Solid rivets

Metal wheel with riveted spokes and tyre.

A rivet is a mechanical fastener. Before it is installed it consists of a smooth cylindrical shaft with a head on one end. The end opposite the head is called the buck-tail. On installation the rivet is placed in a pre-drilled hole. Then the tail is "upset" (i.e. deformed) so that it expands to about 1.5 times the original shaft diameter and holds the rivet in place. To distinguish between the two ends of the rivet, the original head is called the factory head and the deformed end is called the shop head or buck-tail. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 450 × 600 pixelsFull resolution‎ (1,200 × 1,600 pixels, file size: 788 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 450 × 600 pixelsFull resolution‎ (1,200 × 1,600 pixels, file size: 788 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... For other uses, see Wheel (disambiguation). ... A fastener is a hardware device that mechanically joins or affixes two or more objects together. ... A right circular cylinder An elliptic cylinder In mathematics, a cylinder is a quadric surface, with the following equation in Cartesian coordinates: This equation is for an elliptic cylinder, a generalization of the ordinary, circular cylinder (a = b). ...

Because there is effectively a head on each end of an installed rivet it can support tension loads (loads parallel to the axis of the shaft); however, it is much more capable of supporting shear loads (loads perpendicular to the axis of the shaft). Bolts and screws are better suited for tension applications.

Fastenings used in traditional wooden boat building like copper nails and clinch bolts work on the principle of the rivet but they were in use long before the term rivet was invented. So, where they are remembered, they are usually classified among the nails and bolts respectively. Traditional boat building in South East Maluku, Indonesia. ... Clinker is a boat building technique used for constructing hulls of boats and ships by fixing wooden planks and in the early nineteenth century, iron plates to each other so that the planks overlap along their edges. ...

Types

There are a number of types of rivets, designed to meet different cost, accessibility, and strength requirements. These include solid rivets, blind rivets, multi-grip rivets, grooved rivets, peel type blind rivets, self-pierce rivets, plastic rivets, tubular rivets, etc. For other uses, see Plastic (disambiguation). ...

Solid rivets

Original rivet from the Forth Bridge.

Solid rivets are one of the oldest and most reliable types of fasteners, having been found in archaeological findings dating back to the Bronze Age. Solid rivets consist simply of a shaft and head which are deformed with a hammer or rivet gun. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2048x1536, 881 KB) Original rivet from the Forth Bridge. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2048x1536, 881 KB) Original rivet from the Forth Bridge. ... For the nearby road bridge, see Forth Road Bridge. ... Archaeology or sometimes in American English archeology (from the Greek words αρχαίος = ancient and λόγος = word/speech) is the study of human cultures through the recovery, documentation and analysis of material remains, including architecture, artefacts, biofacts, human remains, and landscapes. ... The Bronze Age is a period in a civilizations development when the most advanced metalworking has developed the techniques of smelting copper from natural outcroppings and alloys it to cast bronze. ...

A typical technical drawing of a universal head solid rivet

Solid rivets are used today in applications where reliability and safety count. A typical application for solid rivets can be found within the structural parts of aircraft. Hundreds of thousands of solid rivets are used to assemble the frame of a modern aircraft. Such solid rivets come with rounded (universal) or countersunk heads. Typical materials for aircraft rivets are aluminium alloys (2017,2024, 2117, 7050, 5056,55000,V-65), titanium, and nickel based alloys (e.g. Monel). Steel rivets can be found in static structures such as bridges, cranes, and building frames. Image File history File links Round_Head_Rivet. ... Image File history File links Round_Head_Rivet. ... Flying machine redirects here. ... A countersink is a tapered hole drilled with a wide outer portion. ... Screws come in a variety of shapes and sizes for different purposes. ... Look up material in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Aluminum redirects here. ... An alloy is a homogeneous hybrid of two or more elements, at least one of which is a metal, and where the resulting material has metallic properties. ... General Name, symbol, number titanium, Ti, 22 Chemical series transition metals Group, period, block 4, 4, d Appearance silvery metallic Standard atomic weight 47. ... For other uses, see Nickel (disambiguation). ... Monel is a trademark comprising a series of rustless (stainless) metal alloys, primarily composed of nickel (up to 67%) and copper, with some iron and other trace elements. ... For other uses, see Steel (disambiguation). ... This article is about the edifice (including an index to articles on specific bridge types). ... A modern crawler type derrick crane with outriggers. ... Old Executive Office Building, Washington D.C. Bank of China Tower, Hong Kong, China In architecture, construction, engineering and real estate development the word building may refer to one of the following: Any man-made structure used or intended for supporting or sheltering any use or continuous occupancy, or An...

The setting of these fasteners requires access to both sides of a structure. Solid rivets are driven using a hydraulically, pneumatically, or electromagnetically driven squeezing tool or even hand held hammers. Applications in which only one side is available require the use of blind rivets. Hydraulics is a branch of science and engineering concerned with the use of liquids to perform mechanical tasks. ... Pneumatics, from the Greek πνευματικός (pneumatikos, coming from the wind) is the use of pressurized air in science and technology. ... Electromagnetism is the physics of the electromagnetic field: a field which exerts a force on particles that possess the property of electric charge, and is in turn affected by the presence and motion of those particles. ... For other uses, see Tool (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Hammer (disambiguation). ...

