 A picture taken by a speed camera A Road safety camera is a system, including a camera and a vehicle-monitoring device, used to detect and identify vehicles disobeying a speed limit or some other road legal requirement. Examples include: Red-light camera in Beaverton, Oregon, on the intersection of Griffith Court and Oregon Highway 10. ...
Red-light camera in Beaverton, Oregon, on the intersection of Griffith Court and Oregon Highway 10. ...
Location in Oregon Coordinates: , County Washington County Incorporated 1893 Government - Mayor Rob Drake Area - City 42. ...
Official language(s) (none)[1] Capital Salem Largest city Portland Area Ranked 9th - Total 98,466 sq mi (255,026 km²) - Width 260 miles (420 km) - Length 360 miles (580 km) - % water 2. ...
Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1360x967, 1157 KB) (All user names refer to de. ...
Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1360x967, 1157 KB) (All user names refer to de. ...
This article is about the photographing device. ...
The Trikke is a Human Powered Vehicle (HPV) Automobiles are among the most commonly used engine powered vehicles. ...
A road speed limit is the maximum speed allowed by law for road vehicles. ...
- Speed cameras for identifying vehicles traveling over the legal speed limit. Many such devices use radar to detect a vehicle's speed.
- Red light cameras to detect vehicles which cross a stop-line or designated stopping place after a red traffic light shows.
- Bus lane cameras for identifying vehicles traveling in lanes reserved for buses. In some jurisdictions bus lanes can also be used by taxis and/or vehicles engaged in car pooling.
- Toll-booth cameras for identifying vehicles proceeding through a toll booth without the toll being paid.
- Level crossing cameras for identifying vehicles crossing railways at grade illegally.
- Congestion charge and electronic road pricing cameras for identifying vehicles for which the charge has not been paid.
- Double white line cameras for identifying vehicles crossing these lines.
- High-occupancy vehicle lane cameras for identifying vehicles violating the occupancy requirements.[1]
There are systems that are combinations of the above; for example, some systems detect both red-light and speed infringements. A road speed limit is the maximum speed allowed by law for road vehicles. ...
For other uses, see Radar (disambiguation). ...
“Traffic Signal†redirects here. ...
A bus lane in Mannheim, Germany A bus lane in Athens, Greece. ...
“Autobus†redirects here. ...
Car redirects here. ...
This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...
The term level crossing (also called a railroad crossing, railway crossing, train crossing or grade crossing) is a crossing on one level (at-grade intersection) — without recourse to a bridge or tunnel — of a railway line by a road, path, or another railroad. ...
An at-grade intersection is a junction at which two or more transport axes cross at the same level (or grade). ...
The white-on-red C marks all entrances to the congestion charge zone although in some areas the charge zone is poorly signed, and accidental journeys into the zone can occur The London congestion charge is a fee for some motorists entering the Central London area. ...
ERP gantry at North Bridge Road The Electronic Road Pricing (Abbreviation: ERP; Chinese: 电åé“路收费系统; Malay: Sistem Kadar Jalan Elektronik) scheme is an electronic toll collection scheme adopted in Singapore to manage traffic by road pricing, and as a usage-based taxation mechanism to complement the purchase-based Certificate of Entitlement system. ...
This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...
History Dutch company Gatsometer BV, founded by the 1950s rally driver Maurice Gatsonides, invented the first road-rule enforcement cameras. Gatsonides wished to better monitor his speed around the corners of a race track and came up with the device in order to improve his time around the circuit [2]. The company developed the first radar for use with road traffic, and is the world's largest supplier of speed camera systems. Because of this, in some countries all makes of speed cameras are sometimes generically referred to as "Gatsos". They are also sometimes referred to as "photo radar", even though many of them do not use radar. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (914x1182, 404 KB) File links The following pages link to this file: Road-rule enforcement camera User:Solipsist/additional images ...
Image File history File links Download high resolution version (914x1182, 404 KB) File links The following pages link to this file: Road-rule enforcement camera User:Solipsist/additional images ...
A Gatso speed camera Gatso is a brand of speed camera manufacturd by the Dutch company Gatsometer BV. The Gatso works by using radar to measure the speed of vehicles, and then photographing the vehicle from the rear, after it has passed the camera, if it is travelling above the...
the first thing that was invented was the automatic DILDO. Education grew explosively because of a very strong demand for high school and college education. ...
Petter Solberg driving on gravel at the 2006 Cyprus Rally, a World Rally Championship event. ...
Maurice Gatsonides (born February 14, 1911 - Died November, 1998) was a Dutch rally driver and inventor. ...
For other uses, see Radar (disambiguation). ...
This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ...
A Gatso speed camera Gatso is a brand of speed camera manufacturd by the Dutch company Gatsometer BV. The Gatso works by using radar to measure the speed of vehicles, and then photographing the vehicle from the rear, after it has passed the camera, if it is travelling above the...
The first systems introduced in the late 1960s used film cameras to take their pictures. From the late 1990s, digital cameras began to be introduced. Digital cameras can be fitted with a modem or other electronic interface to transfer images to a central processing location automatically, so they have advantages over film cameras in speed of issuing fines, and operational monitoring. However, film-based systems still provide superior image quality in the variety of lighting conditions encountered on roads, the lack of pixilation and in some jurisdictions are required by the courts (due to the ease with which digital images may be modified. New film-based systems are still being sold but digital pictures are providing the greater versatility (*not quality) due to ease of data transmission. The 1960s decade refers to the years from 1960 to 1969, inclusive. ...
Photographic film a sheet of plastic (polyester, celluloid (nitrocellulose) or cellulose acetate) coated with an emulsion containing light-sensitive silver halide salts (bonded by gelatin) with variable crystal sizes that determine the sensitivity or resolution of the film. ...
For the band, see 1990s (band). ...
