scale agriculture to augment a largely mobile hunter-gatherer society in the region around the Delaware River, the lower Hudson River, and western Long Island Sound. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Abenakis. ... An extinct language (also called a dead language) is a language which no longer has any native speakers. ... An endangered language is a language with so few surviving speakers that it is in danger of falling out of use. ...

The two Algic languages of California, Wiyot and Yurok, have sometimes been combined into a subgroup called Ritwan (leading to a two-branch genetic tree of Ritwan and Algonquian). This grouping has been disfavored by many specialists. Wiyot and Yurok do not seem to be any more similar to each other than either language is to Algonquian languages.

Within the Algonquian subfamily there is a smaller genetic grouping of the Eastern Algonquian languages. The other (non-Eastern) Algonquian languages have sometimes been categorized into two smaller subgroups: Central Algonquian and Plains Algonquian. However, these two subgroups are not based on genetic relationship but are rather areal subgroups. (See Algonquian.) The Algonquian (also Algonkian) languages are a subfamily of Native American languages that includes most of the languages in the Algic language family (others are Wiyot and Yurok of northwestern California). ...

Bibilography

• Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509427-1.
• Goddard, Ives (Ed.). (1996). Languages. Handbook of North American Indians (W. C. Sturtevant, General Ed.) (Vol. 17). Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution. ISBN 0-1604-8774-9.
• Mithun, Marianne. (1999). The languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-23228-7 (hbk); ISBN 0-521-29875-X.
• Sturtevant, William C. (Ed.). (1978-present). Handbook of North American Indians (Vol. 1-20). Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution. (Vols. 1-3, 16, 18-20 not yet published).