Punjab, 1903

Punjab Province, 1909

The Punjab (Meaning: Land of five Rivers) (also Panjab, Gurmukhi: ਪੰਜਾਬ, Devanagari: पंजाब, Shahmukhi: پنجاب) is a region straddling the border between India and Pakistan. In this map, the British Raj Punjab province is colored pink, and the Indian princely states are colored yellow. ... In this map, the British Raj Punjab province is colored pink, and the Indian princely states are colored yellow. ... Download high resolution version (1000x822, 294 KB)Punjab Province in 1909. ... Download high resolution version (1000x822, 294 KB)Punjab Province in 1909. ... The Gurmukhi (ਗੁਰਮੁਖੀ or ਗੁਰਮੁੱਖੀ) script, derived from the Later Sharada script and standardised by Guru Angad Dev in the 16th century, was designed to write the Punjabi (ਪੰਜਾਬੀ) language. ... Rigveda manuscript in Devanagari (early 19th century) DevanāgarÄ« (देवनागरी — in English pronounced ) (ISCII – IS13194:1991) [1] is an abugida alphabet used to write several Indian languages, including Sanskrit, Hindi, Marathi, Kashmiri, Sindhi, Bihari, Bhili, Konkani, Bhojpuri and Nepali from Nepal. ... Shahmukhi is a script used to record the Punjabi language. ...

Once a single entity, it is now split between two nations: see Punjab, Pakistan and Punjab, India and Haryana. Punjab, India covers an area of 50,362 square kilometres (19,445 square miles). Punjab, Pakistan is 205,344 square kilometres, (79,284 square miles). Population: 24,289,296 (2000) in India: 72,585,000 (1998) in Pakistan. Roughly half of Pakistan's population lives in Pakistani Punjab. Punjabi is spoken by (approx) 90% of population in Pakistani Punjab and 65% in Indian Punjab. Capital City of Indian Punjab is Chandigarh. Capital City of Pakistani Punjab is Lahore. The Punjab/ پنجاب province of Pakistan is part of the larger Punjab region. ... Punjab (ਪੰਜਾਬ, पंजाब) is a state in northwest India, part of a larger Punjab region. ... Haryana (हरयाणा) is a state in northwest India. ... Punjabi (sometimes spelled Panjabi) is the language of the Punjab regions of India and Pakistan. ... Chandigarh is a city in India that serves as the capital of two states: Punjab and Haryana. ... Lahore (لاةور) is a major city in Pakistan and is the capital of the province of Punjab. ...

The name "Punjab" means "land of five rivers" and derives from the Persian words 'panj,' meaning five, and 'āb' meaning water. The rivers, tributaries of the Indus River, are the Beas, Chenab, Jhelum, Ravi, and Sutlej. The five rivers, now divided between India and Pakistan, merge to form the Panjnad, which joins the Indus. Persian (فارسی), (local name in Iran, Afghanistan and Tajikistan: Fârsi), Pârsi (older local name, but still used by some speakers), Tajik (a Central Asian dialect) or Dari (Another local name in Tajikistan, Afghanistan), is a language spoken in Iran,Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Uzbekistan, Bahrain. ... The Indus (सिन्‍धु नदी) (known as Sindhu to Indians and in Sanskrit, as Sinthos in Greek, and Sindus in Latin) is the principal river of Pakistan. ... Indias Beas River, once known as Vipas to Indians in Vedic times and the Hyphasis to Greeks, marks the most easterly extent of the conquests of Alexander the Great in 326 BC. The river begins at the Rohtang Pass in Himachal Pradesh, and eventually joins the Sutlej River in... The Chenab River rises in the Himalayan ranges of Kashmir and flows through the plains of the Punjab, forming the boundary between the Rechna and the Jech Doabs. ... The Jhelum River is the largest and most western of the five rivers of the Punjab province of Pakistan. ... (راوی)A river 450 mi (724 km) long in north India flowing southwest to the Chenab and forming part of boundary between Punjab provinces of India and Pakistan. ... The Sutlej is a river that flows through Northern India, with its source in Tibet. ...

Political History

After the death of the legendary warrior king Maharaja of Punjab, Maharaja Ranjit Singh, poor governance by his heirs led to annexation. The region came under British rule when the East India Company annexed the Punjab on March 29, 1849, and was made a province of British India, with Lahore as its capital. The province contained 34 princely states, whose local rulers were under the provincial governor's authority. The province was divided between India and Pakistan when they gained independence in 1947. Some small kingdoms ceded to Pakistan, such as Ratnavli. Maharaja Ranjit Singh was a Sikh ruler of the Punjab. ... The British East India Company, sometimes referred to as John Company, was a joint-stock company of investors, which was granted a Royal Charter by Elizabeth I on December 31, 1600, with the intent to favour trade privileges in India. ... March 29 - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... 1849 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... The British Raj is an informal term for the period of British rule of most of the Indian subcontinent, or present-day India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka (previously known as Ceylon). ... Lahore (لاةور) is a major city in Pakistan and is the capital of the province of Punjab. ... A princely state or native state was a feudal monarchy in British India ruled by a hereditary ruler, who was nominally sovereign. ... 1947 was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Ratnavli before 1947 Ratnavli was a small kingdom in the state of Punjab, India. ...

