Robert William Fogel (born July 1, 1926) is an American economic historian and scientist, and winner (with Douglass North) of the 1993 Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel. He is best known as a leading advocate of cliometrics, a name for the use of quantitative methods in history. July 1 is the 182nd day of the year (183rd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 183 days remaining. ... Year 1926 (MCMXXVI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar). ... Douglass Cecil North (born November 5, 1920) is co-recipient of the 1993 Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel. ... 1993 (MCMXCIII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar and marked the Beginning of the International Decade to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination (1993-2003). ... The Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel (in Swedish Sveriges Riksbanks pris i ekonomisk vetenskap till Alfred Nobels minne), is a prize awarded each year for outstanding intellectual contributions in the field of economics. ... Cliometrics refers to the systematic use of economic theory and econometrics techniques to study economic history. ...

Fogel was born in New York City where he attended the prestigious Stuyvesant High School. He went on to attend Cornell University where he majored in history with an economics minor and became president of the campus branch of American Youth for Democracy, a communist organization. After graduating with a BA in 1948, he became a professional organizer for the Communist Party. After rejecting communism, he earned his MA at Columbia University in 1960 and PhD from Johns Hopkins University in 1963. Fogel has taught at Johns Hopkins (1958-1959), the University of Rochester (1960-1965 and 1968-1975), the University of Chicago (1964-1975 and 1981-) and Harvard University (1975-1981). Fogel married Enid Cassandra Morgan in 1949 and has two children. Nickname: Big Apple, City that never Sleeps, Gotham Location in the state of New York Coordinates: Country United States State New York Boroughs The Bronx Manhattan Queens Brooklyn Staten Island Settled 1613 Mayor Michael Bloomberg (R) Area    - City 1,214. ... Stuyvesant High School, commonly known as Stuy, is a New York City public high school that specializes in mathematics and science. ... Cornell redirects here. ... Columbia University is a private university whose main campus lies in the Morningside Heights neighborhood of the Borough of Manhattan in New York City. ... The Johns Hopkins University, founded in 1876, is a private institution of higher learning located in Baltimore, Maryland, United States. ... The University of Rochester is a private, coeducational and nonsectarian research institution located in Rochester, New York. ... The University of Chicago is a private university located principally in the Hyde Park neighborhood of Chicago. ... Harvard University (incorporated as The President and Fellows of Harvard College) is a private university in Cambridge, Massachusetts. ...

Fogel's first major study involving cliometrics was his 1964 book Railroads and American Economic Growth: Essays in Econometric History, in which Fogel tried to re-create using quantitative methods what the U.S. economy might have been like in 1890 had there been no railroads. Fogel's conclusion was that had there been no railroads in the 19th century, the U.S. economy in 1890 would have been only 25% smaller then it was in fact. For this reason, Fogel argued that the railroads as an engine of economic growth were overrated, and that much of U.S. economic expansion was in fact fueled by the building of canals. Fogel's conclusions created much controversy with many economists and historians questioning Fogel's research in this matter. 1964 (MCMLXIV) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1964 calendar). ... This is the top-level page of WikiProject trains Rail tracks Rail transport refers to the land transport of passengers and goods along railways or railroads. ... Categories: Water-transport stubs | Canals | Water transport ...

Fogel's most famous and controversial work is Time on the Cross a 1974 two-volume quantitative study of American slavery co-written with Stanley Engerman. In the book, Fogel and Engerman argued that slaves in the American South lived better than did many industrial workers in the North. Fogel based this analysis largely on plantation records and claimed that slaves worked less, were better fed and were whipped only occasionally. Time on the Cross created a fire-storm of controversy, and many mistakenly considered Fogel an apologist for slavery. In fact, Fogel objected to slavery on moral grounds; he thought that on purely economic grounds, slavery was not unprofitable or inefficient as previous historians had argued, such as Ulrich B. Phillips. A survey of economic historians concludes that 48 % "agreed" and another 24 % "agreed with provisos" with Fogel and Engerman's argument that "slave agriculture was efficient compared with free agriculture." In addition, 23 % "agreed" and 35 % "agreed with provisos" with their argument that "the material (rather than psychological) conditions of the lives of slaves compared favorably with those of free industrial workers in the decades before the Civil War." 1974 (MCMLXXIV) was a common year starting on Tuesday. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Stanley Engerman is an economist and economic historian at the University of Rochester. ... Ulrich Bonnell Phillips (born November 4, 1877 in La Grange, Georgia; died January 21, 1934) was a historian, focusing on the United States South and slavery. ...

Fogel's continuing work includes recent papers on health care and Asian economies.

Work

• The Union Pacific Railroad: A Case in Premature Enterprise, 1960.
• Railroads and American Economic Growth: Essays in Econometric History, 1964.
• Time on the Cross: The Economics of American Negro Slavery, 2 volumes, 1974. (co-written with Stanley Engerman)
• Without Consent or Contract: The Rise and Fall of American Slavery, 2 volumes, 1989.
• Economic Growth, Population Theory and Physiology: The Bearings of Long-Term Processes on the Making of Economic Policy, 1994.
• The Slavery Debates, 1952-1990: A Retrospective . Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2003. 106 pp. ISBN 0-8071-2881-3.

Stanley Engerman is an economist and economic historian at the University of Rochester. ...

References

• Conrad, Alfred H. & Meyer, John R. "The Economics of Slavery in the Ante-Bellum South" pages 95-130 from Journal of Political Economy, Volume 66, 1958.
• David, Paul; Gutman, Herbert; Sutch, Richard; Temin, Peter; & Wright, Gavin Reckoning with Slavery: A Critical Study in the Quantitative History of American Negro Slavery, New York: Oxford University Press, 1976.
• Goldin, Claudia & Rockoff, Hugh (editors) Strategic Factors in the Nineteenth Century American Economic History: A Volume to Honor Robert W. Fogel, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992.
• Parrish, Peter. Slavery: History and Historians, New York, Harper, 1989.
• Whaples, Robert. "Where Is There Consensus among American Economic Historians? The Results of a Survey on Forty Propositions" pages 139-154 from Journal of Economic History, Volume 55, 1995.

External links

• Nobel prize autobiography
• Lance Davis review essay on Fogel's Railroads and American Economic Growth
• Thomas Weiss review essay on Fogel and Engerman's Time on the Cross
• Podcast Interview with co-author Stanley Engerman on Time on the Cross on EconTalk at Econlib
• RePEc (Research Papers in Economics) updated information about Robert W. Fogel