A SiPix digital camera next to a matchbox to show scale Nikon D200 SLR with Nikon film scanner, which converts film images to digital A Hasselblad 503CW with a digital camera back A digital camera is an electronic device used to capture and store photographs digitally, instead of using photographic...
For other uses, see Modem (disambiguation). ...
FINE was created in 1998 and is an informal association of the four main Fair Trade networks: F Fairtrade Labelling Organizations International (FLO) I International Fair Trade Association (IFAT) N Network of European Worldshops (NEWS!) and E European Fair Trade Association (EFTA) // The aim of FINE is to enable these...
Mountain road with hairpin turns in the French Alps For other uses, see Road (disambiguation). ...
| | This article or section appears to contradict itself about whether film or digital provides the best quality. Please help fix this problem. | Image File history File links Emblem-contradict. ...
Technology Vehicle-detection systems used in conjunction with road-rule enforcement cameras include the following: - Piezo-electric strips - pressure-sensitive strips embedded in the roadway (a set distance apart if speed is to be measured - typically 1-3 metres).
- Doppler radar - a continuous radio signal is directed at a stretch of road, the vehicles and the change in frequency of the returned signal indicates the presence of a moving vehicle and the vehicle's speed.
- Loops - inductive loops embedded in the roadway detect the presence of vehicles, and with two loops a set distance apart vehicle speed can be measured.
- LIDAR - the time of flight of laser pulses is used to make a series of measurements of vehicle position, and from the series of measurements vehicle speed can be calculated.
- Automatic number plate recognition (ANPR) systems that use a form of optical character recognition to read the vehicle's licence or registration plate.
 Gatso Mobile Speed Camera, used in Victoria, Australia. The camera is mounted on the passenger side dash, whilst the black box on the front is the radar unit. Piezoelectricity is the ability of some materials (notably crystals and certain ceramics) to generate an electric potential[1] in response to applied mechanical stress. ...
This article is about pressure in the physical sciences. ...
This article is about the unit of length. ...
A source of waves moving to the left. ...
For other uses, see Frequency (disambiguation). ...
For magnetic induction, see Magnetic field. ...
This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...
The system must be able to deal with different styles of licence plates Automatic number plate recognition (ANPR; see also other names below) is a mass surveillance method that uses optical character recognition on images to read the licence plates on vehicles. ...
Optical character recognition, usually abbreviated to OCR, is a type of computer software designed to translate images of handwritten or typewritten text (usually captured by a scanner) into machine-editable text, or to translate pictures of characters into a standard encoding scheme representing them (e. ...
Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (2560 × 1920 pixel, file size: 1. ...
Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (2560 × 1920 pixel, file size: 1. ...
Mobile Systems Mobile systems can be vehicle-mounted, hand-held, tri-pod mounted or even concealed in items such as garbage bins. In vehicle-mounted systems, detection equipment and cameras can be mounted to the itself vehicle, or simply tri-pod mounted inside the vehicle and deployed out a window or door. If the camera is fixed to the vehicle, the enforcement vehicle does not necessarily have to be stationary, and can be move either with or against the flow of traffic. In the latter case, depending on the direction of travel, the target vehicle's relative speed is either added or subtracted from the enforcement vehicle's own speed to obtain its actual speed. The speedometer of the camera vehicle needs to be accurately calibrated. Relative velocity is a measurement of velocity between two objects moving in different frames of reference. ...
Speedometer gauge on a car, showing the speed of the vehicle in miles and kilometres per hour on the out– and inside respectively. ...
Calibration is the determination, by measurement or comparison with a standard, of the correct value of each reading on a measuring instrument. ...
Fixed Speed and Red-light Cameras Most red-light cameras, and many speed cameras, are fixed-site systems mounted in boxes or on poles beside the road. They are also often attached to gantries over the road, or to overpasses or bridges. In some areas such as New South Wales in Australia, there are more pre-configured fixed camera sites than actual cameras, with the camera equipment being rotated periodically between the sites. A gantry on the Acosta Bridge in Jacksonville, Florida A gantry is a traffic sign assembly in which signs are mounted on an overhead support. ...
Overpass in East Potomac Park, Washington, D.C. Flyover in Miami Beach, Florida An overpass (In UK, most Commonwealth countries flyover) is a bridge, road or similar structure that crosses over another road. ...
This article is about the edifice (including an index to articles on specific bridge types). ...
“NSW†redirects here. ...
With the introduction of digital technology, it is becoming more common for red-light cameras to also function as fixed speed cameras.
ANPR Fixed speed camera systems that measure the time taken by a vehicle to travel between two or more fairly distant sites (from several hundred metres to several hundred kilometres apart) are called automatic number plate recognition (ANPR) cameras. These cameras time vehicles over a known fixed distance, then calculate the vehicle's average speed for the journey. In principle, it's not possible to slow down momentarily while passing one of the cameras in order to avoid a prosecution as the average speed rather than the instantaneous speed is calculated. “km†redirects here. ...
The system must be able to deal with different styles of licence plates Automatic number plate recognition (ANPR; see also other names below) is a mass surveillance method that uses optical character recognition on images to read the licence plates on vehicles. ...
In the case of the Australian SAFE-T-CAM system, ANPR technology is also used in the case of long distance truck drivers to detecte avoidance of legally prescribed driver rest periods. For other uses, see Truck (disambiguation). ...
In the United Kingdom, automatic number plate recognition (ANPR) average-speed camera systems are known by the Home Office as SVDD (Speed Violation Detection Deterrent). More commonly, they are known by the public by their brand name - SPECS (Speed Enforcement Camera System [3]), a product of Speed Check Services Limited, or just as speed cameras/traps. They are frequently deployed at temporary roadworks sites on motorways, and are increasingly being used at fixed positions across the UK. The system must be able to deal with different styles of licence plates Automatic number plate recognition (ANPR; see also other names below) is a mass surveillance method that uses optical character recognition on images to read the licence plates on vehicles. ...