The Indian portion of the former province became Punjab state in 1950, while the former princely states federated into the Patiala and East Punjab States Union, or PEPSU. PEPSU was merged into Punjab state in 1956. Because Punjab included many Hindi speaking areas, many people in Punjab demanded a Punjabi speaking state. Punjab was divided along linguistic lines into Punjab, Haryana and Himachal Pradesh states in 1966. The 1966 reorganization created a smaller Punjab state populated mostly by Sikhs and a predominantly Hindu Haryana and Himachal Pradesh. Haryana includes the southern part of former Punjab and Himachal Pradesh includes the part of Punjab that lay in the Himalaya and its foothills.Chandigarh, on the boundary between East Punjab and Haryana, is the capital of both states, but is administered as a Union Territory from Delhi. Chandigarh was due to transfer to Punjab alone in 1986, but the transfer has been delayed while agreement is reached on the districts of Punjab that should be transferred to Haryana in exchange. Punjab (ਪੰਜਾਬ, पंजाब) is a state in northwest India, part of a larger Punjab region. ... The Patiala and East Punjab States Union (PEPSU) was a former state of India. ... 1956 was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Haryana (हरयाणा) is a state in northwest India. ... Himachal Pradesh (हिमाचल प्रदेश) is a state in northwest India. ... 1966 was a common year starting on Saturday (link goes to calendar) // Events January January 1 - In a coup, Colonel Jean-Bédel Bokassa ousts president David Dacko and takes over the Central African Republic. ... A Sikh is a follower of Sikhism, a religious faith originating in the Punjab. ... This article is about the Hindu religion; for other meanings of the word, see Hindu (disambiguation). ... The Himalaya is a mountain range in Asia, separating the Indian subcontinent from the Tibetan Plateau. ... Chandigarh is a city in India that serves as the capital of two states: Punjab and Haryana. ... Delhi (दिल्ली or DillÄ« in Hindi and Bengali and دیلی in Urdu) is a term that refers to either the State of Delhi or the National Capital Territory (NCT) of the Republic of India. ... Chandigarh is a city in India that serves as the capital of two states: Punjab and Haryana. ...

The Pakistani portion of the Punjab became one of Pakistan's four constituent province. Lahore, which is capital of the province, is the second largest city in Pakistan.

Religion

Sikhism is the main religion of the Indian Punjab. About 60% of the population are Sikhs, 37% is Hindu, and the remaining 3% is split between mostly Christians and Muslims. Indian Punjab contains the holy Sikh city of Amritsar. This city is regarded with as similar importance by Sikh as, Catholics would regard Vatican city. Islam is the religion of about 97% of the population of the Punjab in Pakistan. The language of the region is Punjabi. The Golden Temple is the most important sacred shrine for Sikhs Sikhism is a religion that developed in an environment heavily influenced by conflict between the Hindu and Muslim religions. ... A Sikh is a follower of Sikhism, a religious faith originating in the Punjab. ... Amritsar (Meaning: Pool of the Nectar of Immortality). ... Islam  listen? (Arabic: al-islām) the submission to God is a monotheistic faith, one of the Abrahamic religions, and the worlds second largest religion. ... Punjabi (sometimes spelled Panjabi) is the language of the Punjab regions of India and Pakistan. ...

Geography

Most of the Punjab is an alluvial plain, bounded by mountains to the North. Despite its dry conditions, it is a rich agricultural area due to the extensive irrigation made possible by the great river system traversing it. The Indian Punjab is the wealthiest state in the country per capita, with most of the revenue generated from agriculture. Punjab region Summer temperatures can reach 47° C (116.6° F). Punjab region temperature range: -10 to 50° C (MIN/MAX).aaa Alluvium is soil land deposited by a river or other running water. ...

Agricultural Region

This region, historical Punjab, is considered to be one of the most fertile regions on the Earth. Both east and west Punjab produce a relatively high proportions of India and Pakistan's food output. The region in Pakistan contributes to a huge percentage of Pakistan's GDP through agricultural output. The region is highly important for Wheat-growing. In addition, Rice, Sugar Cane, Fruits and Vegatables are also heavily grown. Both Indian and Pakistani Punjab are considered to have the best infrastructure of their respective countries. In addition, the Punjabi people, in both of their respective countries are statistically on average the wealthiest. Species T. boeoticum T. durum T. monococcum T. spelta References:   ITIS 42236 2002-09-22 Wheat (Triticum spp. ... Species References ITIS 41975 2002-09-22 This article is about the food grain, not the university or Condoleezza Rice; see also rice (disambiguation). ... Species Ref: ITIS 42058 as of 2004-05-05 Sugarcane is one of six species of a tall tropical southeast Asian grass (Family Poaceae) having stout fibrous jointed stalks whose sap at one time was the primary source of sugar. ... In botany, a fruit is the ripened ovary, together with its seeds, of a flowering plant. ...