Blind rivets

Three aluminium blind rivets: 1/8", 3/32", and 1/16"

Manual Hand Operated Riveter

Typical Pneumatic Riveter

Manual Lever Operated Riveter

Blind rivets are tubular and are supplied with a mandrel through the center. The rivet assembly is inserted into a hole drilled through the parts to be joined and a specially designed tool used to draw the mandrel into the rivet. This expands the blind end of the rivet and then the mandrel snaps off. Blind rivets are often avoided for critical structural joints because they generally have less load carrying capability than solid rivets. Furthermore, because of the mandrel they are more prone to failure from corrosion and vibration. A blind rivet consists of the rivet body and the setting device or the mandrel (sometimes called the nail or stem). Image File history File links en: Blind rivets. ... Image File history File links en: Blind rivets. ... Aluminum redirects here. ... A mandrel (pronounced , and also spelled mandril; in American English also called an arbor) is either an object used to shape machined work; a tool component that grips or clamps materials to be machined; or a tool component that can be used to grip other moving tool components. ... A mandrel (pronounced , and also spelled mandril; in American English also called an arbor) is either an object used to shape machined work; a tool component that grips or clamps materials to be machined; or a tool component that can be used to grip other moving tool components. ...

Prior to the adoption of blind rivets, installation of a solid rivet typically required two assemblers: one person with a rivet hammer on one side and a second person with a bucking bar on the other side. Seeking an alternative, inventors such as Carl Cherry and Lou Huck experimented with other techniques for expanding solid rivets. Unlike solid rivets, blind rivets can be inserted and fully installed in a joint from only one side of a part or structure, "blind" to the opposite side. For other uses, see Joint (disambiguation). ...

Due to this feature, blind rivets are mainly used when access to the joint is only available from one side. The rivet is placed in a pre-drilled hole and is set by pulling the mandrel head into the rivet body, expanding the rivet body and causing it to flare against the reverse side. As the head of the mandrel reaches the face of the blind side material, the pulling force is resisted, and at a predetermined force, the mandrel will snap at the break point of the mandrel. A tight joint formed by the rivet body remains, the head of the mandrel remains encapsulated at the blind side, although variations of this are available, and the mandrel stem is ejected. For other uses, see Joint (disambiguation). ...

The rivet body is normally manufactured from one of three methods:

• Wire, the most common method
• Tube, common in longer lengths, not normally as strong as wire
• Sheet, least popular and generally the weakest option.

There is a vast array of specialty blind rivets that are suited for high strength or plastic applications. Typical types include:

- TriFold, a rivet that splits into three equal legs like a molybolt. Typically used in soft plastics where a wide footprint is needed at the rear surface. Used in automotive interiors and vinyl fences.

- Structural Rivet(a), an "external" mechanically locked structural blind rivet that is used where a watertight, vibration resistant is of importance. Typically used in manfacture or repair of truck bodies. A special nose piece is required to apply this rivet.

- Structural Rivet(b), an "internal" mechanically locked structural blind rivet that is used where a watertight, vibration resistant is of importance. Typically used in manfacture or repair of truck bodies.

The typical assembly process requires the operator to install the rivet in the nose of the tool by hand then actuate the tool, however, in recent years automated riveting systems have become a popular in an effort to reduce assembly costs and repetitive disorders. The cost of such tools range from $1,500 for autofeed pneumatics to $50,000 for fully robotic systems.

Drive rivet

A drive rivet is a form of blind rivet that has a short mandrel protruding from the head that is driven in with a hammer to flare out the end inserted in the hole. This is commonly used to rivet wood panels into place since the hole does not need to be drilled all the way through the panel, producing an aesthetically pleasing appearance. They can also be used with plastic, metal, and other materials and require no special setting tool other than a hammer and possibly a backing block (steel or some other dense material) placed behind the location of the rivet while hammering it into place.

Applications

A riveted truss bridge over the Orange River.