The modern concept of Small Office and Home Office or SoHo , or Small or Home Office deals with the category of business which can be from 1 to 10 workers. ...
SPECS cameras over motorway SPECS is a speed camera system manufactured by the British company Speed Check Services Limited. ...
This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
Use of ANPR is not limited to traffic-related law enforcement. Under the UK Home Office's "Project Laser", ANPR cameras log all the vehicles passing particular points in the national road network, allowing authorities to track the movement of vehicles and individuals across the country[1]. The modern concept of Small Office and Home Office or SoHo , or Small or Home Office deals with the category of business which can be from 1 to 10 workers. ...
Manufacturers of Road Safety Cameras
Verification and system testing In the UK, every speed camera must be calibrated and certified before the images from it are acceptable to the court, including the cameras used in police vehicles. Several speeding prosecutions have failed in the UK due to out of date calibration certificates.
The pictures taken by road-rule enforcement cameras may need to be viewed by a person, and judged to be satisfactory or not, before any infringement notice or ticket is issued. This step is known as verification, and may be a legal requirement in specific jurisdictions. Verifiers typically must check some or all of the following depending on the jurisdiction:
- that there is no sign of interference with the vehicle detector by objects other than the alleged speeding vehicle
- that the licence plate is unambiguously readable according to a legal standard
- that the make and model of vehicle matches that recorded by the licensing authority for the number plate
- that the appearance of the driver in the images is adequate in some way - for example, that it matches the picture on the driving licence of the vehicle's registered owner.
Generally, cameras must undergo approval testing and operational testing to ensure that they function adequately. In the United States, it is common for all installation, operation, and verification procedures to be carried out by private companies that in some states receive payment based on the number of infringements they issue, and often under no testing regime whatsoever.[2] A license plate, licence plate, number plate or registration plate (often referred to simply as a plate, or colloquially tag) is a small metal or plastic plate attached to a motor vehicle for official identification purposes. ...
Driving licences within the European Union are subdivided in different categories. ...
Issues Image File history File links Unbalanced_scales. ...
Political issues The use of road rule enforcement cameras is certainly contentious. There are a number of legal issues which arise as a result depending on local laws and the procedures used by the enforcing bodies. There are political issues associated with camera schemes which are often unpopular with motorists and in many areas motorists have lobbied against camera schemes. Finally, there are concerns as to whether road rule enforcement cameras genuinely do improve safety. In a number of jurisdictions, there was a degree of controversy surrounding the deployment of increasing numbers of speed and red-light cameras beginning in the late 1980s. Police and government were accused of "Big Brother tactics" in over-monitoring of public roads, and of "revenue raising" in applying cameras in ways to increase government revenue rather than improve road safety. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (480x640, 102 KB) Summary A red light camera warning sign, in Scarborough. ...
Image File history File links Download high resolution version (480x640, 102 KB) Summary A red light camera warning sign, in Scarborough. ...
Country Canada Province Ontario Established 1 January 1850 (township) 1 January 1967 (borough) Incorporated Amalgamation June 1983 (city) 1 January 1998 Government - Mayor David Miller (Toronto Mayor) - Governing Body Toronto City Council - MPs John Cannis, Jim Karygiannis, Derek Lee, John McKay, Dan McTeague, Tom Wappel - MPPs Bas Balkissoon, Lorenzo Berardinetti...
The 1980s refers to the years from 1980 to 1989. ...
Big Brother as portrayed in the BBCs 1954 production of Nineteen Eighty-Four. ...
Look up revenue in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
Often when camera deployment has been accompanied by large scale advertising campaigns explaining the justification and planned effects of such cameras, proponents argue that the public has accepted their use on a large scale. In other places, public responses have included spectacular vandalism of camera systems including attacks with explosives, tractors, cutting equipment, incendiary devices, rifles, and even attacks on camera operators, as forms of violent protest. In the United States, camera enforcement has been controversial since the first speed camera system issued a ticket in Friendswood, Texas in 1986 and La Marque, Texas in 1987.[3] Neither program lasted more than a few months before public pressure forced the systems to be dropped. Four times in the United States, cameras have been rejected after municipal votes. In Peoria, Arizona voters were the first to reject cameras by a 2-1 margin in 1991 followed by a similar vote in Batavia, Illinois in 1992.[4] Anchorage, Alaska rejected cameras in a 1997 referendum and Steubenville, Ohio did so in 2006. In 2002 the state of Hawaii experimented with photo radar vans but they were withdrawn months later due to public outcry. In 2005, the Virginia legislature declined to reauthorize its red light camera enforcement law after a study questioned their effectiveness[4], only to reverse itself in 2007 and allow cameras to return to any city with a population greater than 10,000. “Advert†redirects here. ...
Vandalism is the conspicuous defacement or destruction of a structure, a symbol or anything else that goes against the will of the owner/governing body. ...
This article is concerned solely with chemical explosives. ...
hey hey you no i rock at soccer cuz no i made the school team!! yay me aka katelyn ♥ Incendiary devices or incendiary bombs are bombs designed to start fires or destroy sensitive equipment using materials such as napalm, thermite, chlorine trifluoride, or white phosphorus. ...
This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
Demonstrators march in the street while protesting the World Bank and International Monetary Fund on April 16, 2005. ...
Friendswood is a city located in the U.S. state of Texas, partially in Galveston County and Harris County, within the Houston–Sugar Land–Baytown Metropolitan Area. ...
La Marque (formerly Lamarque) is a city in Galveston County, Texas within the Houston–Sugar Land–Baytown Metropolitan Area. ...
Year 1987 (MCMLXXXVII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link displays 1987 Gregorian calendar). ...
