Robert Ardrey (b. October 16, 1908, Chicago, Illinois—d. January 14, 1980, South Africa) was an American playwright and screenwriter who returned to his academic training in anthropology and the behavioral sciences in the 1950s. October 16 is the 289th day of the year (290th in leap years). ... 1908 (MCMVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar). ... Nickname: The Windy City, The Second City, Chi Town, City of the Big Shoulders, The 312, The City that Works. Motto: Urbs In Horto (Latin: City in a Garden), I Will Location in Chicagoland and Illinois Coordinates: Country United States State Illinois County Cook & DuPage Incorporated March 4, 1837 Government... Official language(s) English Capital Springfield Largest city Chicago Largest metro area Chicago Area  Ranked 25th  - Total 57,918 sq mi (149,998 km²)  - Width 210 miles (340 km)  - Length 390 miles (629 km)  - % water 4. ... January 14 is the 14th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1980 (MCMLXXX) was a leap year starting on Tuesday. ... Template:Unsourced A playwright, also known as a dramatist, is someone who writes dramatic literature or drama. ... Screenwriters, scenarists or script writers, are authors who write the screenplays from which movies and television programs are made. ... Plato is credited with the inception of academia: the body of knowledge, its development and transmission across generations. ... Anthropology is the study of the physical and social characteristics of humanity through the examination of historical and present geographical distribution, cultural history, acculturation, and cultural relationships. ... Behavioural sciences (or Behavioral science) is a term that encompasses all the disciplines that explores the behaviour and strategies within and between organisms in the natural world. ... // Recovering from World War I and its aftermath, the economic miracle emerged in West Germany and Italy. ...

African Genesis and The Territorial Imperative, Robert Ardrey's most widely read works, as well as Desmond Morris's The Naked Ape, were key elements of the public discourse in the 1960s which challenged previous anthropological assumptions. Dr Desmond Morris (born 24 January 1928 in the village of Purton, UK) is most famous for his work as a zoologist and ethologist. ... Rationale for freedom of expression based on an analogy of communication to goods in the economic marketplace. ... The 1960s decade refers to the years from January 1, 1960 to December 31, 1969, inclusive. ...

Paleoanthropology

As a science writer for the informed non-specialist reader in paleoanthropology, which encompasses anthropology, ethology, paleontology and human evolution, Robert Ardrey was among the most articulate proponents of the hunting hypothesis and the killer ape theory. A Science book is a work of nonfiction, usually written by a scientist, researcher, or professor like Stephen Hawking (A Brief History of Time), or sometimes by a non-scientist such as Bill Bryson (A Short History of Nearly Everything). ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Anthropology is the study of the physical and social characteristics of humanity through the examination of historical and present geographical distribution, cultural history, acculturation, and cultural relationships. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Paleontology, palaeontology or palæontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... The hunting hypothesis is the hypothesis that human evolution was primarily influenced by the activity of hunting, and that the activity of hunting distinguished human ancestors from other primates. ... The killer ape theory or killer ape hypothesis is the theory that war and interpersonal aggression was the driving force behind human evolution. ...

Ardrey postulated that precursors of Australopithecus survived millions of years of drought in the Miocene and Pliocene epochs, as the savannah spread and the forests shrank, by adapting the hunting ways of carnivorous species. Changes in survival techniques and social organisation gradually differentiated pre-humans from other primates. Concomitant changes in diet potentiated unique developments in the human brain. Species †A. afarensis (Lucy) †A. africanus †A. anamensis †A. bahrelghazali †A. garhi Formerly Australopithecus, now Paranthropus † † † For the song Australopithecus by Modest Mouse, see Sad Sappy Sucker. ... The Miocene Epoch is a period of time that extends from about 23. ... The Pliocene epoch (spelled Pleiocene in some older texts) is the period in the geologic timescale that extends from 5. ... Savannah may refer to: Four cities in the United States: Savannah, Georgia, a city known for its historic district Savannah River, which flows past the Georgia city Savannah River Site, a nuclear facility near Augusta, Georgia, upriver from Savannah Savannah, Missouri Savannah, New York Savannah, Tennessee sav is so awesome... Temperate rainforest on Northern Slopes of the Alborz mountain ranges, Iran A dense growth of softwoods (a conifer forest) in the Sierra Nevada Range of Northern California A decidous broadleaf (Beech) forest in Slovenia. ... This tigers sharp teeth and strong jaws are the classical physical traits expected from carnivorous mammalian predators A carnivore (IPA: ), meaning meat eater (Latin carne meaning flesh and vorare meaning to devour), is an animal that eats a diet consisting mainly of meat, whether it comes from live animals... Herbert Spencer coined the phrase survival of the fittest Survival of the fittest is a phrase which is a shorthand for a concept relating to competition for survival or predominance. ... Social organization or social institution is a group of social positions, connected by social relations, performing a social role. ... Families 15, See classification A primate (L. prima, first) is any member of the biological order Primates, the group that contains all the species commonly related to the lemurs, monkeys, and apes, with the latter category including humans. ... A sketch of the human brain by artist Priyan Weerappuli, imposed upon the profile of Michelangelos David. ...