Called "the Granary of India". Indian Punjab produces 1% of Rice, 2% of Wheat and 2% of Cotton of the World.

Early History

Main article: History of the Punjab Introduction The first known use of the word Punjab is in the book Tarikh-e-Sher Shah (1580), which mentions the construction of a fort by Sher Khan of Punjab. The name is mentioned again in Ain-e-Akbari (part 1), written by Abul Fazal, who also mentions that the...

The word "Punjab" was mentioned for the first time in the Persian work Tarikh-e-Sher Shah (1580). The book refers to the construction of a fort by Sher Khan of Punjab. The name is mentioned again in Ain-e-Akbari, Part 1, by Abul Fazal, who also mentions that the territory of Punjab was divided into the two provinces of Lahore and Multan. Similarly in the second volume of Aeen-e-Akbari a title of a chapter contains the word "Punjab" in it. Also the Mughal King Jahangir mentions the Punjab in Tuzk-i-Janhageer [Quraishee 73]. Lahore (لاةور) is a major city in Pakistan and is the capital of the province of Punjab. ... Masoleum of Rukn-i-Alam Multan is a city in Pakistan and capital of Multan district in the Punjab Province. ... The Mughal Empire (alternative spelling Mogul, which is the origin of the word Mogul) of India was founded by Babur in 1526, when he defeated Ibrahim Lodi, the last of the Delhi Sultans at the First Battle of Panipat. ... Nuruddin Jahangir (August 31, 1569 - October 28, 1627) was the ruler of the Mughal Empire from 1605 until 1627. ...

Archeologists have traced the signs of human habitation to times long before that of the Mughals' arrival. The upper basin of the Indus River and the Baluchistan Plateau hosted one of the earliest human civilizations, known as the Indus Valley Civilization. The first signs of human activity date from 7000 BC. The Indus Valley Civilization grew from small village settlements to highly-refined urban life. At its height, around 3000 BC, it boasted the splendid cities of Harrapa (near present day Sahiwal in West Punjab) and Mohenjo Daro in the lower Indus Valley. The story of the decline of the civilization, the full reasons for which are still unclear, is told through the remains of these cities. The decline is evidently linked to the desiccation of the main river that fed the civilisation on its shores. The Mughal Empire (alternative spelling Mogul, which is the origin of the word Mogul) of India was founded by Babur in 1526, when he defeated Ibrahim Lodi, the last of the Delhi Sultans at the First Battle of Panipat. ... The Indus (सिन्‍धु नदी) (known as Sindhu to Indians and in Sanskrit, as Sinthos in Greek, and Sindus in Latin) is the principal river of Pakistan. ... Baluchistan (or Balochistan), also known as Greater Baluchistan is an arid region of south Asia, presently split between Iran, Pakistan and Afghanistan. ... The Indus Valley Civilization existed along the Indus River in present-day Pakistan. ... (8th millennium BC – 7th millennium BC – 6th millennium BC – other millennia) Events circa 7000 BC – Agriculture and settlement at Mehrgarh in South Asia circa 6500 BC – English Channel formed circa 6100 BC – The Storegga Slide, causing a megatsunami in the Norwegian Sea circa 6000 BC – Neolithic Age in Korea circa... (31st century BC - 30th century BC - 29th century BC - other centuries) (4th millennium BC - 3rd millennium BC - 2nd millennium BC) Events 2925 - 2776 BC - First Dynasty wars in Egypt 2900 BC - Beginning of the Early Dynastic Period I in Mesopotamia. ... Harappa is a city in Punjab, northeast Pakistan, located beside a former course of the Ravi River; about 35km southwest of Sahiwal. ... Mohenjo-daro (literally, mound of the dead), like Harappa, was a city of the Indus Valley civilization. ... The Indus (सिन्‍धु नदी) (known as Sindhu in ancient times) is the principal river of Pakistan. ...

Further reading

• Patwant Singh. 1999. The Sikhs. New York: Doubleday. ISBN 0385502060.
• Indian Punjab Government Home Website: http://punjabgovt.nic.in
• Pakistani Punjab Government Home Website: http://www.punjab.gov.pk
• Sikh Archive Website: http://www.sikhs.org

Punjabis is a plural and refers to people who come from the area known as Punjab, which now lies across present-day Pakistan and India. It also refers to any body of people who speak the Punjabi language. Punjabi (sometimes spelled Panjabi) is the language of the Punjab regions of India and Pakistan. ...

See also: Punjabi language, History of the Punjab,Punjabi cuisine, Culture of Punjab Punjabi (sometimes spelled Panjabi) is the language of the Punjab regions of India and Pakistan. ... Introduction The first known use of the word Punjab is in the book Tarikh-e-Sher Shah (1580), which mentions the construction of a fort by Sher Khan of Punjab. The name is mentioned again in Ain-e-Akbari (part 1), written by Abul Fazal, who also mentions that the... Punjabi cuisine (from The Punjab region of Northern India) is mainly based upon Wheat, Masalas (spice), pure desi ghee, with liberal amounts of butter and cream. ...