Peoria is a city located in Maricopa County, Arizona. ...
Batavia is a city in Kane County, Illinois. ...
Year 1992 (MCMXCII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar). ...
Nickname: Motto: Big Wild Life Location in the state of Alaska Coordinates: , Borough Municipality of Anchorage Government - Mayor Mark Begich (D) Area - Municipality 1,961. ...
Nickname: The City of Murals Location within the state of Ohio Country United States State Ohio County Jefferson Mayor Dominic Mucci (D) Area - City (Land) 26. ...
Official language(s) English, Hawaiian Capital Honolulu Largest city Honolulu Area Ranked 43rd - Total 10,931 sq mi (29,311 km²) - Width n/a miles (n/a km) - Length 1,522 miles (2,450 km) - % water 41. ...
Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...
This article is about the U.S. state. ...
Arkansas, Nebraska, Nevada, New Jersey, Utah, West Virginia and Wisconsin have also enacted various prohibitions on photo enforcement. In New York, red light cameras are allowed in New York City only, but speeding photo radars are illegal (except in toll booths equipped with E-ZPass). Official language(s) English Capital Little Rock Largest city Little Rock Largest metro area Little Rock Metropolitan Area Area Ranked 29th - Total 53,179 sq mi (137,002 km²) - Width 239 miles (385 km) - Length 261 miles (420 km) - % water 2. ...
Official language(s) English Capital Lincoln Largest city Omaha Largest metro area Omaha Area Ranked 16th - Total 77,421 sq mi (200,520 km²) - Width 210 miles (340 km) - Length 430 miles (690 km) - % water 0. ...
This article is about the U.S. State of Nevada. ...
“NJ†redirects here. ...
This article is about the U.S. state. ...
Official language(s) English Capital Charleston Largest city Charleston Area Ranked 41st - Total 24,244 sq mi (62,809 km²) - Width 130 miles (210 km) - Length 240 miles (385 km) - % water 0. ...
Official language(s) None Capital Madison Largest city Milwaukee Area Ranked 23rd - Total 65,498 sq mi (169,790 km²) - Width 260 miles (420 km) - Length 310 miles (500 km) - % water 17 - Latitude 42° 30′ N to 47° 05′ N - Longitude 86° 46′ W to 92° 53′ W Population Ranked...
This article is about the state. ...
New York, New York and NYC redirect here. ...
This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...
Many North Carolina cities including Charlotte, Greensboro, High Point, and Greenville have also shut down their red-light camera system (even though most are still abandoned in place). This was mostly due to laws governing that 90% of profits from speeding tickets must go to the school systems, thus making the system non-profitable. Official language(s) English Capital Raleigh Largest city Charlotte Largest metro area Charlotte metro area Area Ranked 28th - Total 53,865 sq mi (139,509 km²) - Width 150 miles (240 km) - Length 560[1] miles (901 km) - % water 9. ...
“Charlotte†redirects here. ...
Greensboro Skyline Greensboro redirects here. ...
Nickname: Location in Guilford County and the state of North Carolina Country United States State North Carolina Counties Guilford, Randolph, Davidson, Forsyth Government - Mayor Rebecca Smothers Area - City 95. ...
Nickname: Location of Greenville shown within North Carolina Coordinates: , Country State County Pitt County Settled 1771 Founded 1774 (Martinsborough) Founded 1786 (Greenville) Government - Mayor Ted Hendricks Area - City 26. ...
Some U.S. states that formerly allowed only red-light enforcement cameras (but not photo radar speed enforcement cameras), have now approved, or are considering, the implementation of photo radar. The Maryland legislature approved such a program in January 2006. In both 2005 and 2006 the California legislature considered, but did not pass, bills to implement photo radar.[5] Official language(s) None (English, de facto) Capital Annapolis Largest city Baltimore Area Ranked 42nd - Total 12,407 sq mi (32,133 km²) - Width 101 miles (145 km) - Length 249 miles (400 km) - % water 21 - Latitude 37° 53′ N to 39° 43′ N - Longitude 75° 03′ W to 79° 29...
Official language(s) English Capital Sacramento Largest city Los Angeles Largest metro area Greater Los Angeles Area Ranked 3rd - Total 158,302 sq mi (410,000 km²) - Width 250 miles (400 km) - Length 770 miles (1,240 km) - % water 4. ...
In the province of Ontario, Canada, Mike Harris was among the first to make photo radar a substantial election issue. He abolished the program after being chosen as premier in 1995. Motto: Ut Incepit Fidelis Sic Permanet (Latin: Loyal she began, loyal she remains) Capital Toronto Largest city Toronto Official languages English (de facto) Government - Lieutenant-Governor David C. Onley - Premier Dalton McGuinty (Liberal) Federal representation in Canadian Parliament - House seats 106 - Senate seats 24 Confederation July 1, 1867 (1st) Area...
Michael Deane Harris (born January 23, 1945, in Toronto, Ontario) was the twenty-second Premier of Ontario from June 26, 1995 to April 15, 2002. ...
In the UK speed cameras became a contentious political issue after the Department for Transport introduced Safety Camera Partnerships. This lead to the installation of a large number of cameras and enforced that the roughly 15% of the camera revenues that the partnership were able to retain were to be used only for road safety spending (which may or may not include more cameras [6]). This was a departure from the original proposal which was only going to permit spending on cameras and the support infrastructure. The council part of the partnership was not prevented from reducing its road safety budget by a similar amount, effectively channeling the money into its coffers. In 2004, the Conservative Party accused the government of "waging a war on drivers" and announced that, if it came to power, it would review the effectiveness of all cameras in England and Wales, scrapping those which were ineffective. In the United Kingdom, the Department for Transport is the government department responsible for the transport network. ...
Safety Camera Partnerships are Local Government based organisations, set up in the United Kingdom as part of The National Safety Camera Scheme. ...
Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
The Conservative Party (officially the Conservative and Unionist Party) is the second largest political party in the United Kingdom in terms of sitting Members of Parliament (MPs), the largest in terms of public membership, and the oldest political party in the United Kingdom. ...
For other uses, see England (disambiguation). ...
This article is about the country. ...
In July 2005 The Times reported "The Government is blocking the installation of nearly 500 new speed cameras amid signs that ministers are beginning to doubt the effectiveness of the devices." ([7] "Speed camera U-turn as 500 sites rejected", The Times, 15/7/2005) In December 2005 The Times reported "The safety benefits of speed cameras have been exaggerated, the Government admitted yesterday as it called a halt to their proliferation. Cameras do save lives, but far fewer than have been claimed." ([8] "Speed camera benefits overrated", The Times, 16/12/2005)
In February 2006, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada erupted in scandal when it was alleged that two police officers accepted bribes from private contractors who received lucrative contracts to provide photo radar. The officers and contractor involved now face criminal charges that remain before the courts. [9] In October 2006, a similar scandal erupted in St. Peters, Missouri after the mayor pleaded guilty to soliciting payment from a private contractor in return for his approval of an ordinance allowing the use of red light cameras.[10] Media:Example. ...
For other places with the same name, see Edmonton (disambiguation). ...
Motto: Fortis et liber(Latin) Strong and free Capital Edmonton Largest city Calgary Official languages English (see below) Government - Lieutenant-Governor Norman Kwong - Premier Ed Stelmach (PC) Federal representation in Canadian Parliament - House seats 28 - Senate seats 6 Confederation September 1, 1905 (split from Northwest Territories) (8th [Province]) Area Ranked...
A scandal is a widely publicized incident involving allegations of wrong-doing, disgrace, or moral outrage. ...
Bribery is the practice of offering a professional money or other favours in order to circumvent ethics in a variety of professions. ...
Legal issues Various legal issues arise from such cameras and the laws involved in how cameras can be placed and what evidence is necessary to prosecute a driver varies considerably in different legal systems (U.S. DOT Red Light Camera Systems Operational Guidelines). In some areas the cameras themselves have been ruled illegal. Other issues surround the actual type approval of cameras. For example, with the SPECS cameras (used in the UK to time motorists between two fixed camera sites), it has come to light that the system is approved for single lane use only. Thus, if a motorist has changed lane between camera sites, then the camera evidence is inadmissible as it falls outside of the system's approval. SPECS cameras over motorway SPECS is a speed camera system manufactured by the British company Speed Check Services Limited. ...
One issue is the potential conflict of interest when private contractors are paid a commission based on the number of tickets they are able to issue. Pictures from the San Diego red light camera systems were ruled inadmissible as court evidence in September 2001 (Judge's ruling). The judge said that the "total lack of oversight" and "method of compensation" made evidence from the cameras "so untrustworthy and unreliable that it should not be admitted". Flag Seal Nickname: Americas Finest City Location Location of San Diego within San Diego County Coordinates , Government County San Diego Mayor City Attorney City Council District One District Two District Three District Four District Five District Six District Seven District Eight Jerry Sanders (R) Michael Aguirre Scott Peters Kevin...
A trial at the Old Bailey in London as drawn by Thomas Rowlandson and Augustus Pugin for Ackermanns Microcosm of London (1808-11). ...
The law of evidence governs the use of testimony (e. ...
Year 2001 (MMI) was a common year starting on Monday (link displays the 2001 Gregorian calendar). ...
Another common issue is a challenge to the accuracy of the cameras. Cameras which give false positive results can cause legal issues. For example, a speed camera which reports the wrong speed may result in an attempted prosecution of a driver who was not speeding. In particular the cameras have often been accused of photographing the wrong car. Type I errors (or α error, or false positive) and type II errors (β error, or a false negative) are two terms used to describe statistical errors. ...
Some legal issues arise from the use of digital images instead of film, with claims that digital images could be created artificially. In August 2005, in Sydney, Australia a speed camera photograph was challenged on the basis that an MD5 signature was insufficient to protect the photograph from tampering. Magistrate Lawrence Lawson demanded that the Roads and Traffic Authority produce an expert witness who could prove the photographs were tamper-proof and the RTA was unable to provide such evidence. The defendant was found innocent and awarded court costs. Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...
This is about the city of Sydney in Australia. ...
In cryptography, MD5 (Message-Digest algorithm 5) is a widely used cryptographic hash function with a 128-bit hash value. ...
In some U.S. jurisdictions (primarily California, Arizona, Illinois), also in Sweden and Norway, the law says that the camera needs to obtain a photo of the driver's face, of sufficient quality to convince the judge that he is convicting the actual driver, not someone else who had access to the vehicle. Some California cities send registered owners a document that looks like a real camera ticket (but in fact has no legal weight) in an effort to get the owner to identify the driver responsible for the offense. [11]. Official language(s) English Capital Sacramento Largest city Los Angeles Largest metro area Greater Los Angeles Area Ranked 3rd - Total 158,302 sq mi (410,000 km²) - Width 250 miles (400 km) - Length 770 miles (1,240 km) - % water 4. ...
Official language(s) English Spoken language(s) English 74. ...
Official language(s) English[1] Capital Springfield Largest city Chicago Largest metro area Chicago Metropolitan Area Area Ranked 25th - Total 57,918 sq mi (149,998 km²) - Width 210 miles (340 km) - Length 390 miles (629 km) - % water 4. ...