A riveted buffer beam on a steam locomotive

Before welding techniques and bolted joints were developed, metal framed buildings and structures such as the Eiffel Tower, Shukhov Tower and the Sydney Harbour Bridge were generally held together by riveting. Also automobile chassis were riveted. Riveting is still widely used in applications where light weight and high strength are critical, such as in an aircraft. Many sheet-metal alloys are preferably not welded as deformation and modification of material properties can occur. Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution‎ (1,600 × 1,200 pixels, file size: 592 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution‎ (1,600 × 1,200 pixels, file size: 592 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... A truss bridge is a bridge composed of connected elements (typically straight) which may be stressed from tension, compression, or sometimes both in response to dynamic loads. ... This image shows only the last 100 kilometers or so of the Orange River. ... a close-up from a photo I took earlier today of a riveted bufferbeam on black five 45303 File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... a close-up from a photo I took earlier today of a riveted bufferbeam on black five 45303 File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Welding is a fabrication process that joins materials, usually metals or thermoplastics, by causing coalescence. ... There are three kinds of fastener given the name bolt. ... Old Executive Office Building, Washington D.C. Bank of China Tower, Hong Kong, China In architecture, construction, engineering and real estate development the word building may refer to one of the following: Any man-made structure used or intended for supporting or sheltering any use or continuous occupancy, or An... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... The Eiffel Tower (French: , ) is an iron tower built on the Champ de Mars beside the River Seine in Paris. ... Shukhov Tower in Moscow The Shukhov radio tower, also known as the Shabolovka tower (Russian: Шуховская башня) is a broadcasting tower in Moscow designed by Vladimir Shukhov. ... The Sydney Harbour Bridge is the main way to cross Sydney Harbour carrying rail, vehicular, and pedestrian traffic between the Sydney central business district (CBD) and the North Shore. ... Car redirects here. ... Look up Chassis in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... For other uses, see Weight (disambiguation). ... Flying machine redirects here. ...

Common but more exotic uses of rivets are to reinforce jeans and to produce the distinctive sound of a sizzle cymbal. Jeans are trousers traditionally made from denim, but may also be made from a variety of fabrics not including corduroy. ... A sizzle cymbal is a cymbal to which rivets, chains or other rattles have been added to modify the sound. ...

Joint analysis

The stress and shear in a rivet is analyzed like a bolted joint. However, it is not wise to combine rivets with bolts and screws in the same joint. Rivets fill the hole where they are installed to establish a very tight fit (often called interference fit). It is difficult or impossible to obtain such a tight fit with other fasteners. The result is that rivets in the same joint with loose fasteners will carry more of the load—they are effectively more stiff. The rivet can then fail before it can redistribute load to the other loose fit fasteners like bolts and screws. This often results in catastrophic failure of the joint when the fasteners "unzip". In general, a joint composed of similar fasteners is the most efficient because all fasteners will reach capacity simultaneously. Stress is a measure of force per unit area within a body. ... Shear stress is a stress state where the stress is parallel or tangential to a face of the material, as opposed to normal stress when the stress is perpendicular to the face. ... There are three kinds of fastener given the name bolt. ... Catastrophic failure is a sudden and total failure of some system from which recovery is impossible. ...

Installation

Manual installation of a solid rivet

There are several methods for installing rivets. Rivets that are small enough and soft enough are often "bucked"^[1]. In this process the installer places a rivet gun against the factory head and holds a bucking bar against the tail or a hard working surface. The bucking bar is a specially shaped solid block of metal. The rivet gun provides a series of high-impulse forces that upset the rivet in place. Rivets that are large or hard may be more easily installed by squeezing instead. In this process a tool in contact with each end of the rivet clinches to deform the rivet. Image File history File links Riveting. ... Image File history File links Riveting. ...

Rivets may also be upset by hand, using a ball-peen hammer. The head is placed in a special hole made to accommodate it, known as a rivet-set. The hammer is applied to the buck-tail of the rivet, rolling an edge so that it is flush against the fastened material. A 380 mm (15 in) ball-peen hammer. ...

High Strength Structural Steel Rivets (ASTM 502A)

Until relatively recently, structural steel connections were either welded or riveted. High-strength bolts have completely replaced structural steel rivets. Indeed, the latest steel construction specifications published by AISC (the 13th Edition) no longer covers their installation. The reason for the change is primarily due to the expense of skilled workers required to install high strength structural steel rivets. Whereas two relatively unskilled workers can install and tighten high strength bolts, it took a minimum of four highly skilled riveters to install rivets in one joint at a time.

At a central location near the areas being riveted, a furnace was set up. Rivets were placed in the furnace and heated to a glowing hot temperature, at which time the furnace operator would use tongs to individually remove and throw them to catchers stationed near the joints to be riveted. The catcher would place the glowing hot rivet into the hole to be riveted, and quickly turn around to await the next rivet. One worker would then hold a heavy rivet set against the round head of the rivet, while the hammerer would apply a pneumatic rivet hammer to the unformed head, causing it to mushroom tightly against the joint in its final domed shape. Upon cooling, the rivet would contract and exert further force tightening the joint. This process was repeated for each rivet. A furnace is a device for heating air or any other fluid. ... Tongs used for cooking or serving food Tongs are gripping and lifting tools, of which there are many forms adapted to their specific use. ...

The last commonly used high strength structural steel rivets were designated ASTM A502 Grade 1 rivets. ^[2]

Alternatives

• Nails
• Bolted joints
• Welding
• Soldering
• Folded joints
• Self-Pierce Riveting

This article is about the object used in construction. ... There are three kinds of fastener given the name bolt. ... Welding is a fabrication process that joins materials, usually metals or thermoplastics, by causing coalescence. ... (De)soldering a contact from a wire. ...

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Rivets

• Rosie the Riveter
• Riveting machines

Image File history File links Commons-logo. ... J. Howard Millers We Can Do It! - Many women first found economic strength in World War II-era manufacturing jobs. ... Riveting Machines are used to automatically set (squeeze) rivets in order to join materials together. ...

References