The killer ape theory posits that aggression, a vital factor in hunting prey for food, was a fundamental characteristic which distinguished prehuman ancestors from other primates. Aggression is sometimes used to intimidate and coerce during extremely rigorous physical training. ... [[Image:Hawk eating prey. ...

These themes have been investigated in academia by, among others: Plato is credited with the inception of academia: the body of knowledge, its development and transmission across generations. ...

• Konrad Lorenz: On Aggression (1966)
• University of Chicago "Man the Hunter" symposium (1966): Richard B. Lee and Irven DeVore , eds., Man the Hunter: Symposium on Man the Hunter, University of Chicago. Chicago: Aldine Publishing.
• Sherwood Washburn and Chet Lancaster: Man the Hunter (1968). (Washburn's students Lee and DeVore organised the1966 Chicago conference.)
• Craig Stanford: The Hunting Apes: Meat Eating and the Origins of Human Behavior, Princeton University Press (2001).

Lorenz being followed by his imprinted geese Konrad Zacharias Lorenz (November 7, 1903 in Vienna – February 27, 1989 in Vienna) was an Austrian zoologist, animal psychologist, and ornithologist. ... On Aggression is a book by ethologist Konrad Lorenz on instinctual aggression within animals and humans. ... {{Infobox_University |image_name= Chicago_Seal. ... Jimmy Wales speaking at Wikimania conference. ... Richard Borshay Lee is an anthropologist who has studied at the University of Toronto and Berkeleys University of California, where he received a Ph. ... Irven DeVore is an anthropologist and Curator of Primatology at Harvard Universitys Peabody Museum. ... Craig Stanford is a professor in the departments of Anthropology and Biology at the University of Southern California. ... The Princeton University Press is a publishing house, a division of Princeton University, that is highly respected in academic publishing. ...

Researchers

Some of the scientists whose research particularly informed Robert Ardrey's scientific investigations, and with several of whom Ardrey consulted at length while developing his four major works in Africa from the 1940s through the 1970s, include: The word research derives from the French recherche, from rechercher, to search closely where chercher means to search (see French language); its literal meaning is to investigate thoroughly. Research is a human activity based on intellectual investigation and aimed at discovering, interpreting, and revising human knowledge on different aspects of... A world map showing the continent of Africa Africa is the worlds second-largest and second most-populous continent, after Asia. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... The 1970s decade refers to the years from 1970 to 1979, inclusive. ...

• Warder Clyde Allee (W.C. Allee)
• Charles Kimberlin Brain (C.K. Brain)
• Robert Broom
• Clarence Ray Carpenter (C.R. Carpenter)
• Raymond Dart
• Eliot Howard
• James Kitching
• Louis Leakey (L.S.B. Leakey)
• Eugene Marais
• Kenneth Oakley

Warder Clyde Allee (June 5, 1885 - March 18, 1955) was an American zoologist and ecologist who taught animal ecology at the University of Chicago. ... Charles Kimberlin Brain (C. K. Bob Brain), born in Zimbabwe in 1931, is an eminent South African paleontologist who has studied and taught African Cave Taphonomy for more than fifty years. ... Image:Broom R.jpg Robert Broom Prof. ... Clarence Ray Carpenter (C.R. Carpenter) (1906? - March 1, 1975) was an American primatologist. ... Raymond Dart, holding the Taung Child skull Raymond Dart (February 4, 1893–22 November 1988) was an Australian anatomist and anthropologist best known for his discovery in 1924 of a fossil of Australopithecus at Taung in Northwestern South Africa. ... Eliot Howard (November 13, 1873 - December 26, 1940) was an English ornithologist. ... James William Kitching (6 February 1922 – 24 December 2003) was a South African vertebrate palaeontologist and regarded as one of the world’s greatest fossil finders. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Eugène Nielen Marais (9 January, 1871 – 29 March, 1936) was a South African lawyer, naturalist, poet and writer Eugene Marais – writer, lawyer and naturalist // His early years, before and during the Boer War Marais (Ma-RARE; second part rhymes with chair) was born near Pretoria. ... Kenneth Page Oakley (April 7, 1911-November 2, 1981) was an English physical anthropologist, geologist, and palaeontologist best known for his work in the relative dating of fossils by fluorine content. ...

Publications

Plays

• Star Spangled (1936)
• Casey Jones (1938)
• God and Texas (1938)
• How To Get Tough About It (1938)
• Thunder Rock (1939) (filmed in 1943)
• Jeb (1946)
• Sing Me No Lullaby (1954)
• Shadow Of Heroes (1958) (produced in London as Stone and Star)

Casey Jones is a 1938 play by Robert Ardrey. ... Thunder Rock is a 1939 play by Robert Ardrey. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ...