The UK operates a similar system, where the owners of vehicles photographed on camera are contacted with a 'Notice of Intended Prosecution' (NIP) requiring them to provide the name and address of the driver. Several drivers are challenging this under the Human Rights Act 1998 on the grounds that this amounted to a 'compulsory confession' under the European Convention of Human Rights they could not be required to give evidence against themselves, that the police in obtaining this confession are not acting in accordance with the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (PACE) and that since the camera partnerships that include the police, local authorities, Magistrates Courts Service (MCS) and Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) are not independent, having a joint financial interest in the fine revenue and therefore defendants do not get a fair trial. Although their plea was initially granted by a judge, it was later overturned, and was considered serious enough breach of human rights by the human rights campaign group Liberty that this matter is to be heard in the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), and the European Court of Justice (ECJ). Also there are questions as to whether or not government is contravening their citizen's rights under the Bill of Rights 1689 and the Magna Carta the founding principles of UK's democratic constitution. Some states of Australia have a similar system where the owner must report the driver or pay himself. The Human Rights Act 1998 is an Act of Parliament of the United Kingdom which received Royal Assent on November 9, 1998, and mostly came into force on October 2, 2000. ...
The Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (PACE) (1984 c. ...
European Court of Human Rights building in Strasbourg The European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), often referred to informally as the Strasbourg Court, was created to systematise the hearing of human rights complaints against States Parties to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, adopted by...
European Court of Justice building, Luxembourg The Court of Justice of the European Communities, usually called the European Court of Justice (ECJ), is the highest court of the European Union (EU). ...
English Bill of Rights (1689). ...
Magna Carta Magna Carta (Latin for Great Charter, literally Great Paper), also called Magna Carta Libertatum (Great Charter of Freedoms), is an English charter originally issued in 1215. ...
Other U.S. states and provinces of Canada such as Alberta are "owner liability" jurisdictions where the issue of driver identification is avoided by not issuing demerit points for camera infractions. Instead, the registered owner of the vehicle must pay all such fines regardless of whether he was driving at the time of the offense. Most U.S. jurisdictions release the owner from liability if he signs a form identifying the actual driver and that individual pays the fine. However, the resulting lack of long-term repercussions for repeated photo radar offenses has been criticized by some as giving a "license to speed" to those who can more easily afford speeding fines. Canada consists of ten provinces and three territories. ...
Motto: Fortis et liber(Latin) Strong and free Capital Edmonton Largest city Calgary Official languages English (see below) Government - Lieutenant-Governor Norman Kwong - Premier Ed Stelmach (PC) Federal representation in Canadian Parliament - House seats 28 - Senate seats 6 Confederation September 1, 1905 (split from Northwest Territories) (8th [Province]) Area Ranked...
In Albuquerque, New Mexico, the city government attempted to bypass the legal issue of a defendant's right to cross-examine his accuser, as well as the issue of verifying the driver's identity. Automated red-light and speeding offenses are classed as public nuisances and fined to the vehicle's registered owner as civil violations, not as criminal offenses. This article is about the largest city of New Mexico. ...
Capital Santa Fe Largest city Albuquerque Largest metro area Albuquerque metropolitan area Area Ranked 5th - Total 121,665 sq mi (315,194 km²) - Width 342 miles (550 km) - Length 370 miles (595 km) - % water 0. ...
Nuisance is a common law tort. ...
In the U.S. state of Ohio, the issue of whether a city has jurisdiction under the Ohio Constitution to issue citations based on speed cameras will be heard by the Ohio Supreme Court on September 18, 2007, in the case of Kelly Mendenhall et al. v. The City of Akron et al.[12][13] Official language(s) English de facto Capital Columbus Largest city Columbus Largest metro area Greater Cleveland Area Ranked 34th - Total 44,825 sq mi (116,096 km²) - Width 220 miles (355 km) - Length 220 miles (355 km) - % water 8. ...
The Ohio Constitution is the basic governing document of the State of Ohio, which in 1803 became the 17th state to join the United States of America. ...
The Ohio Supreme Court is the highest court in the U.S. state of Ohio, with final authority over interpretations of Ohio law and the Ohio Constitution. ...
Nickname: The Rubber Capital of the World Location within the state of Ohio Country United States State Ohio County Summit Founded 1825 Incorporated 1835 (village) - 1865 (city) Government - Mayor Don Plusquellic (D) Area - City 62. ...
Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2210x1885, 466 KB) [edit] Summary [edit] Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Road-rule enforcement camera Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the...
Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2210x1885, 466 KB) [edit] Summary [edit] Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Road-rule enforcement camera Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the...
Springfield is the county seat of Clark County in the State of Ohio. ...
Issues of effectiveness
UK Based Studies In the UK the effectiveness issue has become particularly contentious since the introduction of Safety Camera Partnerships. Studies in the UK have provided analysis of the effects of speed cameras deployed by Safety Camera Partnerships. Safety Camera Partnerships are Local Government based organisations, set up in the United Kingdom as part of The National Safety Camera Scheme. ...
An initial three-year study commissioned by the Department for Transport (DfT) [14] showed that vehicle speeds dropped by seven percent at sites where cameras were installed and claimed that "at camera sites, there was also a reduction of over 100 fatalities per annum (40% fewer). There were 870 fewer people killed or seriously injured and 4,030 fewer personal injury collisions per annum. There was a clear correlation between reductions in speed and reductions in PICs" (personal injury collisions). The three year DfT report was criticised in some quarters for giving only a small amount of attention to the phenomenon of regression to the mean (RTM). Since the cameras were placed at sites where a high number of accidents had been observed, a lower number of accidents might be expected in subsequent years simply by random chance. Professor Mervyn Stone of the The Department of Statistical Science at University College London was commissioned by the BBC Radio Four Today Programme to write a report[5] about UK speed cameras and also Traffic Calming. His report criticises some of the methodologies used in some speed camera studies (including the DfT three year report) and in particular he mentions the RTM effect. In the United Kingdom, the Department for Transport is the government department responsible for the transport network. ...
Regression toward the mean refers to the fact that those with extreme scores on any measure at one point in time will, for purely statistical reasons, probably have less extreme scores the next time they are tested. ...
Affiliations University of London Russell Group LERU EUA ACU Golden Triangle G5 Website http://www. ...
BBC Radio 4 is a British domestic radio station which broadcasts a wide variety of chiefly spoken-word programmes including news, drama, comedy, science and history. ...
Today, sometimes referred to as the Today programme to avoid ambiguity, is BBC Radio 4s long-running early morning news and current affairs programme, which is now broadcast from 6am to 9am from Monday to Friday and from 7am to 9am on Saturdays. ...
Traffic calming is a set of strategies used by urban planners and traffic engineers which aim to slow down or reduce traffic, thereby improving safety for pedestrians and bicyclists as well as improving the amenity of the street for residents and visitors. ...
A follow-up four-year independent study commissioned by the DfT [15] concluded "after allowing for the long-term trend, but without allowing for selection effects (such as regression-to-mean) there was a 22% reduction in personal injury collisions (PICs) at sites after cameras were introduced. Overall 42% fewer people were killed or seriously injured. At camera sites, there was also a reduction of over 100 fatalities per annum (32% fewer). There were 1,745 fewer people killed or seriously injured and 4,230 fewer personal injury collisions per annum in 2004." In addition, the four year report includes statistical modeling of the RTM effect based on a reduced set of camera sites for which suitable data was available (see [16] appendix H --- tables H3 and H7). Rural roads were excluded from the RTM modeling, because of difficulties establishing representative models for such roads, although the report does state it is likely that RTM effects will be larger for rural roads because expected collision frequencies tend to be lower than on urban roads. The report urges caution in drawing too strong conclusions from a small data set. Based on the RTM modeling undertaken the report suggests that for personal injury collisions (non-serious collisions resulting in injuries) a 16.2% reduction in injuries was due to the cameras, a 6.7% reduction was due to regression to the mean and a 7.9% reduction was due to the general downward trend in accidents over the period. For fatal and serious collisions, the modeling estimated a 10.4% reduction in such collisions due to the cameras, a 34.8% reduction due to regression to the mean and a 9.3% reduction due to general downward trends in accident rates.
A 2006 DfT report "Contributory factors to road accidents"[6] uses STATS19 data to analyse accidents have speed as a contributory factor. The factors "exceeding the speed limit" or "going too fast for conditions" were judged by officers at the scene of road accidents. It was suggested that "exceeding the speed limit" would be marked as a cause if the officer had reason to believe from external evidence (for example "skid marks on the road") that the driver was doing so. Exceeding the speed limit was said to be a factor in 12% of fatal road accidents and 5% of all road accidents. Road Casualties Great Britain (RCGB), formerly Road Accidents Great Britain (RAGB) is the official statistical publication of the UK Department for Transport (DfT) on traffic casualties, fatalities and related road safety data. ...
An independent UK-based controlled study[7] uses STATS19 data to show that speed cameras are effective at reducing accidents and injuries but added that wider deployment would improve their effectiveness. Road Casualties Great Britain (RCGB), formerly Road Accidents Great Britain (RAGB) is the official statistical publication of the UK Department for Transport (DfT) on traffic casualties, fatalities and related road safety data. ...
Two 2006 UK studies have questioned the accuracy of STATS19 data when used to look at serious injury rates since there is ambiguity in whether an injury is judged serious or minor and the UK police records do not match hospital admission records. The first study "Changes in safety on England’s roads: analysis of hospital statistics", published by the British Medical Journal[8] concludes that "the overall fall seen in police statistics for non-fatal road traffic injuries probably represents a fall in completeness of reporting of these injuries". The second study "Under-reporting of Road Casualties – Phase 1", published by the DfT,[9] recommends that reports should not rely solely on STATS19 injury data (none of the reports mentioned do). Road Casualties Great Britain (RCGB), formerly Road Accidents Great Britain (RAGB) is the official statistical publication of the UK Department for Transport (DfT) on traffic casualties, fatalities and related road safety data. ...
The British Medical Journal (BMJ) is a medical journal published weekly in the United Kingdom by the British Medical Association (BMA)which published its first issue in 1845. ...
US Based Studies In the United States, questions of effectiveness have centered on the more common red light cameras. A number of government-sponsored studies have addressed the question of whether, on balance, the devices produce a safety benefit. A U.S. Safety Evaluation of Red-Light Cameras, for example, found that red light cameras led to a decrease in right-angle crashes and a smaller increase in the number of rear-end collisions. The study applied estimates from a 1997 study of the cost of accidents based on severity to conclude the cameras yielded a positive overall cost benefit from a reduction in more expensive right-angle injury collisions.
A 2005 Virginia Department of Transportation study of the long-term effect of camera enforcement in the state found a decrease in the number of right-angle crashes, but an increase in rear-end crashes and an overall increase in the number of accidents causing injuries. The report recommended further study of the issue to determine whether the severity of the eliminated red light running crashes was greater than that of the induced rear-end crashes. The department released a more extensive evaluation of the data in 2007 which showed that the overall number of accidents at intersections with red light cameras increased in four of the five cities using the technology. Fairfax City reported a 7% drop in the overall number of accidents and a 5% drop in injury accidents while overall the state's cameras were correlated with a 29% increase in overall accidents and an 18% increase in injury accidents. (Study text in PDF). The Virginia Department of Transportation, or VDOT, is the government agency responsible for building, maintaining and operating Virginias roads, bridges and tunnels. ...
A 2004 Texas Transportation Institute study found, "crashes decrease with an increase in yellow interval duration and a reduction in speed limit." After 1.0 second was added to the yellow signal timing at test intersections, accidents dropped by 35 to 40%. This compares with a 6.4% reduction for "area-wide officer enforcement of intersection traffic control devices... during the time of the enforcement activity" (Study text in PDF). The Texas Transportation Institute (TTI) is a department at Texas A&M University that does research on transportation to increase the safety and efficiency of vehicles (as well as roads and rails, in the case of ground transport). ...