Screenplays

• They Knew What They Wanted (1940)
• A Lady Takes a Chance (1943)
• The Green Years (1946)
• Song of Love (1947)
• The Three Musketeers (1948)
• Madame Bovary (1949)
• The Secret Garden (1949)
• The Schumann Story (1950)
• Quentin Durward (1955)
• The Power and the Prize (1956)
• The Wonderful Country (1959)
• Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse (1962)
• Khartoum (1966) (Nominated for an Academy Award for Writing Original Screenplay)
• The Animal Within (1975 - documentary)

They Knew What They Wanted is a 1940 film with Carole Lombard, Charles Laughton, William Gargan, Harry Carey, and Karl Malden (in his film debut). ... The Green Years is a 1946 film with Charles Coburn. ... Ai No Uta ) was a song released in conjunction with the video game Pikmin for the Nintendo GameCube. ... For other uses, see The Three Musketeers (disambiguation). ... Madame Bovary is a 1949 film adaptation of the classic novel by Gustave Flaubert. ... Cover of a 1911 publication of The Secret Garden This article refers to the novel by Frances Hodgson Burnett. ... Quentin Durward is a historical novel written by Walter Scott in 1823. ... Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse is a 1962 movie based on a novel by Vincente Blasco Ibáñez, directed by Vincente Minnelli, and starring Ingrid Thulin and Glenn Ford. ... Charlton Heston (right) as Gordon with Richard Johnson (left) as Colonel J.D.H. Stewart Khartoum is a 1966 film written by Robert Ardrey and directed by Basil Dearden. ... // The Academy Award for Writing Original Screenplay is the Academy Award for the best script not based upon previously published material. ...

Books

Fiction

• World's Beginning (1944) (Cited in Everett F. Bleiler's The Checklist of Fantastic Literature. Chicago: Shasta, 1948.)
• The Brotherhood of Fear (1952)

Everett Franklin Bleiler (born 1920) is an editor and bibliographer of science fiction and Fantasy. ...

Nonfiction

• African Genesis: A Personal Investigation into the Animal Origins and Nature of Man (1961)
• The Territorial Imperative: A Personal Inquiry into the Animal Origins of Property and Nations (1966)
• The Social Contract: A Personal Inquiry into the Evolutionary Sources of Order and Disorder (1970)
• The Hunting Hypothesis: A Personal Conclusion Concerning the Evolutionary Nature of Man (1976)

• Aggression and Violence in Man: A Dialogue Between Dr Louis Leakey and Mr Robert Ardrey. (1971) ISBN 0-036-49184-6.

Honours

• 1935: Sergel Drama prize.
• 1937: Guggenheim fellowship.
• 1940: Sidney Howard Memorial prize.
• 1961: Theresa Helburn memorial award.
• 1963: Willkie Brothers grant for anthropology.
• Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature

Guggenheim Fellowships are awarded annually by the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation to those who have demonstrated exceptional capacity for productive scholarship or exceptional creative ability in the arts. ... The Royal Society of Literature is the senior literary organisation in Britain. External link The Royal Society of Literature Categories: Literature stubs | Literature of the United Kingdom ...

Personal

Ardrey graduated Phi Beta Kappa from the University of Chicago, where he studied under his mentor Thornton Wilder. He was married to Helen Johnson, whom he met at the University, from 1938 until they divorced in 1960. Helen and Robert Ardrey had two sons, Ross and Daniel. He married the South African stage actress Berdine Grunewald, who later illustrated his books, in 1960. The Phi Beta Kappa Society is an honor society which considers its mission to be fostering and recognizing excellence in undergraduate liberal arts and sciences. ... Mentoring refers to a developmental relationship between a more experienced mentor and a less experienced partner referred to as a mentee or protégé. Usually - but not necessarily - the mentor/protégé pair will be of the same sex. ... Image:Thorntonwilderteeth. ... Year 1938 (MCMXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1960 (MCMLX) was a leap year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1960 calendar). ... Serge Sudeikins poster for the Bat Theatre (1922). ... Actors in period costume sharing a joke whilst waiting between takes during location filming. ... An illustrator is a graphic artist who specializes in enhancing written text by providing a visual representation that corresponds to the content of the associated text. ...

External links

General

• Answers.com on Robert Ardrey.

Plays and screenplays

• Biography and filmography, The New York Times.
• Synopses of Thunder Rock and Sing Me No Lullaby in an online database of playwrights and plays.
• Robert Ardrey at the Internet Movie Database

The New York Times is a daily newspaper published in New York City by Arthur Ochs Sulzberger Jr. ... The Internet Movie Database (IMDb) is an online database of information about movies, actors, television shows, production crew personnel, and video games. ...

Paleoanthropology

• "The First Runner's High: Jogging Separated Humans From Apes." Robert Roy Britt, LiveScience, November 2004. (Aspects of the prehuman transition from forest to savannah which is central to Ardrey's theses.)
• "Exploring Our Basic Human Nature: Are Humans Inherently Violent?" Robert w. Sussman, Anthro Notes: National Museum of Natural History Bulletin for Teachers, Vol. 19 No. 3, Fall 1997.
• Excerpts from African Genesis.

Inside the National Museum of Natural History, underneath the rotunda. ...

Other resources

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Robert Ardrey