A 2005 study of the Raleigh, North Carolina red light camera program conducted by the Institute for Transportation Research and Education at North Carolina State University compared “before” and “after” red-light camera intersection data and found right-angle crashes dropped by 42 percent, rear-end crashes dropped by 25 percent and total accidents dropped by 22 percent. ([17]) For other uses of this name, see Raleigh. ...
In the state of Victoria, Australia, widespread and increased use of speed cameras has given rise to public criticism over whether the collection of over $400 million in speed camera revenue during the 2003-04 financial year raises questions of fairness and equity. With drivers being fined for speeding at only a few km/h above the speed limit and receiving the infringement notice up to months later, many have questioned whether there may be education and enforcement measures available that place less of an imposition on motorists. [citation needed] Motto: Peace and Prosperity Other Australian states and territories Capital Melbourne Governor HE Mr John Landy Premier Steve Bracks (ALP) Area 237,629 km² (6th) - Land 227,416 km² - Water 10,213 km² (4. ...
Counter technology
 A device warning of known camera locations via GPS and a POI database. Methods used to avoid detection by cameras include: Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1853x1554, 1083 KB) Other versions Originally from en. ...
Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1853x1554, 1083 KB) Other versions Originally from en. ...
Over fifty GPS satellites such as this NAVSTAR have been launched since 1978. ...
A point of interest, or POI, is a specific point location that someone may find useful or interesting. ...
- Braking just before a camera in order to travel past it below the speed limit. (This method may not work for average speed cameras though, that use the time taken to covered a known distance between two points to calculate average speed, as opposed to measuring a vehicle's speed at only a single point). The driver needs to know the location of a camera in order to react in time. Methods that drivers use to locate cameras include:
- Sighting the camera, camera operator(s) or their vehicle.
- Memory, assuming the driver has seen the camera previously.
- Word of mouth or public broadcast (for example from a radio station).
- Publicly available information, including websites listing camera locations.
- Warnings from other motorists (for example via CB radio, hand signals or flashing headlights)
- Seeing the reactions of other motorists ahead of them (e.g. braking)
- Devices such as passive laser detectors and radar detectors, which detect when the vehicle's speed is being monitored and warn the driver (these may be illegal in some areas).
- Devices such as laser jammers and radar jammers, which actively "jam" the laser and radar by returning a scrambled signal which the speeding camera cannot process (these may be illegal in some areas).
- Devices which use a Global Positioning System and a database of known camera locations (Points of Interest) to warn the driver when a camera is nearby. This method relies on an up-to-date database of camera positions.
- Removing, falsifying or obscuring the vehicle license plate. It is often illegal if the plate cannot be read by other people or by a Road safety camera. Treatments which claim to obscure the plates from cameras, but leave them visible to other drivers are typically considered to be of dubious efficacy. Such treatments include the use of anti-flash spray that adds a high-gloss finish to the plate (causing the camera's flash to over-expose the picture making the plate unreadable), or an infrared filter (that renders the number unreadable when illuminated by the infrared flashlights of certain speed cameras).
- Drivers obscuring their faces to avoid being identified. As summonses from certain cameras require drivers' faces in addition to vehicular license plates, drivers whose faces are obscured (including motorcyclists wearing full-face helmets) have avoided the issuance of certain summonses.
- In the case of photographic cameras that operate by measuring the short distance travelled by a vehicle in the brief interval between two timed photographs, there are theories that a "maximum speed" exists. Thus, a vehicle travelling at or above this speed will have passed through the camera's field of view before the second photograph is taken, rendering measurement impossible. Estimates vary, but a figure of 170mph (274km/h) is commonly cited[citation needed]. In 2005 the BBC television programme Top Gear tested this theory, with inconclusive results. This theory is also commonly extended to radar and lidar devices, but its effectiveness is questionable.
On the American television program MythBusters episode Speed Cameras, the hosts use various methods to attempt to trick or diminish the effectiveness of road safety cameras with mixed results. Citizens band radio (CB) is, in the United States, a system of short distance radio communication between individuals on a selection of 40 channels within the single 27 MHz (11 meter) band. ...
An early radar detector A radar detector, sometimes called a fuzz buster, is an electronic device used by motorists to determine if their speed is being monitored by a radar unit. ...
Radar jamming and deception is the intentional emission of radio frequency signals to interfere with the operation of a radar by saturating its receiver with noise or false information. ...
GPS redirects here. ...
A point of interest, or POI, is a specific point location that someone may find useful or interesting. ...
// Introduction A license plate, number plate or registration plate (often referred to simply as a plate, or colloquially tag) is a small metal or plastic plate attached to a motor vehicle for official identification purposes. ...
For other uses, see Infrared (disambiguation). ...
For the original series, see Top Gear (original format). ...
This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...
MythBusters is an American popular science television program on the Discovery Channel starring special effects experts Adam Savage and Jamie Hyneman, who use basic elements of the scientific method to test the validity of various rumors and urban legends in popular culture. ...
// Original Airdate: January 10, 2007 Original Airdate: January 24, 2007 According to the American Automobile Association, an estimated 11,000 vehicles crashed into bodies of water in one year. ...
See also The field of road safety is concerned with reducing the numbers or the consequences of vehicle crashes, by developing and implementing management systems ideally based in a multidisciplinary and holistic approach, with interrelated activities in a number of fields. ...
Road traffic control involves directing vehicular and pedestrian traffic around a construction zone, accident or other road disruption, thus ensuring the safety of emergency response teams, construction workers and the general public. ...
Safe Speeds logo, a roundel with the groups initials. ...
This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
Professor John Brignell was educated at Stationers’ Company’s School an |
